The Working Class Republican
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government shut-down and, 232
as New Deal Democrat, 244
reelection (1996), 233
Reinventing Government initiative, 232
State of the Union address (1995), 232
Clinton, Hillary, 254, 255
popular vote and, 254
Rising American Electorate and, 254
Cold War, 88–89, 160, 198, 223
Collins, Susan, 298n116, 310n73
communism, Communist Party
American working-class and, 114
Catholics as anti-communist, 24
conservative anti-communism, 69
government as the solution to social problems, 47, 87, 211
in Hollywood, xii, 2, 17, 21
Marshall Plan and, 16
Nixon-Khrushchev debate, 45
Orwell’s description of, 26
Reagan’s anti-communism, xix, 17, 21, 30–33, 37, 45, 47, 48, 56, 115, 130, 148, 177–78, 205
Reagan’s fight against, as president, 116, 198–200, 205
Reagan’s partisan shift and, 18
spying in the U.S., 36
state power and, 26
as threat to freedom, 53
See also Soviet Union
Conference of Studio Unions (CSU), 31–32
Connally, John, 171–72, 201
Conscience of a Conservative, The (Goldwater), xiv, 27, 54, 69, 72, 110, 112, 131, 154, 217, 259
conscription (military draft), 141
Conservative Digest, 201
Conservative League of Minneapolis, “Losing Freedom by Installments” (Reagan speech, early 1960s), 47, 89, 211–12
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
Reagan’s 1977 speech, vision for the “New Republican Party,” 130, 132–34, 152–58, 166
Reagan’s nine principles, 132–33
Reagan speech to ninth meeting of, 208
conservatives, conservatism, ix, 42–43
anti-Eisenhower movement, 217
antigovernment positions, 118, 130, 218, 234, 249
as anti-New Dealers, 25–26
appeal to the average American and, 230
branding problem (seen as caring about money more than people), 228–29, 230, 232, 237
Buckley and National Review, 25–27, 43, 46, 90
George W. Bush and, 134, 250
in California, ix, xv, 77, 101–101, 109, 111, 124, 126
civil rights legislation and, 78, 79, 109–12
constitutionalists, 39, 44, 74, 85
core ideas of, ix, 26, 27, 40, 69, 85, 155–56, 247
Cruz and, 249–50
entitlements and, 267
“establishment” variety, xviii
fusionism, 69
Goldwater and Goldwaterites, 19, 43, 69, 101, 110, 111, 142, 162, 210, 234
ideology and, 154, 157, 158
Knowland and, 43
libertarianism and, xv, 135–41
majority of Americans as, 153
in mid-to late 1950s, 27
neoconservatives, 162
neolibertarianism and, 69
New Deal social guarantees and, 134
New Deal’s principles and, 23, 69
opposition to Modern Republicanism, 46
radical change and, 232
Reagan and, xviii, xx, 19–52, 126–27, 250, 263–64
Reagan misunderstood by, xviii, 2–3, 218, 228, 229, 232, 237, 260–62
Reagan’s conservatism versus Goldwater’s, 54–70
Reagan’s critics among, xvii, 103–4, 109–13, 156, 177, 187, 188, 200–201, 202
Reagan’s influence on, 69
Reagan’s legacy and, 230
Reagan’s popularity with, 126
Reagan’s “The New Republican Party” speech and, 130, 132–34, 152–58
Reagan’s “A Time for Choosing” speech and, 54
Reagan’s unique brand of (New Deal conservatism), xiv, xvii, xviii, 1, 3, 19–52, 54–70, 72, 82, 83, 113, 114, 115, 118, 130–33, 166, 169–70, 200, 259
RINOs opposed by, 109
Romney and, 250
on social welfare programs, 40, 41, 86, 104, 111, 124, 262
on states’ rights, 44
Stockman’s book and, 217
Tea Party variety of, xviii, 44, 240, 241, 249, 307n22
Trump and, 225, 256
“ultraconservatives,” xv, 11, 109, 131, 154, 200, 201, 260, 291n3
unpopularity of, 228
“win one for the Gipper” and, 19, 103
See also Christian Right
Cordiner, Ralph, 35, 120
Crane, Phil, 131, 171, 201
