A Mad Catastrophe
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Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 111, 269–271, 273, 277, 284, 287–289, 308, 312, 313, 337, 342–345, 350, 352, 364, 365
First Balkan War (1912), 73–77, 75 (map), 90, 323
Fourteen Points (1918), 373–374
France, 63, 71, 97, 271, 367
French army, 125 (map), 135–136, 185, 210
July Crisis, 114, 119
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), 7, 21, 60, 242, 299
Frank, General Liborius, 146, 153, 154, 158–159, 160, 162, 168, 257–258, 319, 338
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, xxiv, 25, 45, 46 (photo), 69, 90–93, 104 (photo), 231, 350
anti-Hungarian views, 5, 24–25, 28–32, 41–47, 96
assassination of, xx, xxiii, 99–100, 103–107, 117, 121, 128, 137
proposed reforms, 12, 44–47
rivalry with Franz Joseph, 39, 40, 45, 48, 78–79, 88–89, 95–96, 100, 105
strategic ideas, 54–55, 76–77, 372
Trialism, 54–55, 96, 103
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, xxiii, 2, 8, 18 (photo), 33, 46 (photo), 373
concessions to Hungarians, 3–8, 24–25, 28–32, 35, 41–49, 362
eclipsed by Franz Ferdinand, 39–40, 45, 48, 78–79, 88–89, 95–96, 100
July Crisis, 107, 109, 113
prewar leadership, 39, 48, 58, 64, 69, 76, 96
vacillating policy, 17, 19–22
wartime leadership, 127, 128, 133, 137, 143, 151, 171, 200–201, 215, 253, 255, 257, 261, 266–267, 303, 316, 323, 365, 378
Freytag-Loringhoven, General Hugo, 178, 312
Friedjung Trial (1909), 66–67
Friedrich, Archduke, 25, 245 (photo), 311 (photo), 375
AOK commander, 117–118, 133, 137–138, 178, 206, 230, 231, 250–251, 267, 276, 377, 378
Carpathian battles, 303, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311–313
Lemberg battles, 224, 230, 237, 244, 245 (photo)
Galicia, xxii, 174, 175 (photo), 208–209, 310 (photo)
atrocities. See Atrocities
Gallwitz, General Max von, 372
German army, 55, 56, 371 (photo)
casualties. See Casualties
cooperation with Austrian army, 65–66, 122, 126–129, 169–170, 171, 178, 247, 249–250, 269, 270–272, 273, 276, 277, 283–284, 287, 291, 300–301, 313–314, 336, 339, 341–345, 351–352, 358, 369–373, 380–381
operations on Western Front, 135–136, 266, 273, 287–289
war plans (see also Schlieffen Plan and War plans)
German nationalism in Austria, 27, 33
Germany, 1–2, 7, 20–21
fears for Austria, 12, 63, 79–80, 94–95, 118
push for war in 1914, xxi, 12, 80, 94, 108–110, 115, 118–119
support for dualism, 7–8
See also German army
Giesl, General Arthur, 83, 84, 147, 149, 150, 256, 260
Giesl, Wladimir, 114–115
Golovine, General Nikolai, 344, 345, 370
Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive (1915), 370–372
Great Britain, 1, 59, 94, 118, 119, 271, 288, 313–314, 367
BEF, 125 (map), 289, 313, 372
Greece, 44, 52, 63, 73–74, 134, 267, 315
Griessler, General Andreas, 158, 159
Grodek position, 228, 237, 242, 243–244, 245 (photo), 280
Gumbinnen, Battle of (1914), 180
“Halt in Belgrade,” 117, 118, 119
Haustein, General Heinrich, 148
Hindenburg, General Paul von, 200, 230, 250, 288 (photo), 312, 344
Warsaw battles, 271, 273, 275–276, 277, 278, 281–284, 287–289, 303
Hoffmann, Colonel Max, 275, 277, 278, 286–287
Hohenlohe, Prince Gottfried von, 170, 247, 271–272
Holzhausen, Colonel Ludwig, 187
Honvéd. See Austro-Hungarian military
Hoyos, Count Alexander, 109
Hungary, 3, 34, 375
rivalry with Austria, 3–8, 16–17, 24–25, 29–30, 93, 96, 112
Huyn, General Karl, 207, 208, 210, 246
Italy
Libyan War (1911–1912), 69
military weakness, xix
rivalry with Austria, 11–12, 30–31, 49, 68, 69
