Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet

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Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet Page 28

by Ted Nield


  Greenland, 1, 2, 3, 4

  movement of, 1

  Wegener’s expeditions, 1, 2, 3

  greenstone belts, 1

  Gregory, John W., 1

  Grenville Orogeny, 1, 2

  Grisly Folk, The (Wells), 1

  gypsum, 1, 2, 3

  gyres, 1, 2

  Hacker, Bradley, 1

  Hadean eon, 1, 2, 3

  Hadley Cell, 1

  Haeckel, Ernst, 1, 2

  hafnium, 1, 2

  Hahn, Helena Petrovna, see Blavatsky, Madame

  Haidinger, Wilhelm von, 1

  Hall, Alan, 1, 2

  Halley, Edmond, 1

  Halley’s comet, 1, 2

  Hardy, Thomas, 1

  harmonic systems, 1

  Harrison, Mark, 1

  Haughton, Samuel, 1, 2

  Hawaii, 1, 2

  Hell Kettles, 1

  Hercynian mountains, 1

  Hiero II, King, 1

  High Skelding, 1

  Himalayas, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Hinduism, 1

  Hipparchos of Rhodes, 1

  HMS Beagle, 1, 2, 3

  HMS Rattlesnake, 1

  Hoffman, Paul, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Holmes, Arthur, 1, 2

  Homer, 1

  Homo neanderthalensis, 1

  Hooker, Sir Joseph, 1

  Horn of Africa, 1, 2

  Hosmer, Craig, 1

  Housman, A. E., 1

  Huguenots, 1, 2, 3

  human beings

  ‘dethronement’ of, 1, 2

  embryology, 1

  human evolution, 1

  and theosophy, 1

  hurricanes, 1

  Hutton, James, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Huxley, Julian, 1

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  quoted, 1, 2

  Hyderabad, 1, 2

  hydrogen, 1, 2, 3, 4

  hydrological cycle, 1

  hydrosphere, 1, 2, 3

  hypsographic curve, 1

  Iapetus, 1, 2, 3, 4

  ice, 1, 2, 3

  and snowball events, 1, 2

  Ice Age, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  ice ages, 1, 2, 3

  Iceland, 1, 2

  India, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  collision with Asia, 1, 2, 3

  geology, 1, 2, 3

  and Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  link to Africa, 1, 2, 3

  Madame Blavatsky and, 1

  monsoon rains, 1

  and Pannotia, 1

  response to tsunami, 1

  and Ur, 1

  Indian Geological Survey, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Indian Ocean, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  monsoon winds, 1

  subduction and convergence, 1

  tsunami, 1, 2

  warning system, 1

  Indonesia, 1

  induction, 1, 2

  Industrial Revolution, 1

  insolation, 1

  International Commission on Stratigraphy, 1

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), 1

  introversion, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  inundations, 1

  Ireland, 1

  Irian Jaya, 1

  Irish Sea, 1

  iron, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  iron ore, 1

  iron sulphide, 1, 2

  ironstones, 1

  Islam, 1

  isostasy, 1, 2, 3

  isotopes

  differentiation of, 1, 2

  radioactive, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  ratio analysis, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Italy, 1, 2

  Jack Hills, 1

  Jackson, Patrick Wyse, 1

  Jakarta, 1

  James, William, 1

  Japan, 1, 2

  jellyfish, 1

  Johnson, James (‘JJ’), 1

  Joly, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Judd, John Wesley, 1

  Kaliana, 1

  Kalianpur, 1

  Kalimantan, 1

  Kanyakumari, 1, 2, 3

  Karlsbad, 1

  Karoo rocks, 1

  Kasting, James, 1

  Katalakōl myth, 1, 2, 3

  Kelvin, Lord (William Thompson), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Kent, 1

