The Pioneer Boys of the Yellowstone; or, Lost in the Land of Wonders
Page 36
NOTES
NOTE 1 (PAGE 7)
When, in 1803, the new Republic purchased from France for fifteenmillion dollars what was then known as the territory of Louisiana, theUnited States extended its boundaries toward the unknown West where itwas believed a mighty range of mountains divided the continent, whilefar beyond lay the Pacific Ocean. The territory included practicallywhat is now covered by the States of Montana, North and South Dakota,Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, IndianTerritory, and part of Colorado.
President Jefferson wished to aid the settlers along the Mississippi,who wanted more room for expansion toward the setting sun, andaccordingly, on his recommendation, Congress authorized the sending ofan exploring expedition to ascertain what lay beyond the limits of thenew land, and, if possible, to go all the way to the ocean.
Captain Meriwether Lewis, the President's private secretary, togetherwith Captain William Clark, was placed in charge of the expedition,which started from St. Louis early in 1804. It consisted of nine youngKentuckians, fourteen United States soldiers, two French voyageursto serve as interpreters among the Indians whom they expected toencounter, and a black servant for Captain Clark. Some frontiersmenalso joined them before they left the last trading post. On May 24ththis little expedition left the mouth of the Missouri, and plunged intothe then unknown wilderness, not knowing whether a single soul of theparty would ever live to come back again with a record of the wondersthey had seen, and the perils they had encountered.
History tells us that they wintered at the Mandan village near theheadwaters of the Missouri and that strange river which the Indianscalled Yellowstone, on account of the predominating color along itsbanks. The following spring the Lewis and Clark expedition continued onits way, reaching the Columbia River, and following it down until, atits mouth, they beheld the goal of all their hopes, the glorious oceanthat lay bathed in the glow of the setting sun.
NOTE 2 (PAGE 26)
In those days, when the Indians of the Northwest did not have the GreatWhite Father at Washington to supply them with rations and fresh beef,it was customary for the various tribes to participate in annual fallhunts, so that sufficient meat might be procured to last them throughthe long, cold winters.
Sometimes they went after buffalo, which at that day were to be foundin immense herds, and often the most wanton destruction was indulgedin, traps being laid whereby the great animals were driven by hundredsover some precipice, so that the Indians hardly bothered takinganything but the tongues of their victims, which they cured by dryingin the smoke of their fires. In spite of this slaughter the herdscontinued to increase until modern man, with his repeating rifle,made his appearance, at the time the first railroad was being builtacross the continent, when they quickly reached the point of practicalextermination.
More often the meat obtained in these fall hunts was venison. This theIndians cured by drying in the sun. Thus prepared, it would keep forany length of time, if not allowed to get wet. It is not the nicestfood an epicure might select, being dark-looking, and often as hard asflint; but pemmican, as this dried venison is called, can be made intoa palatable dish when properly cooked.
When an Indian was sent on a trip of perhaps two hundred miles, to takea message to another tribe, he would simply carry along with him in hispouch a handful of this pemmican, which would serve him as a means ofsustenance throughout his long journey, washed down with an occasionaldrink from some spring that he would discover on the trail.
NOTE 3 (PAGE 128)
Probably the giant geyser which performed such a splendid service forour two young heroes was the one known for many years as Old Faithful,from the fact that, while other geysers in Yellowstone Park may seemgrander on occasion, they are often erratic in their flow, and not tobe depended on. Old Faithful has often been described, and is an objectof such general interest among the visitors to the National Park that alarge hotel has been built so close that one can sit in an easy-chairwithin a few hundred yards, and view its spectacular upheaval.
It seems to come every sixty-five minutes, to a dot, and the greatwhite column rises with a roar from one to two hundred feet into theair, continuing for possibly the space of five minutes. New beautiesare to be discovered with almost every eruption, according to theweather, and the hour of the day or night. Sunrise, sunset, moonlightsway the great steaming column into a thousand fantastic forms. Whenthe geyser is quiet one may approach the crater, an oblong openingabout two by six feet, with a quiet pool of crystal water.
