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Moriceau, Jean-Marc. “Posters, Periodicals, and Newspapers: A Distorted Reflection?” from the website Man and Wolf: 2,000 Years of History. http://www.unicaen.fr/homme_et_loup/_en/sources_presse.php.
Morell, Mary. “Evolution: From Wolf to Dog.” Scientific American (July 2015).
Nunes, Hélène, and C. Degueurce. “Les races de chiens dans la littérature vétérinaire française du XVIII e siècle.” Bulletin of the French Society for the History of Veterinary Medicine, 4 (1) (2005).
Patrocinio Espigares, M., B. Martínez-Navarro, P. Palmqvist, S. Ros-Montoya, I. Toro, J. Agustí, R. Sala. “Homo vs. Pachycrocuta: Earliest evidence of competition for an elephant carcass between scavengers at Fuente Nueva-3 (Orce, Spain).” Quaternary International Vol. 295 (2013): 113–125.
Resine, Javier. “¿ Alien big cats en Málaga?” from the website Andalucia: Land of Mysteries. http://andaluciamisteriosa.es.tl/%BFAlien-big-cats-en-M%E1laga-f-.htm.
Sapolsky, Robert M. “Mind & Matter.” The Wall Street Journal, November 9–10, 2013.
“Sketch of a Fortnight’s Excursion to Paris in 1788.” The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 67, Part 1, 1797.
Stahler, D. R., D. W. Smith, and D. S. Guernsey. “Foraging and feeding ecology of the gray wolf (Canis lupus): lessons from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136, No. 7 (July 2006): 1923S-1926S. Available online from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772460.
Valasquez-Manoff, Moises. “Can Celiac Disease Affect the Brain?” New York Times Sunday Review, Opinion (October 11, 2014).
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Zhu, Bao-Li, with Kaori Ishida, Shigeki Oritani, Mari Taniguchi, Masaki Q. Fujita, Kazunori Fukita, and Hitoshi Maeda. “Decapitation in suicidal hanging—a case report with a review of the literature.” Legal Medicine, Vol. 2, Issue 3 (October 2000): 159–162.
Web Resources
www.labetedugevaudan.com: dans l’Ombre de la Bête (In the Shadow of the Beast). Site of Beast researcher Phil Barnson. In French and English.
www.labete.7hunters.net: “The Beast of the Gévaudan.” Site of Derek Brockis, English translator of Pourcher’s book, La Bête du Gévaudan, in English. (Currently inactive.)
http://www.labetedugevaudan.eu/: “La Bête du Gévaudan.eu: Histoire et Enquête” (“The Beast of Gévaudan: History and Investigation”), Another informative website, in French and English.
http://www.ot-mende.fr/decouvrir/visiter/histoire-de-mende: A guide to the history of the city of Mende, France, in French.
Museum
Le Muse Fantastique de la Bête du Gévaudan, Saugues, France. Visit website for seasonal hours and contact information: www.musee-bete-Gévaudan.com.
Wolf Park
Les Loups du Gévaudan Wolf Park, Hameau de Sainte-Lucie, France. This forty-acre wolf preserve located in the region of the Beast is home to about one hundred wolves from Europe, Russia, and Canada. Visit website for seasonal hours and contact information: www.loupsduGévaudan.com.
Acknowledgments
Gustavo Sánchez Romero wishes to thank Phil Barnson and Alain Bonet, www.labetedugevaudan.com; Michel Binon, Muséum d’Orléans, France; Derek Brockis, translator, The Beast of Gévaudan; Xoan Domínguez, www.ourensedixital.com; Véronique Campion-Vincent, Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris; David Gaussen and Pierre Yves Garcin, Editions Gaussen, Marseille, France; Blandine Gires, the Fantastic Museum of the Beast of Gévaudan, Saugues, Lozère, France; Franz Jullien and the staff of the National Museum of Natural History, Paris; Dr. Nicolas Kramar, Valais Nature Museum, Sion, Switzerland; Leon Klau, Le Puy-en-Velay; Jean-Marc Landry, IPRA SARL (Institute for the Promotion and Research on Livestock Guarding Animals) Switzerland and France; Christophe Matho, Editions CPE, Romorantin, France; Manabu Sakamoto and Rhian Rowson, Bristol Museum Galleries and Archives; Paolo Viscardi, Horniman Museum and Gardens, London; and the kind people from Saugues township, Lozère, France. I especially appreciate the encouraging help from Cory Allyn at Skyhorse Publishing, and S. R. Schwalb for guidance, support, and enthusiasm! Special thanks also to my partner Birgit, little Minki, and to my dear friend Coco, in memoriam.