Creative Society, xiv–xv, 72, 83–92, 146
three central concepts of, 84
crime, xiv, 80, 91
Cruz, Ted, xviii, 249–50, 252, 259–61, 294n34
“culture wars,” 165–66
Czechoslovakia, 117, 223
Dart, Justin, 18
d’Aubuisson, Roberto, 116
defense spending, 133, 134, 164, 191, 204
de Havilland, Olivia, 31
Democratic Party
American South and, 24–25, 181, 233
anti-communism and, 32, 161
base of, 181
big government and, xiii, xiv, 45, 156, 165, 262
black voters and, 24
civil rights policies, 25
comeback, early 1990s, xvii
commitment to a “fairer distribution of wealth, income, and power,” 171
competing philosophies (Truman’s versus Wallace’s), 15–17, 18, 32, 50, 143, 161, 209, 228, 230, 258
disenchanted members, 209–10
dominance of American politics, 132, 152
FDR and JFK and, 227
Hispanic voters and, 247
Irish immigrants voting for, xi
Jefferson abandoned by, 15
Kennedy’s fiscal policy and, 50
labor union support for, 42
liberalism and, ix, 15, 50–51 (see also liberals, liberalism)
midterm losses, 1966, xiv
midterm losses, 2010, 240–41
midterm losses, 2014, 251
moderates of, 236–37
National Convention, 1932, 299n12
National Convention, 1936, 9
National Convention, 1968, 116–17
National Convention, 1972, 134
National Convention, 2004, 237–38
“national economic planning” and, 170–71
New Democrats, 231
New Left, 32
as “party of the people,” 11
platform, 1948, 16, 17, 277n65
policies admired by Reagan, xi
presidential election, 1932, 1
presidential election, 1936, 8–9, 212
presidential election, 1940, 10
presidential election, 1956, 23
presidential election, 1964, 73, 274n12
presidential election, 1972, 32, 116, 161, 162
presidential election, 1976, 152, 161–62
presidential election, 1980, 180, 181
presidential election, 1984, 208–9, 212
presidential election, 1992, 231
presidential election, 1996, 233
presidential election, 2000, 233–34
presidential election, 2004, 235
presidential election, 2008, 238–39, 274n12
presidential election, 2012, 245–46, 274n12
presidential election, 2016, 255–56
Progressive philosophy and, 48, 50, 134, 146, 228, 247, 251, 257
Reagan and, 1, 2, 14, 17, 22, 29, 30, 33, 113, 150
Reagan considered as a congressional candidate by, 2, 30
Reagan Democrats, xx, 18, 180–82, 230, 231, 234, 254
Reagan leaves a changing party, xii, xiii, 3, 4, 15, 18, 19–52, 209, 274n13
Reagan’s criticism of, 171
Reagan’s parents and, 4, 274n13
Reagan wooing disaffected New Dealers, 174–76
<
br /> Republicans outnumbered by, 228
Rising American Electorate and, 246, 247, 251, 254
socialism and, xii, 15–16
Soviet Union and, 36, 161–62
working-class voters and, xii, 8–9, 113–14, 162, 231, 247
See also Roosevelt, Franklin Delano; Truman, Harry; specific presidents
Dewey, Thomas, 18, 143
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 115
Dixon, IL, 4
Dole, Bob, 233
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 2, 30
Duarte, Jose Napoleon, 116, 200
Dukakis, Michael, 230
Dunckel, Earl, 34
East Germany, 223
Economic Bill of Rights (Roosevelt), 10, 16
Economic Club of Chicago, Reagan speech (September, 1975), 141–44, 147, 292n15
economy
auto industry, 196–97, 212
bad year of 1974 for, 126
Democratic socialism and, 15–16
Democrats, liberals and national economic planning, 49, 146, 170–71
FDR and, xviii, 196
free market, 16, 17, 133, 134
GDP, 5–6
GDP during Reagan’s terms, 206
government’s regulatory powers and, xv, 9, 35, 49
Great Depression, 5–7, 11
inflation, 17, 33, 49, 56, 109, 132, 134, 149, 150, 163, 185, 190, 200, 206, 213, 293n33
interest rates, 190