threat of intervention, 124, 134, 166, 168, 288, 315, 337–338, 341–342, 353, 358, 364–365
Ivanov, General Nikolai, 182, 185, 190, 199, 210, 212, 213, 226, 238, 277–278, 280, 284, 302, 347, 360–361
Jagow, Gottlieb von, 109
Jandric Affair, 84, 86
Jews of Austria, 21, 28, 89, 232, 247, 310 (photo), 311, 349, 357–358
Joseph, Archduke, 157, 158, 160, 166, 369 (photo)
Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, 193–194, 251
Komarów, 195, 202–204, 206–206, 208, 210
Rawa-Ruska, 240, 241, 246
San battles, 281, 282, 297, 303–305
July Crisis (1914), xx, xxi, xxiii, 106–116
Jurisic-Sturm, General Paul, 147, 325
Kageneck, Colonel Karl von, 178
Karageorgevic, Crown Prince Alexander, 103, 143, 320
Karageorgevic, King Peter of Serbia, 51, 59, 103, 256, 328, 330
Karl, Archduke. See Karl I, Emperor of Austria
Karl I, Emperor of Austria, 137, 178, 244, 251, 312, 342, 373, 374 (photo), 375
Kerensky Offensive (1917), 369, 380
Kolossváry, General Desiderius, 221–222, 225
Komarów, Battle of (1914), xxiii, 172 (map), 190, 196, 202, 203 (map), 204–217, 226, 233–234, 247, 251, 362
Königgrätz, Battle of (1866), 1, 3, 7, 13, 20–21, 38, 70, 82, 215
Kosovo, 52, 74, 90, 328
Kövess, General Hermann, 171, 176, 188, 218, 224, 372
Krásnik, battle of (1914), xxiii, 172 (map), 187–194, 198–204, 213, 217, 226, 236
Kraus, Karl, 47, 54, 66–67, 106, 121–122, 141–142, 337
Krauss, General Alfred, 156, 225, 256–257, 262, 263, 267–268, 327
Kritek, General Karl, 210, 241
Krobatin, General Alexander, 79, 107, 110, 113, 212
Kuhn, General Franz, 22
Kundmann, Major Rudolf, 225, 352
Lemberg, First Battle of (1914), 172 (map), 186, 188–189, 199, 201–202, 206, 207, 211–213, 217–229, 235 (map)
Lemberg, Second Battle of (1914). See Rawa-Ruska, Battle of (1914)
Lenin, V. I., 380, 382
Lichitski, General Platon, 201, 238, 249
Limanowa, Battle of (1914), 305–307
Linsingen, General Alexander, 345, 349
Lodz, Battle of (1914), 274 (map), 291–302
Ludendorff, General Erich, 250, 273–277, 278, 287, 288 (photo), 289, 291, 293, 295, 343–345, 352, 358, 369, 372–373
Lueger, Mayor Karl, 27–28
Macedonia, 8, 52, 59, 73–74, 75 (map), 76, 82, 83, 90–91, 103, 256, 323, 329
Machine guns, 57
Mackensen, General August von, 278, 282, 291–292, 295, 296 (photo), 297, 299–300, 345, 370, 372
“Magyarization,” 4–5, 16–17, 35, 41–43, 47, 325, 375
Marne, Battle of (1914), xxiii, 158, 185, 210, 230, 266, 269, 270, 271
Marterer, General Ferdinand, 325–326
Masurian Lakes, Battle of (1914), 277
Meixner, General Otto, 279–280
Merizzi, Lieutenant-Colonel Erich von, 105, 141
Military changes 1866–1914, 55–58, 97, 150, 187
Misic, General Zivojin, 144, 145
Moltke, General Helmuth von “the Elder,” 1, 38, 150, 177, 215
Moltke, General Helmuth von “the Younger,” xxiii, 64, 83, 96–97, 230, 270, 273, 296
July Crisis, 108, 111–112, 118–119
mobilization, 126–128
Montenegro, 73
Moroccan Crises (1905 and 1911), xxi, 12
Musil, Robert, 33
Mussolini, Benito, 338
Narodna Odbrana, 66, 108, 114
Nationalism, problem of, 2–3, 16 (map), 18–19, 22–23, 26–28, 32–35, 47, 93, 96, 113, 384 (map)
&n
bsp; Naumann, Viktor, 109
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 51, 95, 111, 182, 183 (photo), 184, 272, 360
Nikolai, Grand Duke, 136, 182, 183 (photo), 272, 278, 281, 302, 342, 347, 360
Nordstoss, 188, 189, 195, 202, 204, 212, 217, 299
Obrenovic dynasty, 51, 67
Offensive doctrine. See Cult of the Offensive
Opatowka, Battle of (1914), 285
Ottoman Empire, 8
Balkan Wars, 73–74, 77, 81–82
First World War, 315
