What Just Happened: A Chronicle From the Information Frontier

by James Gleick

  Goonatilake, Susantha. The Evolution of Information: Lineages in Gene, Culture and Artefact. London: Pinter, 1991.

  Gorman, Michael E. Transforming Nature: Ethics, Invention and Discovery. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1998.

  Gould, Stephen Jay. The Panda’s Thumb. New York: Norton, 1980.

  ———. “Humbled by the Genome’s Mysteries.” The New York Times, 19 February 2001.

  Grafen, Alan, and Mark Ridley, eds. Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  Graham, A. C. Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature. Vol. SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.

  Green, Jonathon. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made. New York: Holt, 1996.

  Gregersen, Niels Henrik, ed. From Complexity to Life: On the Emergence of Life and Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

  Griffiths, Robert B. “Nature and Location of Quantum Information.” Physical Review A 66 (2002): 012311–1.

  Grünwald, Peter, and Paul Vitányi. “Shannon Information and Kolmogorov Complexity.” arXiv:cs.IT/0410002 v1, 8 August 2005.

  Guizzo, Erico Mariu. “The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory.” Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 2003.

  Gutfreund, H., and G. Toulouse. Biology and Computation: A Physicist’s Choice. Singapore: World Scientific, 1994.

  Hailperin, Theodore. “Boole’s Algebra Isn’t Boolean Algebra.” Mathematics Magazine 54, no. 4 (1981): 172–84.

  Halstead, Frank G. “The Genesis and Speed of the Telegraph Codes.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 93, no. 5 (1949): 448–58.

  Halverson, John. “Goody and the Implosion of the Literacy Thesis.” Man 27, no. 2 (1992): 301–17.

  Harlow, Alvin F. Old Wires and New Waves. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1936.

  Harms, William F. “The Use of Information Theory in Epistemology.” Philosophy of Science 65, no. 3 (1998): 472–501.

  Harris, Roy. Rethinking Writing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

  Hartley, Ralph V. L. “Transmission of Information.” Bell System Technical Journal 7 (1928): 535–63.

  Havelock, Eric A. Preface to Plato. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.

  ———. The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.

  Havelock, Eric Alfred, and Jackson P. Hershbell. Communication Arts in the Ancient World. New York: Hastings House, 1978.

  Hawking, Stephen. God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2005.

  ———. “Information Loss in Black Holes.” Physical Review D 72, arXiv:hep-th/0507 171v2, 2005.

  Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

  Headrick, Daniel R. When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Heims, Steve J. John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980.

  ———. The Cybernetics Group. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.

  Herken, Rolf, ed. The Universal Turing Machine: A Half-Century Survey. Vienna: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

  Hey, Anthony J. G., ed. Feynman and Computation. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002.

  Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, or, the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth, Eclesiasticall and Civill. London: Andrew Crooke, 1660.

  Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. London: Vintage, 1992.

  Hofstadter, Douglas R. Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York: Basic Books, 1979.

  ———. Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

  ———. I Am a Strange Loop. New York: Basic Books, 2007.

  Holland, Owen. “The First Biologically Inspired Robots.” Robotica 21 (2003): 351–63.

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1893.

  Holzmann, Gerard J., and Björn Pehrson. The Early History of Data Networks. Washington D.C.: IEEE Computer Society, 1995.

  Hopper, Robert. Telephone Conversation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

  Horgan, John. “Claude E. Shannon.” IEEE Spectrum (April 1992): 72–75.

  Horsley, Victor. “Description of the Brain of Mr. Charles Babbage, F.R.S.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 200 (1909): 117–31.

  Huberman, Bernardo A. The Laws of the Web: Patterns in the Ecology of Information. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.

  Hughes, Geoffrey. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

  Hüllen, Werner. English Dictionaries 800–1700: The Topical Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.

  Hume, Alexander. Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue (1620). Edited from the original ms. in the British Museum by Henry B. Wheatley. London: Early English Text Society, 1865.