Kennedy’s fiscal policy and, 50
manufacturing and, 41–42
New Deal and, 6
Reagan and, xviii–xix, 17, 40, 49, 56, 172, 185–87, 193–94, 214, 260–61, 265
Reagan and growth of, 185–86
Reagan criticized for “voodoo economics,” 172
Reagan on the average person as driver of, 195–96
Reagan’s conservative principles and, 133–34
Reagan’s presidential candidacy and, 170
Reagan’s recovery plan, 190–91, 193–94
recession (1982), 200
recession (2008), 239, 243
recession and Gulf War, 185
stagflation, 170
“Staunch Conservatives” versus “Disaffecteds,” 243
supply-side economics, xviii–xix, 187, 192–95, 200, 214
trickle-down theory, 193, 195, 299n12
Truman’s versus Wallace’s vision for, 16
unemployment, 190, 200, 206, 243
War Production Board and, 10, 15–16
White’s description of Democrat versus Republican views (1960), 50–51
See also trade
education
academic freedom, 41
in California, 40, 95, 96, 103, 105–6, 124
Eisenhower’s programs, 23, 27
GI Bill, xiii, 16
government aid to, 5, 23, 27, 46, 48, 143
libertarianism and, 137
Modern Republicanism and, 40
National Defense Education Act, 23, 27
New Deal and, 40
public universities, xiii, 5, 40–41, 143
Reagan and the government’s role in, xv, 39, 40–41, 88, 91, 100, 137, 141, 166
Reagan on “free” college, 106
Reagan’s criticism of bureaucracy and, 144–45
Reagan’s Eureka College commencement address (1957), 40–41, 137
school breakfasts and lunches, 191
“Education of David Stockman, The” (Greider), 192–93
Edwards, Anne, 273n7, 274n13
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 39, 161
American South and, 24, 25
asked to run as a Democrat, 22
Buckley’s refusal to support, 26–27, 69, 177
civil rights legislation and, 25
critics of “dime store New Deal,” 26
Democrats for Eisenhower, 23–24
Goldwater criticism of, 27, 72
integration and, 112
Interstate Highway System and, 23
Mandate for Change, 23
Modern Republicanism and, 51, 72
New Deal programs expanded by, 21, 23, 27
New Deal’s principles and, 23, 25
popular vote and, 23
Reagan’s support for, xiii, 2, 22–23, 27
reelection (1956), 23, 43
Soviet launch of Sputnik and, 27
Warren appointment, 95
working-class support for, xiii, 22
El Salvador, Reagan’s policies on, 116, 198, 200
Emanuel, Rahm, 239
Emerging Democratic Majority, The (Teixeira and Judis), 246–47
employment
discrimination in, 5
FDR’s aim of work for everyone, 13
GE’s “enlightened management-labor relations,” 43–44
Great Depression and, 5
job-training programs, 5
minimum wage, 13
“right-to-work” laws, 42–43, 83, 164, 294–95n57
Taft-Hartley Act and, 42
Wagner Act and, 9, 13, 42
workman’s compensation insurance, 96
workplace safety and injury compensation laws, xii
See also labor unions
energy
Arab oil embargo (1970s), 126, 197
Ford and, 149
programs, 142, 191
Reagan and, 170
entitlements. See Medicaid; Medicare; Social Security; social welfare programs
environmental issues, 5
Obama and, 251
Reagan’s policies on, 100, 115, 121, 123, 124–25, 127, 289n53
TRPA, CARB, and Reagan, 119–20
Equal Rights Amendment, 166, 172
Ernst, Joni, 310n73
Eureka College, 276n40
Reagan at, 12, 78, 283n47
Reagan commencement address (1957), 40–41, 88–89, 137
Export-Import Bank, 191, 266
farm programs, 46, 48, 142, 216, 266, 303n76
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), xiii, 9
Federalist number 51, 86
Federalist Society, ix
Fiorina, Carly, 294n34
Firing Line (TV show), 90, 286n52
Florida, elections and, 142, 147, 234, 238, 240, 246, 248, 254
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 136