  Khomas Hochland, 1

  Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1

  Klein Schuur, 1

  Knaresborough, 1

  Koch, J. P., 1

  Köppen, Vladimir, 1

  Korn, Hermann, 1, 2, 3

  Kossuth, Lajos, 1

  Krakatoa, eruption of, 1, 2

  Kuiseb River, 1

  Kumarikkantam, 1

  Lanthanide Series, 1

  Laurasia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Lawrence, D. H., 1

  laxatives, 1

  lead, 1, 2

  Lemuria, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  lemurs, 1, 2, 3

  life

  complex, 1

  date of origin, 1

  impact on climate, 1, 2

  origins of, 1

  preference for carbon 1, 2

  limestones, 1, 2, 3

  Linnaeus, Carolus, 1

  Linnean Society, 1, 2

  L’Isle Julia, 1, 2

  Livermore, Roy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  Livingstone, David, 1

  lodestones, 1

  Logie, Alexander, 1

  Lombok, 1

  Lost Continent of Mu, The (Churchward), 1

  Lowell, Percival, 1

  Lucretius, 1, 2, 3

  lutetium, 1

  Lydekker’s line, 1

  Lyell, Charles, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Lyme Regis, 1

  Macalusa, Domenico, 1

  McCaffrey, Kevin, 1

  MacDiarmid, Hugh, 1, 2, 3

  McMenamin, Dianna, 1, 2, 3

  McMenamin, Mark, 1, 2, 3

  McMullan, Harry, III, 1

  McMurdo Sound, 1

  Madagascar, 1, 2

  and Gondwanaland, 1, 2, 3, 4

  and Ur, 1

  Madhya Pradesh, 1

  Madras, 1, 2

  Madrid Codex, 1

  Madurai, 1

  magnesian limestone, 1

  magnesium, 1

  magnesium carbonate, 1

  magnetite, 1

  Malay Archipelago, 1

  Manchester, 1

  mapping, 1, 2

  Marinoan glaciation, 1, 2

  Mars, 1, 2

  Martin, Henno, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Marx, Karl, 1

  Mascarene Islands, 1

  mass extinctions, 1, 2

  maximum packing, 1, 2

  Maxwell, James Clerk, v

  Mayans, 1

  Mediterranean Sea, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Meeker, Gertrude Norris, 1

  megamonsoons, 1, 2, 3

  Melancholia (Dürer), 1

  Merriam, John, 1

  Mesopotamia, 1

  Mesosaurus, 1

  meteorites, 1, 2

  meteorology, 1

  meteors, 1

  methane, 1, 2, 3

  Metternich, Prince, 1

  Mexico, 1, 2, 3, 4

  mica, 1

  microfossils, 1

  Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1, 2, 3

  Milankovich, Milutin, 1

  millstone grit, 1

  Mindanao, 1

  Miocene period, 1

  Molengraaf, Gustaaf, 1, 2

  molluscs, 1, 2

  Moluccas, 1

  monsoons, 1, 2

  Mont Blanc, 1

  Moon, 1, 2, 3

  Moores, Eldridge, 1, 2

  Morocco, 1

  Mott, John, 1

  Mount Darwin, 1

  Mount Rinjani, 1

  mountains, 1, 2, 3, 4

  and continental crust, 1

  cyclic mountain building, 1

  and formation of Pangaea, 1

  Pangaean, 1

  pre-Pangaean, 1, 2, 3

  spatial coincidence of ranges, 1, 2

  stabilization ages, 1, 2

  Mozambique, 1

  Mozambique Belt, 1, 2<
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  M. S. Swaminathan Research Centre, 1

  Mu, 1, 2

  Mu Revealed (Earll), 1

  mudstone, 1

  multiple working hypotheses, 1, 2, 3

  Murphy, Brendan, 1, 2

  Museum of Creation, 1, 2

  Myanmar (Burma), 1

  Mylius-Erichsen, Ludvig, 1

  Naacal language, 1

  Nallavadu, 1

  Namibia, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Nan Shan mountains, 1

  Nance, R. Damian, 1, 2

  NASA, 1, 2, 3

  Natal, 1, 2

  natural selection, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Näturliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (Haeckel), 1