S. R. Schwalb wishes to thank Gustavo Sánchez Romero; Cory Allyn, Skyhorse Publishing; Phil Barnson; Derek Brockis; David Lindroth; the staff of the Archives départementales de l’Herault, Montpellier; the staff of Bibliotheque nationale de France, Paris; the staff of the Westchester County Library System; Elaine Westwig and Gregory Raml, American Museum of Natural History; Emily Braker and Heather Christine Robeson, University of Colorado Museum of Natural History; Mark Madison, National Conservation Training Center Archives/Museum; Matt Trott, US Fish and Wildlife Service National Training Center Archives/Museum; Coi Gehrig, Denver Public Library; Véronique Campion-Vincent; Vicki Fischer; Andrew Lownie; Mark Beynon; Martin Griffiths; Val Wineyard; Jaap Rameijer; Roni Lubliner and Eric D. Chin, NBCUniversal; Agathe Theodore, Pathé; Massimo Moretti and Dominque Hascoet-Brunet, StudioCanal; Robbi Siegel, Art Resource; Melissa Goldstein, Bridgeman Images; Peter Kersten, Getty Images; Megan Foley and Joann Schwendemann, Dover Publications; and my family.
Index
A
Alien Big Cats (ABCs), 238, 256
Alençon, France, 51, 59, 63, 65
Allariz, Spain, 145, 146, 147–48
American Museum of Natural History, 199
Andrews, Roy Chapman, 199
Anthony, Harold E., 199
Antoine, François, 65, 67-75, 91, 101, 106, 108, 111, 174, 185, 204, 226
Antoine de Beauterne, Robert-François, 67, 74, 202
Antonio, 145, 146
Apcher, Joseph Jean Chateauneuf-Randon marquis, d’, 47, 79, 86, 88–89, 203
Apchon, France, 117
apophyses, 233, 234
Ardennes, France, 123
Aribaud-Farrère, Marguerite, 97, 98, 157
Ariège, France, 139, 168
armored dog, 162–63
Athelstan, 199
Aubazac, André, 102
Aumont, France, 48, 108
autopsies, 184, 202, 203, 205, 206, 227, 265
Auvergne, 8, 10, 16, 58, 59, 67, 74, 117, 125, 144, 175, 254, 263
Auvers, 68, 69, 82, 85, 87, 101, 203, 204, 216, 260
Auvers-Nozeyrolles, 67
B
baboon, 162, 235
Ballainvilliers, Simon-Charles, Baron de, 58, 74, 204
Ballard, Warren B. 197
Barber, Paul, 116
Baring-Gould, Sabine, 125, 131, 150
Barloy, Jean-Jacques, 157
Barnson, Phil, 33, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 135, 185, 207, 210
Basse-Bretagne, France, 116
Bastide, Jeanne, 86
Battle of Minden, 19
bear-dog, prehistoric, 159, 161
bears, 95, 141, 161, 262
Beast hypotheses, 95–104
Beast “profile,” 105–12
Beasts of the past, 246–51
Beasts of modern times, 251–57
Beaucaire, France, 185
Beaufort, François de 207, 226
Bégou (Pailleyre), 130, 143
Bergougnoux, Jean, 80
Bern Convention, 262
Bernheimer, Richard, 137, 138
Berry, France, 119
Berserkers, 140, 142
Besques, France, 47
Bête d’Orléans, 249
Bête du Gâtinais, 247, 248
Bishop of Mende, Gabriel-Florent de Choiseul-Beaupré, 15–17, 31, 36, 38, 48, 51, 61, 78, 89, 98, 99, 115, 131
bobtailing, 196
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 163, 185
Bonet, Alain, 202, 203
Bouconville, France, 163
Boulanger, father and son, 89, 203
Boulet, Jeanne, 3, 6–7, 13, 67, 89
Bourgault du Coudray, Chantal, 125
Bourgeois, J., 163, 164
Britain, 31
Brittany, France, 116
Brockis, Derek, 97, 108, 142, 143
Buffeyrettes, France, 36
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de, 181, 183, 184, 203–4
Burgundy, France, 116, 118
C
Cabinet of Natural History, 181, 182
Caires, France, 30
Calmeil, Louis-Florentin, 113, 114
Camisards, 10
Campion-Vincent, Véronique, 99, 262, 263
Canis lupus, 96, 131, 137, 160, 207, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 226, 238, 240, 247
Cannibal soldiers, 102
Castor, Felix 148