Some say the deposits around the crater indicate an age of tens, ifnot hundreds of thousands of years. When Columbus discovered Americathis great column played at regular intervals in the primal solitude;when Lief Erickson landed it was unspeakably old, but glorious as ever;when Christ was on earth its strange beauty fell on the eye of theinfrequent savage who gazed on it with superstitious awe; long beforethe reputed date of creation it played and coruscated in the sunlight.
No wonder, then, that those, who stop to think, gaze with wonder onOld Faithful and that the Indians, at the time the Lewis and Clarkexpedition crossed the continent, held it in awe and reverence.
NOTE 4 (PAGE 162)
The grizzly bear has never been found east of a certain line marked byspurs of the mighty Rocky Mountains. At the time the Lewis and Clarkexpedition penetrated the wilderness lying between the settlementsalong the lower Missouri and the far distant Coast Range of mountains,in what is now known as California, very little was known of this mostterrible of all the wild animals native to North America; indeed, somebig game hunters put the grizzly ahead of the African lion or the tigerof the Indian jungle so far as ferocity and toughness goes.
Vague stories drifted to the ears of white hunters about a monster bearwhich terrified the red men of the West. They had even seen the clawsstrung around the neck of some chief who had won his high positionafter having killed one of these fearful creatures in a hand-to-handfight.
When the explorers finally returned to civilization they brought withthem the most amazing stories of things they had seen; but undoubtedlynothing surpassed their descriptions of the grizzly bear's ten lives,and the fearful strength which the animal possessed.
In these modern days of soft-nosed bullets, and the exploding kind thatdo such fearful execution upon striking the game, it may not be sodifficult to bring down old "Eph," as Western men call the grizzly; buta score or more of years ago men declared that they had known such ananimal to be hit with twenty shots, and yet seem to mind his wounds nomore than if they were flea-bites.
It can be seen, then, that, in slaying a grizzly, Dick and his cousinRoger were really accomplishing what in those days was a stupendousfeat. Their success must be laid partly to good luck, and the fact thatthey were able to send their lead to a vital spot. Ordinary wounds willhave little or no effect upon a tough grizzly, save to further enragethe beast, and make him more fierce than ever.
Unless they are heavily armed, or can gain the shelter of a convenienttree, wise hunters usually let such a dangerous animal severely alonewhen coming unexpectedly upon him in the rocky canyons where he lovesto prowl.
NOTE 5 (PAGE 181)
The first real intimation the world received concerning the wondersof what is now Yellowstone Park can be said to have come through theexperiences of a trapper by the name of Colter. He was made prisoner bythe hostile Blackfeet in the early part of the nineteenth century, and,after being tortured by them, managed to escape. When he afterwardsreached civilization he had some marvelous tales to tell about a landof steaming pools; of springs of boiling water, that at intervals shothundreds of feet into the air; of seething cauldrons of pitch; ofstrange lakes and rivers; as well as of rocks and clay that bore thediversified colors of the rainbow. Of course, his rough friends laughedat his stories, and gave them little credence. Indeed, it was believedthat the sufferings of the trapper had made him somewhat light in thehead. They treated his accounts with derision, and classed the taleswith those of Gulliver
and Munchausen. But, in later years, everythingColter had told was amply verified, showing that he had actually beenin the region now known as Yellowstone Park.
It was not until 1869 that a well-equipped prospecting party was sentout by private enterprise to ascertain the truth about this supposedlymythical region of awe-inspiring wonders. Thirty-six days were spent onthe trip, and the party saw such amazing things that, as the accounttells us, some of them "were unwilling on their return to risk theirreputation for veracity by relating the wonders of that unequaledcountry."
To-day, the tourist is taken into the Park and shown everything that isworth seeing with the least degree of discomfort. And there is nothingin the Old World that can at all compare with the natural wonders to befound on the great Government Reservation, the lake itself being thegem of them all, for it covers something like one hundred and fiftysquare miles, and is as clear as crystal.
NOTE 6 (PAGE 191)
As a rule the Indians of the Great Northwest seemed to avoid the regionnow known as Yellowstone Park, even though it abounded in game, becauseof superstitious fears connected with the mysterious working of thespouting geysers, which they believed to be the evidence of the EvilOne opposed to the Good Manitou. Occasionally the Blackfeet or theCrows invaded the borders when in need of fresh meat. Some lodges ofa fragment of the Snake Indians have been found, a miserable tribeknown as Sheep-eaters; but the powerful Sioux, the Mandans, and the NezPerces tribes avoided the district as though it were truly accursed.
