Imagined Empires

by Zeinab Abul-Magd

  80. The annual report of 1901 recorded a 3 percent increase in “felonies” in Qina Province, parallel to the increase in Grand Cairo. This probably suggests that resistance against the empire was as great in Qina as in Cairo. Reports by His Majesty’s Agent and Consul-General on the Finance, Administration and Condition of Egypt and the Soudan in 1901 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1902), 29, BNA.

  81. These were waqf charitable endowments. See, for example, Qina Court, Sijill Ishhadat 125, Case 92, pp. 61–62, 4 November 1899; Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at, and Tarikat 141, Case 100, pp. 86–87, 22 July 1900; and Dishna Court, Sijill Ishhadat, Murafa‘at, Mubaya‘at, and Tarikat 141, Case 39, pp. 36–38, 24 March 1900, all in NAE.

  82. Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 422, 5 Jumada al-Thani 1299; Microfilm 430, Sijill 893, Case 214, 13 Shawwal 1302, both in NAE.

  83. Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 43, Sijill 893, Case 244, 17 Shawwal 1302, NAE.

  84. Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi 1889, 813.

  85. Ibid., 501.

  86. Ibid., 813.

  87. Madabit Majlis al-Ahkam, Microfilm 426, Sijill 859, Case 875, 17 Shawwal 1300, NAE.

  88. Majmu‘at al-Taqarir al-Marfu‘a min al-Mudiriyyat wa-l-Muhafazat li Dawlatu Afandim Nazir al-Dakhiliyya wa-l-Maliyya ‘an ’A‘mal 1889 (Misr: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1890), 198–99.

  89. Al-Qararat wa-l-Manshurat al-Sadira fi 1890 (Cairo: al-Matba‘a al-Amiriyya, 1891), 157–61.

  90. Ibid.

  91. “Hawadith Mu’sifa fi al-Mahalla al-Kubra wa Qina,” Al-Balagh, 16 December 1949.

  92. “Khutt al-Sa‘id,” Al-Ahram, 31 October 2010. http://gate.ahram.org.eg/Malafat/74/678/%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-.aspx (accessed 10 January 2011).

  93. There are many versions of al-Khutt’s story, and facts are mixed with mythical public narratives about him. Personal communication with inhabitants of the village of Drunka, Qina, June 2009.

  EPILOGUE

  1. Immanuel Wallerstein, After Liberalism (New York: New Press, 1995), 177.

  2. Immanuel Wallerstein, “U.S. Weakness and the Struggle for Hegemony,” Monthly Review 55 (2003): 7.

  3. Joseph Stiglitz, “The Roaring Nineties,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2002, 98. See also, Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W .W. Norton, 2003); and Joseph Stiglitz and Gerald Meier, Frontiers of Development Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

  4. See Peter Evans, Theda Skocpol, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.), Bring the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

  5. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents, 17.

  6. Ibid., 1–15; Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 272–303.

  7. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), xiv (emphasis in original).

  8. Ibid., 23–24.

  9. Ibid., 393.

  10. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “The New Subaltern: A Silent Interview,” in Vinayak Ghaturvedi (ed.), Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial (London: Verso, 2000), 325.

  11. Ibid., 326.

  12. USAID, “Success Stories,” www.usaideconomic.org.eg/SuccessStories.asp (accessed 12 January 2012).

  13. Ibid.

  14. ACDI-VOCA, “Egypt—Agribusiness Linkages Global Development Alliance,” www.acdivoca.org/site/ID/egyptHeinzGDA (accessed 10 January 2012).

  15. See the Cairo-based newspaper, Al-Masry al-Youm, 9 and 30 March 2008.

  16. See Land Center for Human Rights, Reports (Cairo: Land Center for Human Rights, 2005–8); Ray Bush (ed.), Counter Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in an Era of Economic Reform (London: Zed Books, 2002).

  17. Al-Masry al-Youm, 22 March 2007.

  18. See Lisa Kallal and OsterDowJones Commodity News, “Commodities Report: Wheat Prices Post Big Declines on Selling by Speculative Funds,” Wall Street Journal, 23 December 2003.

  19. See “U.S. Wheat Aid Is Sold to Egyptian Company,” Wall Street Journal, 30 November 1998; Dyanna DeCola, “Wheat Prices Rise on Egypt’s Return as a Buyer,” Wall Street Journal, 12 April 2001; USAID, “Economic Growth in Egypt,” www.usaideconomic.org.eg (accessed 10 January 2012).

  20. Al-Wafd, 4 August 2007. The story of Nawfal is similar to that of ‘Izzat Ali Hanafi, the bandit mentioned in this book’s introduction, with regard to allying with the regime in crushing Islamic fundamentalists and forging election results in the interest of the National Democratic Party, the former ruling party.

  21. See coverage of the revolution in Qina Province on this Qina-based website: www.qenaonline.com (accessed 15 January 2012). For example, www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1175.htm (accessed 15 January 2012); www.qenaonline.com/portal/albums-action-show-id-25.htm (accessed 15 January 2012); www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1211.htm (accessed 15 January 2012); and www.qenaonline.com/portal/news-action-show-id-1189.htm (accessed 15 January 2012).

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