partition of, 26, 44, 51–52, 81–82, 94
weakness, xix, 15, 21, 51–52
Young Turk revolution, 59, 70, 73, 82
Paic, General Josef, 207, 236, 240, 241–242
Paléologue, Maurice, 272
Pan-Slavism, xvii, 5, 7, 33, 51, 63, 95, 109, 367, 368
Pasic, Nikola, 51, 103, 144–145, 318, 320, 324
Peter Ferdinand, Archduke, 207, 211, 213–215, 242, 362
Pfeffer, General Rudolf, 225, 226, 229, 246
Pflanzer-Baltin, General Karl von, 304, 308, 349, 379
Piave, Battle of (1918), 375
“Pig War,” 68–69
Plan U (1905), 5–6, 30–31, 47, 49, 78, 81
Plehve, General Pavel, 185, 186
Komarów, 195, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208–211, 213
Lodz, 295, 297
Rawa-Ruska, 238, 239, 242, 244
Poincaré, President Raymond, 114
Poland, German-Austrian plans for, 169, 184, 278–279, 291–292, 380–381
Potiorek, General Oskar, 89, 100, 102, 104 (photo), 142 (photo)
assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 103–106
August 1914 invasion of Serbia, 102–103, 108, 130, 132–134, 137–142, 146 (map), 146–152, 153, 155, 160–163, 166–170, 178
Bosnian military governor, 67–68, 80, 82, 120
early career, 39–40, 84
October-December 1914 invasion of Serbia, 268, 316, 317 (map), 318, 320–321, 323–327, 329–332, 335–338
September 1914 invasion of Serbia, 253–255, 254 (map), 257, 262, 266–268
Princip, Gavrilo, xx, 99, 106, 107, 121
Przemysl, fortress and sieges, 171, 249, 252, 279, 284–285, 345, 350, 358–359
Przyborski, General Arthur, 154–155
Putnik, General Radomir, 143, 144, 145, 150–152, 158, 160, 162, 253, 257, 264, 316, 319, 320–321, 326, 328–330, 332
Railways, 58, 97, 101–102, 124, 129–130
Rasputin, 182, 183
Ratzenhofer, Major Emil, 129, 130, 132
Rawa-Ruska, Battle of (1914), 172 (map), 186, 199, 223, 232–246, 235 (map)
Redl Affair, 9, 83–90, 93, 100, 131, 149, 212
Redlich, Joseph, 133, 202, 238
Reed, John, 381
Reininghaus, Gina von, 100, 110, 115, 121–122, 133, 177, 179, 202, 238, 356
Rennenkampf, General Pavel, 184, 286, 295, 297, 300, 301
Rhemen, General Adolf von, 147, 163, 164, 256, 330, 332, 338
Rifles, 56–57
Romania. See Rumania
Rudolf, Archduke, 25, 45
Rumania, 44, 52, 73–74, 90, 91, 95, 112, 134, 166, 267, 315, 316, 353
Hungary’s Rumanians, 17, 112, 113
Russia
pan-Slav policy of, xxi, 51, 95, 367, 368
rivalry with Austria-Hungary, xix, 51, 79
Serbian alliance, 51–52, 59, 63, 68, 71, 95, 113, 115
“steamroller,” xxii, 66, 96–97, 113, 122, 124, 131, 170, 171, 181, 186, 191, 202, 269, 289
See also Russian army
See also Russo-Japanese War
Russian army
artillery. See Artillery
casualties. See Casualties
deployment in 1914, 182–187
manpower, xxii, 56, 66, 97
mobilization, xxii, 66, 97, 101–102, 116–117, 122, 124, 125 (map), 170, 171
shell shortage, 197, 281, 295, 305, 345, 347–348, 361, 370
Stavka, 136, 182, 183, 184, 185, 210, 278, 284, 301 (see also Nikolai, Grand Duke)
supply problems, 186, 197, 275, 279, 281, 293–294, 302, 344–345, 347–348, 361
tactics. See Tactics
war plans. See War plans
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 51, 61, 63, 65, 97, 103, 242
Ruzski, General Nikolai, 185, 186, 199, 302, 347, 360
Komarów, 208, 210, 211
Lemberg, 212, 221, 224, 226
Lodz, 295–296, 299–301
Rawa-Ruska, 232–233, 238, 239, 241–242
Warsaw, 277–278
Sabac, Battle of (1914), 147, 150, 155, 156–161
Salandra, Antonio, 338
Salza, General Anton, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193–194, 199, 200, 204, 210
Samsonov, General Alexander, 184, 286
Sarajevo, assassination plot, xxiii, 13, 99–100, 103–107, 108, 114, 121, 153, 155
Sarkotic, General Stefan, 323, 336