  Neander Valley, 1

  Nedunceliyan, R., 1

  Nena, 1, 2

  neodymium, 1

  Neoproterozoic eon, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Netz, Reviel, 1

  New England, 1

  New Stone Age, 1

  New York, 1, 2, 3, 4

  New York Times, 1

  New Zealand, 1

  nickel, 1, 2, 3, 4

  nitrates, 1

  nitrogen, 1, 2, 3

  Niven, William, 1

  Noah’s ark, 1

  North Africa, 1, 2, 3

  North America, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  and AUSWUS configuration, 1

  fossil assemblages, 1

  and Rodinia, 1

  and SWEAT configuration, 1

  North Atlantic, 1, 2

  gyre, 1

  North Pole, 1, 2, 3

  North Sea, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Northern Hemisphere, 1, 2, 3

  Summer, 1, 2

  Norway, 1, 2, 3

  Novopangaea, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  nuclear fusion, 1

  Nuna, 1

  nunataks, 1

  Occam, William of, 1

  ocean floor, 1

  age of parts, 1

  Archean, 1

  composition of, 1

  and continental drift, 1, 2

  magnetization of, 1

  and origins of life, 1, 2

  and pre-Pangaean supercontinents, 1, 2

  thickness of crust, 1

  oceanic convection cells, 1

  oceans

  evolution of complex life in, 1, 2

  salt content, 1

  volume of, 1

  oil, 1, 2, 3

  exploration, 1, 2

  Olcott, Alison, 1

  Olcott, Henry Steel, 1

  Old Testament, 1

  Oldham, Thomas, 1, 2, 3

  Oldhamia, 1, 2

  olivine, 1

  On the Origin of Continents and Oceans (Wegener), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 1

  ophiolites, 1

  suites, 1, 2, 3

  Ordovician period, 1, 2

  Oreskes, Naomi, 1, 2, 3

  Orinoco, river, 1

  Orissa, 1

  orogeny, 1, 2

  Ortelius, Abraham, 1, 2, 3

  Outline of History (Wells), 1

  oxygen, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Paccard, Michel-Gabriel, 1

  Pacific Ocean, 1, 2

  ancestral, 1

  early-warning systems, 1, 2

  shrinkage of, 1, 2, 3

  subduction zones, 1

  Pacific rim, 1

  Padangbai, 1

  Palace of Westminster, 1, 2

  palaeographic atlases, 1

  palaeomagnetism, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Palaeozoic period, 1

  Paleomap Project, 1

  Palk Bay, 1

  Panama, 1

  Pangaea, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  climate, 1, 2

  continental drift before, 1, 2

  formation and fragmentation, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  mountain formation, 1

  and pre-Pangaean supercontinents, 1, 2, 3

  reconstructions of, 1, 2, 3

  time of fragmentation, 1, 2, 3

  the word, 1, 2

  Pangea Ultima, 1, 2, 3

  Pannotia, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Panthalassa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Paris, 1

  parrots, 1, 2

  Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man, The (Engels), 1

  Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1

  Peltaspermum, 1

  Pennines, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  peridotite, 1

  Periodic Table, 1, 2, 3

  Permian period, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Persia, 1

  Perth, 1

  Phanerozoic eon, 1

  Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, 1

  Philip, Arne, 1

  phosphorus, 1

  photosynthesis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  physics, 1, 2, 3

  Physics of the Earth’s Crust, The (Fisher), 1

  pillow lavas, 1

  plankton, 1, 2

  plants, 1, 2

  plate tectonics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  and origins of life, 1

  pre-Pangaean, 1, 2, 3

  Plato, 1, 2

  pleochroic haloes, 1, 2, 3

  plutonium, 1

  Poland, 1

  Polar Cell, 1

  polar winters, 1

  Pollard, David, 1

  Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 (Elgar), 1

  Pongola basin, 1

  Port Sudan, 1

  Pratt, Archdeacon John, 1, 2

  Precambrian period, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  precession, 1

  preconstructions, 1

  predation, 1

  Pretoria, 1

  prevailing winds, 1

  Prévert, Jacques, 1

  Prévost, Louis Constant, 1

  Priestley, Raymond, 1

  Principles of Geology (Lyell), 1

  Principles of Physical Geography (Holmes), 1

  proteins, 1, 2

  protocontinents, 1

  pyrite, 1

  Quartenary period, 1

  quartzite, 1

  Queensland, 1

  radio, 1

  radio telegraphy, 1, 2

  radioactive decay, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  radioactivity, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  radiometric dating, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

  radium therapy, 1, 2

  raindrops, 1

  rainfall, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Ramachandran, M. G., 1