The most important Indian trail in the Park was that known as theGreat Bannock Trail. It extended from Henry Lake across the GallatinRange to Mammoth Hot Springs, where it was joined by another coming upthe valley of the Gardiner. Thence it led across the Black-tail Deerplateau to the ford above Tower Falls; thence up the Lamor Valley,forking at Soda Butte, and reaching the Bighorn Valley by way ofClark's Falls and the Stinking-water River. The trail was certainlya very ancient and much traveled one. It had become a deep furrow inthe grassy slopes, and is still distinctly visible in places, thoughunused for a quarter of a century.
Arrows and spear heads have been discovered in considerable numbers.Some of the early explorers also found more recent and perishableevidence of the presence of Indians in the Park in the shape ofrude wick-e-ups, brush enclosures, and similar contrivances of theSheep-killers.
NOTE 7 (PAGE 196)
Of all the tribes west of the Mississippi, even including the warlikeSioux, none gave the venturesome paleface adventurers who wanderedinto that country more trouble than the Blackfoot Indians. Like theFlatheads, and some other tribes, they had their main villages farup amidst the pine-clad mountains where enemies could hardly reachthem without long and dangerous journeys. From these eyries they wereaccustomed to sally forth, either on some grand hunt for a winter'ssupply of meat, or else to strike a sudden blow at some tribe withwhich they were at war.
When game grew scarce in their customary hunting grounds, some ofthese bold braves were in the habit of taking longer hunts, and hadfrequently approached the border of the Land of Wonders. As a rule theyavoided the country of the spouting geysers, because they believed anEvil Spirit dwelt there.
The habits of these Indians differed from those of the Mandans, becausethey were by nature of a much wilder disposition, utterly untamable. Tothis day the remnants of the old Blackfoot tribe are not to be comparedwith other civilized aborigines who have taken to the plow and thecottage. The Mandans themselves suffered so severely from smallpox,introduced into the tribe through connection with the whites, that longyears ago they became extinct.
NOTE 8 (PAGE 221)
The usual medicine man of all the Indian tribes of North America inthe days of the pioneers was as big a humbug as could be imagined. Heusually held his position through craftiness, and the ability to makethe tribe believe that he was in direct communication with the GreatSpirit or Manitou. It was therefore a matter of some moment for thenative doctor to "make good" when he had promised that victory wouldcrown the efforts of the warriors going forth to battle, or otherwisehis life might pay the penalty.
When it came to treating disease he seldom gave even the commonestherbs, rather trusting to incantations in order to frighten off theevil thing that had fastened on the sick person. Thus tomtoms werebeaten, chants given, and the medicine man himself would performa weird dance around the sick one, making music to accompany hisgesticulations by rattling gourds in which stones had been slipped,jingling the metal ornaments on his apparel, and in every imaginableway trying to "conjure" the maker of the spell that had been laid uponthe afflicted one.
Sometimes the invalid got well in spite of everything, and great wasthe jubilation of the tribe; on the other hand if death came and took avictim it was easy for the medicine man to find some excuse.
Perhaps the Blackfoot chief, Black Otter, may have seen white doctorscure their patients by giving them medicine; or else learned of itthrough intercourse with French traders, such as Lascelles. Howeverthat might be, it was not so very singular for some of his braves tohave become afflicted with the same desire to be treated by a palefacemedicine man. This, then, would account for the eagerness with whichthose who had received wounds in the affray between the Blackfeet andthe invaders of the Enchanted Land agreed to let young Dick Armstrongattend to their hurts. Deep down in their hearts they must haverealized that the way of the palefaces was much superior to the crudemethods in vogue with their native medicine man.
NOTE 9 (PAGE 246)
This incident of an Indian's gratitude is not of an unusual character.The history of early pioneer days shows many such. The red men weresavage and cruel fighters, crafty, and not to be trusted in many ways;but they possessed several noble characteristics that will always standout boldly when the good and bad are contrasted.
Many instances are on record which prove that the Indian could begrateful for benefits bestowed, though he might sooner choose to diethan ask a favor.