Scheffer, General Reinhard von, 297, 300–301
Scheidemann, General Sergei, 293
Schemua, General Blasius, 9, 69–70, 76, 78, 211, 214, 246
Schlieffen Plan (1905), xx, xxii, xxiii, 65, 96–97, 100–101, 113, 122, 124, 125 (map), 126–128, 270, 273, 276 (see also War plans)
Schönaich, General Franz, 39–40, 78, 155
Schönerer, Georg von, 27
Schwarzenberg, Colonel Felix, 156, 258, 262, 318
Scutari Crisis (1913), 8, 74, 77, 82, 93
Second Balkan War (1913), 75 (map), 83, 90–91
Seeckt, General Hans von, 369 (photo)
Serbia, 44, 53 (map)
atrocities. See Atrocities
August 1914 campaign, 134–135, 137–142, 143–145, 146 (map), 146–152, 157–159
Balkan Wars, 8–9, 12, 52, 73–74, 75 (map), 77, 90–91
casualties. See Casualties
defeat in 1915, 372
Field of the Blackbirds, 52, 77, 90, 103
military shortages, 134–135, 143–145, 154, 255–256, 263, 316, 321, 322
mobilization, 102, 116–117, 125 (map), 134–135
October–December 1914 campaign, 316, 317 (map), 318–19, 321–322, 325–336
rivalry with Austria in Balkans, 52, 54–55, 63, 66–69, 82, 90–91, 93, 98, 315–317, 328–329
Russian alliance, 51–52, 59, 63, 68, 95, 113, 115
September 1914 campaign, 253, 254 (map), 255–256, 264 (photo)
shell shortage, 154, 158, 316
tactics. See Tactics
war plans. See War plans
Seton-Watson, R. W., 42, 325
Sixtus Affair (1917), 373–375
Stepanovic, General Stepan, 152
Straub, Colonel Johann, 110, 127–129, 130, 132
Stürgkh, General Joseph von, 230–231, 298, 300, 313, 351, 358, 360, 364–365
Stürgkh, Count Karl von, 96
Sukhomlinov, General Vladimir, 182, 183 (photo), 184, 197, 272, 278, 279, 281, 347–348
Szögyeni, Count Ladislaus, 109, 111, 112
Taaffe, Count Eduard, 26, 27
Tactics,
Austrian tactics, 23, 61–62, 65, 151, 155–156, 162, 167, 187, 190, 191–192, 195–197, 201, 205–206, 210–211, 220–221, 222–224, 227, 239, 242–243, 249, 256–258, 260, 265–266, 305–306, 361, 371–372
Russian tactics, 187, 196, 201, 205–206, 210–211, 220–221, 223–224, 239, 243, 371
Serbian tactics, 157, 163, 258, 260, 261, 266
Tankosic, Major Vojin, 108
Tannenberg, Battle of (1914), 126, 184, 200, 230, 272, 277, 291, 297
Tersztyánszky, General Karl, 89, 156, 159–160, 161, 379
Thallóczy, Ludwig, 317
The Good Soldier Svejk (Hasek), xxiii–xxiv, 138
Tirpitz, Grand Admiral Alfred, 314
Tisza, István, 43, 167, 168, 255, 264, 298–299, 342, 364
July Crisis, 107–108, 112–13, 119
Treaty of Bucharest (1913), 91
Treaty of Londo
n (1913), 74, 81–82
Trialism. See Franz Ferdinand
Triple Alliance, xx, 7, 49, 70, 112
Triple Entente, xx, 12, 55, 69
Turkey. See Ottoman Empire
Ultimatum to Serbs. See July Crisis
Uxküll, General Alexander von, 117, 231
War plans, xx
Austro-Hungarian war plans, xxii, xxiii, 49, 65–66, 77, 85–86, 87, 94, 96–97, 100–101, 112–113, 115–118, 122, 124, 125 (map), 126–127, 131–132, 138–142, 167, 324–325, 372
German war plans, 64–66, 278–279, 287–289, 372–373. See also Schlieffen Plan
Russian war plans, 101, 113, 183–186, 272–273
Serbian war plans, 101, 145
Warsaw, Battle of (1914), 273, 274 (map), 275
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 64, 76, 82, 93, 94, 193, 231, 287, 288 (photo), 295, 312, 313, 336, 351, 374 (photo)
July Crisis, 108–111, 118
wartime leadership, 127, 200–201, 230, 272, 342
Wilson, President Woodrow, 373–375
Wodniansky, General Friedrich, 205, 209
World War I
casualties, xxi
origins, xix–xx
Woyrsch, General Remus von, 271
Yanushkevich, General Nikolai, 183, 272
Ypres, Battle of (1914), xxiii, 287–288, 313, 372
Zhilinsky, General Yakov, 182, 184, 277
Zimmermann, Arthur, 109