  Ramalingam, G., 1

  Ramaswamy, Sumathi, 1, 2

  Raniganj coalfield, 1

  Rasmus (Inuit), 1

  Rasumovsky, Andrei Kirillovich, 1

  Ray, Charles, 1, 2, 3

  Read, Herbert H., 1

  red beds, 1

  Rejection of Continental Drift, The (Oreskes), 1

  relativity, 1

  respiration, 1

  Rhaetic period, 1

  rifting, 1, 2

  Ripon, 1, 2, 3

  RNA, 1

  Rodinia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  age of formation, 1, 2

  and complex life, 1, 2

  configurations, 1

  fragmentation of, 1, 2, 3, 4

  position of, 1, 2

  Romano, Mike, 1

  Romantic revolution, 1

  Romm, James, 1

  Rosicrucians, 1

  Ross, John, 1

  Royal Dublin Society, 1

  Royal Geographical Society, 1

  Royal School of Mines, 1

  Royal Society, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Russell, Mike, 1

  Russia, 1, 2, 3

  Rutherford, Ernest, 1, 2, 3

  rutherfordium, 1

  Sabine, Sir Edward, 1

  Sabine Island, 1, 2

  St Hilaire, Geoffroy, 1

  salt, 1, 2

  samarium, 1

  San Andreas fault, 1

  sand dunes, 1

  sandstone, 1

  Sanskrit, 1

  Santiago de Cuba, 1

  sap, rising of, 1

  Saucerman, Sophia A., 1

  Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 1

  Scandinavia, 1, 2, 3

>   scientific method, 1

  Sclater, Philip Lutley, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Sclater, William, 1

  Scotese, Chris, 1, 2, 3

  Scotia Sea, 1

  Scotland, 1, 2

  Scott, Captain Robert Falcon, 1, 2

  sea levels

  falling, 1

  rising, 1, 2

  Seaborg, Glenn T., 1

  seaborgium, 1, 2

  seasons, 1, 2

  seasonality, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Second World War, 1, 2

  Secret Doctrine, The (Blavatsky), 1

  sediments, 1, 2

  and age of Earth, 1

  Archean, 1

  and environment of Ur, 1

  eroded minerals in, 1

  magnetization of, 1

  oscillation ripples in, 1

  oxidation of, 1

  and stromatolite formation, 1

  seeds, evolution of, 1

  Seilacher, Adolf, 1

  Selley, Dick, 1

  Senegal, 1

  Senghor, Léopold-Sédar, 1

  serpentine, 1, 2

  sex, 1

  shellfish, 1

  Sheltering Desert, The (Martin), 1

  Sherwood-Britton, Jane, 1, 2, 3

  sialic rocks, 1, 2

  Siberia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Siberian Traps, 1, 2

  Sicily, 1

  silica, 1, 2, 3, 4

  silicon, 1

  silicon dioxide, 1

  Simeulue, 1

  Singewald, Joseph, 1

  Skerl, John George Anthony, 1, 2, 3

  slime, 1, 2, 3

  Smith, Alan, 1, 2

  Smith, William, 1

  snowball events, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Société Géologique de France, 1

  sodium, 1

  solar wind, 1

  Sollas, Hertha, 1

  Sollas, William J., 1

  Sonora, 1

  South Africa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  and Gondwanaland, 1, 2

  and Grenvillian Orogeny, 1

  Karoo rocks, 1

  and Ur, 1

  South America, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

 

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