Castro, Vincente, 148
Cazottes, Paschal, 143
Cellier, France 13
Cévennes, 8, 10, 32, 65, 117, 248
Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal, 116
Chanaleilles, France, 39
Charles VI, 240
Charles VII, 240
Chastang, Catherine, 37
Chastel, Antoine, 70, 75, 96, 100, 101, 102, 130, 143–44, 183
Chastel, Jean, 70, 75, 85, 86, 100, 101, 102, 183, 184, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 216, 259, 260
Chastel, Pierre, 70, 75, 100, 101, 102, 183
Château de la Baume, 27–30, 37
Chausse, Madeleine, 40–42
Chautard, Catherine, 86
Chazes hunt, 72, 73–75, 78, 100, 201, 202, 226
Chazes wolf, 74, 76, 106, 111, 201, 202, 203, 204, 218
Chevalley, Abel, 96
Chirac, France, 14
Choiseul, Étienne François, duc de, 15, 98
Choiseul-Beaupré, Gabriel-Florent de, see Bishop of Mende
Choisinèts, France, 22, 32
Churchill, Winston, 31
Clark, Anne, 136, 137, 139
Clarke, C. H. D., 112, 198, 200, 232
Claude Maurines, 22, 27
Clement XIV, pope, 99
Clermont-Ferrand, France, 74
Clermont-Prince Volunteers, 32, 52
Cnut, King, 115
Cock Lane Ghost, 132
Cole, William, 204
Colorado, 124, 193, 194, 196, 197
Compendium Maleficarum, 117
Compiègne, France, 89
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 124
Corbett, Jim, 168
Correspondance Littéraire, 36
corvées, 260
Côte d’Or, France, 117
Couret, Jean, 78
Courier d’Avignon, 36
Courtaud, 194, 238–46
Court Magazine, Monthly Critic, Lady’s Magazine, Museum, 126
Couston, Jacques, 39–42
Cromwell, 200
Crouzet, Guy, 183
Custer Wolf, 194, 195, 197
D
Dauphin, the 78
decapitations, 29, 36, 37, 39, 49, 67, 78, 97
de Garayo Ruiz de Argandoña, Juan Díaz, 148
Delperrie de Bayac, Jacques, 192, 261
d’Enneval, father: Jean-Charles Marc Antoine Vaumesle; and son, Jean-François Vaumesle, 51–52, 55, 58–59, 61, 62, 67, 102, 123, 174, 191
Desges, France, 86
Desges river, 69
Devlin, Judith, 43, 85, 113, 114, 128, 130, 132, 133, 200, 261
Dickens, Charles, 65–66, 99, 107, 124
disease, celiac, 114–15
dogs
black, 114, 124
wild, 109, 110, 197, 240, 254, 256, 263
Dracula, 125
dragonnades, 33
dragoons, 32, 33, 36, 37, 47, 58, 64, 100, 103, 107, 142
Dubois, Raymond Francis, 96
Duhamel, Jean-Baptiste Louis François Boulanger, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 61, 170
Dumas, Alexandre, 125, 185
Duparquet, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53
E
Ebert, Roger, 95
Edict of Nantes, 10, 98
Emperor Charles VI, 19
England, 43, 65, 75, 115, 126, 199, 242
ergot, 114, 149
Escures, France, 142
Esgos, Spain, 145
Estates of the Gévaudan, 15, 36, 61, 81, 105
Estival, France, 58
Estrets, France, 21, 22
Eurasian Lynx, 253
Eure-et-Loir, France, 261
European Union Habitats Directive, 262
F
Fabre, Abbé François, 104
famous North American wolves, 193–97
Fantastic Museum of the Beast of the Gévaudan, 223, 224, 227, 229, 260
femme Jouve, 55–58
Fleury, Cardinal, 103
Florac, France, 98
Fontainebleau, France, 263
Forces Françaises de Interieur (F.F.I.), 10
Fournel, France, 39
France, rural, 132, 245
French National Council for the Protection of Nature, 262
French Revolution, 8, 65, 71, 95, 225, 259, 260–61
G
Galicia, Spain, 145, 146, 148
Galtier, Pierre Victor, 5
Gans, Christophe, 95, 125, 157
Garnier, Gilles, 151–54
Gazette de France, 36, 106, 204
Genaro, Mr., 145, 146
Gentleman’s Magazine, 99, 260
Gévaudan region, 7–11
Gévaudan Wolf Park, 260
Gipson, Philip S., 197
Goodall, Jane, 108, 109, 110
Gottschall, Jonathan, 129
Grazières, France, 33
Great Beast, 123, 124
Grenier, Jean, 149, 150, 151, 153