The brave whose wounded shoulder Dick had so skillfully treatedevidently saw no reason why he should call out and alarm the camp whenhe discovered the paleface boys escaping. He probably had no specialliking for the French trader, and it was Lascelles who seemed to bemost concerned in the keeping of the two white lads. Perhaps, even, hehad some reason to dislike the trader; or he may have felt, deep downin his heart, a secret admiration for the boys who could thus hoodwinka dozen Blackfoot braves.
NOTE 10 (PAGE 308)
The Sioux proper, known among themselves and by other Indian tribes asDacotahs, were originally one of the most extensively diffused nationsof the Great West. From the Upper Mississippi, where they mingledwith the northern race of Chippewas, to the Missouri, and far in theNorthwest toward the country of the Blackfeet, the tribes of thisfamily occupied the boundless prairie.
It was in the country of the Sioux, on a high ridge separating thehead-waters of the St. Peter's from the Missouri, that the far-famedquarry of red pipestone lay. It was originally deemed a neutral groundwhere hostile tribes from far and near might resort to secure a supplyof this all-essential want of the Indian, for all their pipes were madeof this peculiar hard clay.
To use the stone for any other purposes was to the Indians an act ofsacrilege. They looked upon it as priceless _medicine_. At a meetingof chiefs which Mr. Catlin, the historical writer, attended near thisquarry many years ago he heard some remarkable expressions used. "Yousee," said one chief, holding a pipe close to his arm, "this pipe ispart of our own flesh." Another said: "If the white man takes away apiece of the red pipestone, it is a hole in our flesh, and the bloodwill always run." A third expressed his feelings in a still moreremarkable way: "We love to go to the Pipe-Stone, and get a piece forour pipes; but we ask the Great Spirit first. If the white men go to itthey will take it out, and not fill up the holes again and the GreatSpirit will be offended."
Besides the Sioux there were to be found at times in this region theFlatheads, the Ojibbeways, the Assinaboias, the Crows, the Blackfeet,and several l
esser tribes. Among them there was almost constantwarfare. While the Blackfeet and others had plenty of game in their ownlands, they were now and then seized with a desire to dare the angerof the Sioux and hunt the buffalo over the territory claimed as theirpreserves by the latter. And many fierce battles took place because ofthis belligerency.
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The story of Captain Jinks and his faithful dog friend Billy, theirquaint conversations and their exciting adventures, will be eagerlyread by thousands of boys and girls. The story is beautifully writtenand will take its place alongside of "Black Beauty" and "Beautiful Joe."
=THE RED FEATHERS.= By THEODORE ROBERTS.
Cloth decorative, illustrated $1.50
"The Red Feathers" tells of the remarkable adventures of an Indian boywho lived in the Stone Age, many years ago, when the world
was young.
=FLYING PLOVER.= By THEODORE ROBERTS.
Cloth decorative. Illustrated by Charles Livingston Bull $1.00
Squat-By-The-Fire is a very old and wise Indian who lives alone withher grandson, "Flying Plover," to whom she tells the stories eachevening.
=THE WRECK OF THE OCEAN QUEEN.= By JAMES OTIS, author of "LarryHudson's Ambition," etc.
Cloth decorative, illustrated $1.50
"A stirring story of wreck and mutiny, which boys will find especiallyabsorbing. The many young admirers of James Otis will not let this bookescape them, for it fully equals its many predecessors in excitementand sustained interest."--_Chicago Evening Post._
=LITTLE WHITE INDIANS.= By FANNIE E. OSTRANDER.
Cloth decorative, illustrated $1.25
"A bright, interesting story which will appeal strongly to the'make-believe' instinct in children, and will give them a healthy,active interest in 'the simple life.'"
=MARCHING WITH MORGAN.= HOW DONALD LOVELL BECAME A SOLDIER OF THEREVOLUTION.
By JOHN L. VEASY.
Cloth decorative, illustrated $1.50
This is a splendid boy's story of the expedition of Montgomery andArnold against Quebec.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Punctuation errors repaired. Varied hyphenation retained as inhap-hazard and haphazard, fire-arms and firearms.
Page 76, "whisped" changed to "whispered" ("Dick!" he whispered.)
Page 118, "Mayhewy" changed to "Mayhew" (well as to allow Mayhew)