food stamps program, 73, 89, 144, 165, 191, 289n67
Ford, Gerald, 126, 132, 142, 293n31
energy policy, 149
Panama Canal Treaty and, 148, 150
as part of the “Washington Establishment,” 149
policy of détente with the Soviets, 148, 150
primary fight with Reagan (1976), 147–51
Reagan’s attacks on, 149, 150
votes for, compared to Reagan, 181–82
“WIN” (Whip Inflation Now), 149, 293n33
foreign policy
Carter administration and, 160, 162
Ford administration and the Soviet Union, 148
liberals and, 47
libertarians on international engagement, 139
Marshall Plan, 16
ownership of the Panama Canal, 148, 150
progressives and, 16–17
Reagan and protecting/extending freedom, 50, 164
Reagan on, early 1960s, 47
Reagan’s Conservative League of Minneapolis speech and, 47
Reagan’s conservative principles and, 133, 134
Reagan’s opposition to the Soviet Union, 32, 36, 47, 140–41, 159, 186
Reagan’s presidency and, 116, 186, 191, 197–200, 204, 205, 209, 213, 221
Reagan’s presidential bid (1976) and, 148
in Reagan’s radio addresses, late 1970s, 159–60
Republican Party and, 157
Truman administration and, 161
Truman’s Democrats and, 47
Vietnam War, 114–15, 140–41
“forgotten American”
FDR, the New Deal, and, xii, 6, 12, 68–69, 276n42
Goldwater mocking of the common man,
68
Reagan and, 12, 68, 69, 207, 209, 229
Trump and, xix
Founding Fathers, 210
“government is beholden to the people” and, 56
Reagan’s views on, 44, 146
Fountainhead, The (Rand), 291–92n11
freedom
academic freedom, 41
FDR’s views of what threatens, 3, 6
government planning and control as threat to, 164
Hoover’s opposition to social insurance and, 6
libertarianism and, 70, 135
protecting by getting involved in government, 54
Reagan and opposition to laws circumscribing liberty, 108, 166
Reagan’s British Parliament speech (June, 1982) on, 203–4, 214, 221
Reagan’s core principles on freedom of the individual, 14, 41, 56, 85, 88, 92, 130, 210, 291–92n11
Reagan’s foreign policy and, 50, 164
Reagan’s “Losing Freedom by Installments” (early 1960s), 47, 89, 211–12
Reagan’s views of what threatens, 13, 26, 35, 36, 37, 38, 78–79, 145, 146
Reagan warns of assault on, by communism and liberals, 53
sin laws and, 140
free speech, 81, 114
Fulbright, J. William, 49
fusionism, 69
Gann, Paul, 125
Geithner, Timothy, 239
General Electric (GE)
“corporate citizenship” approach to labor-management relations, 43–44
decentralized business organization of, 35–36
Reagan’s conservatism and, 21, 34–36, 43
Reagan’s speeches for, xiii, 27, 34–35
workers at, 35–36
General Electric Theater (TV show), 27
GI Bill, xiii, 16
Gingrich, Newt, 231–32, 301n49, 307n29
Glass-Steagall Act, 9
Goldwater, Barry, 75, 86, 274n12
American South and, 25, 78
antigovernment positions, 118, 131, 218
in California, 77
California conservatives and, 101, 110, 111
civil rights legislation opposed by, 78, 79, 112
“Compact of Fifth Avenue” opposed, 46
The Conscience of a Conservative, xiv, 27, 54, 69, 72, 73, 110, 112, 127, 131, 154, 217, 259
conservatism compared to Reagan’s, xiv, 3, 54–70, 82, 95, 132, 133, 137, 228
conservative principles of, 54–55, 83, 90
Democrats attempt to “Goldwaterize” Reagan, xvi, 82–83
Democrat tactics against, 59
as Eisenhower critic, 27, 72
“extremism in defense of liberty is no vice,” 51, 68
GOP convention fight (1964) and, 51
on government spending, 147
hyperindividualistic creed, xiv
as ideological fanatic, 154
importance of the uncommon individual, 196
Johnson’s “Daisy ad” against, 59, 92
landslide defeat of 1964, 19, 55, 118, 125, 207, 238
Nixon and, 117