Grèzes, France, 85
Gueffier, Jeanne 40
H
Hampton, Bruce, 137, 192
Hébrard, Marianne, 13
Henry IV, 10
Henry VII, 199
Herbert, Monsieur, of Vernières, France, 53
Hohlenstein-Stadel cave, 139
hospitals, 199
Household Words, 65
Huesca, Spain, 256
“Hugues, the Wer-wolf: A Kentish Legend of the Middle Ages,” 126, 127
human beasts, 136, 142, 152
Hundepanzer, 162–63
Hundred Years’ War, 242
Hyaenodon, 160, 161
hybrids, 95, 197–99, 207–19
hybrid vigor, 198
hyenas 175–88, 204
hypertrichosis, 143–44, 151
I
Illis, L., 151
insania lupina, 114
Isaiah 34:14, 137
J
jaguar, 164
Jaladon, Charles, 202
Jansenists, 38, 99
Jardin des Plantes, 91, 183
Jardin du Roi, 91
Javols, France, 47
Jesuit order, 99
Joseph-Pierre Durand de Gros, 147
Julianges, France, 30, 78
Jullien, Franz, 181, 183, 184, 185
K
Kaeppelin, Philippe, 69, 70
King’s Cabinet, 101
King’s Garden, 101
Knetch, Jean, 33
L
La Besseyre-Saint-Mary, 68, 70, 85, 101, 203, 260
La Chaumette brothers, 62
Lafayette, Marquis de, 175
Lafont, Étienne, 13, 14, 15–17, 19, 20, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 38, 48, 58–59, 61, 80–81
Lafont, Trophime, 14, 52, 58, 69
Landes, France, 117
Landry, Jean-Marc, 222, 225, 234
Lang, Andrew, 76, 77, 128
Langogne, France, 7, 28, 33, 106, 170
Languedoc, France, 8, 14, 19, 32, 33, 43, 163
La Ténazeyre Canid, 89, 107, 187, 201, 202–6, 208, 210, 211, 216, 218
Laverdy, Clément Charles François de, 35, 51, 59, 78
Le Blanc, Paul, 91
Légendes rustiques
, 118, 122
Le Malzieu, France, 28, 49, 86, 120, 144, 154, 260
leopards, 32, 153, 166–70
Le Pacte des loups (Brotherhood of the Wolf), 95, 125, 155, 156, 157
Le Puy-en-Velay, France, 154, 155
Les Cayres, France, 30
Les Estrets, France, 21, 22
Les Hubacs, France, 6, 67, 89, 109
Les Pradels, France, 13
Le Villeret, France, 39
Linnaeus, Carl, 24
lions, 170–74
Loire river, 8, 129
London, 43, 63, 182
London Magazine, 63, 116
Lopez, Barry Holstun, 193
Lorcières, France, 68, 78, 100
Louis-Auguste, 15, 78
Louis IX, 71
Louis XIV, 10, 33, 98
Louis XV, 15, 17, 19, 34, 43, 53, 58, 59, 67, 71, 74, 75, 78, 79, 98, 99, 103, 116, 183, 184, 187, 202, 204
Lozère, France, 8, 154, 259
lubin, 121
Luparii, 224
lupin, 121, 122, 123
Lurbe, France, 130
lycanthropy, 113, 114, 115, 131, 138, 143, 151, 154
lynxes, 34, 166, 170, 182
M
Malleus Maleficarum, 131
Mañá, Luis García, 148
man-beasts, 135–44
mandement of the Bishop of Mende, 38, 98, 99
Mannix, Daniel P., 125, 244, 245, 246
Maquis, 9–10
Margeride mountains, 8, 10, 36, 99
Maria Theresa of Austria, 19
Marie-Antoinette, 15, 19
Marie de France, 114
Marin, Roch-Étienne, 89, 203
Madrid, 148
Mauras, Magdeleine, 27
Marvejols, France, 14, 29, 45, 102, 260
Masméjan, France, 13
Massif Central, 3, 8, 36, 81, 106, 109, 120, 259, 262
Maupassant, Guy de, 125, 128
Maurines, Claude, 22–26
Maurines, France, 39
Mech, L. David, 109, 191, 192
media, 35, 36, 43, 44, 60, 62–66, 106, 116, 204
Mende, France, 9, 14, 15, 16, 31, 38, 45, 51, 89, 98, 99, 105, 109, 154, 155
menhirs, 9
Menzies, Sutherland, 126
Mercoire, France, 22, 143
Meurger, Michel, 183, 252–53
Michel, Louis, 96
Minorca, Spain, 19, 101
modern species as contenders for the Beast, 190
Moncan, Jean-Baptiste Marin, comte de, 32, 33, 58
Mongibaud, Lespinasse de, 53
Mont Chauvet, 70
Montluc, Pierre de Tassy, 53, 169
Montmartre, Paris, 239
Mont Mouchet, 10, 86, 101, 201
Montpellier, France, 15, 59, 247
Morangiès, Pierre Charles de Molette, Marquis, 19
Morangiès, Jean-François Charles de la Molette, Count, 19, 20, 32, 34, 35, 36, 49, 97, 172