  Husbands, Philip, and Owen Holland. “The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics.” In The Mechanical Mind in History, 91–148. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008.

  Husbands, Philip, Owen Holland, and Michael Wheeler, eds. The Mechanical Mind in History. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008.

  Huskey, Harry D., and Velma R. Huskey. “Lady Lovelace and Charles Babbage.” Annals of the History of Computing 2, no. 4 (1980): 299–329.

  Hyatt, Harry Middleton. Folk-Lore from Adams County, Illinois. 2nd and rev. ed. Hannibal, Mo.: Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation, 1965.

  Hyman, Anthony. Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982.

  Hyman, Anthony, ed. Science and Reform: Selected Works of Charles Babbage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  Ifrah, Georges. The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York: Wiley and Sons, 2001.

  Ivanhoe, P. J., and Bryan W. Van Norden. Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2005.

  Jackson, Willis, ed. Communication Theory. New York: Academic Press, 1953.

  James, William. Principles of Psychology. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952.

  Jaynes, Edwin T. “Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics.” Physical Review 106, no. 4 (1957): 620–30.

  ———. “Where Do We Stand on Maximum Entropy.” In The Maximum Entropy Formalism, edited by R. D. Levine and Myron Tribus. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1979.

  Jaynes, Edwin T., Walter T. Grandy, and Peter W. Milonni. Physics and Probability: Essays in Honor of Edwin T. Jaynes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

  Jaynes, Julian. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.

  Jennings, Humphrey. Pandaemonium: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers, 1660–1886. Edited by Mary-Lou Jennings and Charles Madge. New York: Free Press, 1985.

  Johannsen, Wilhelm. “The Genotype Conception of Heredity.” American Naturalist 45, no. 531 (1911): 129–59.

  Johns, Adrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

  Johnson, George. Fire in the Mind: Science, Faith, and the Search for Order. New York: Knopf, 1995.

  ———. “Claude Shannon, Mathematician, Dies at 84.” The New York Times, 27 February 2001, B7.

  Johnson, Horton A. “Thermal Noise and Biological Information.” Quarterly Review of Biology 62, no. 2 (1987): 141–52.

  Joncourt, Élie de. De Natura et Praeclaro Usu Simplicissimae Speciei Numerorum Trigonalium. Edited by É. de Joncourt Auctore. Hagae Comitum: Husson, 1762.

  J
ones, Alexander. Historical Sketch of the Electric Telegraph: Including Its Rise and Progress in the United States. New York: Putnam, 1852.

  Jones, Jonathan. “Quantum Computers Get Real.” Physics World 15, no. 4 (2002): 21–22.

  ———. “Quantum Computing: Putting It into Practice.” Nature 421 (2003): 28–29.

  Judson, Horace Freeland. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.

  Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.

  ———. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1998.

  Kahn, Robert E. “A Tribute to Claude E. Shannon.” IEEE Communications Magazine (2001): 18–22.

  Kalin, Theodore A. “Formal Logic and Switching Circuits.” In Proceedings of the 1952 ACM National Meeting (Pittsburgh), 251–57. New York: ACM, 1952.

  Kauffman, Stuart. Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

  Kay, Lily E. Who Wrote the Book of Life: A History of the Genetic Code. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.

  Kelly, Kevin. Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994.

  Kendall, David G. “Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. 25 April 1903–20 October 1987.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 37 (1991): 301–19.

  Keynes, John Maynard. A Treatise on Probability. London: Macmillan, 1921.

  Kneale, William. “Boole and the Revival of Logic.” Mind 57, no. 226 (1948): 149–75.

  Knuth, Donald E. “Ancient Babylonian Algorithms.” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 15, no. 7 (1972): 671–77.

  Kolmogorov, A. N. “Combinatorial Foundations of Information Theory and the Calculus of Probabilities.” Russian Mathematical Surveys 38, no. 4 (1983): 29–43.

  ———. Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov. Vol. 3, Information Theory and the Theory of Algorithms. Translated by A. B. Sossinksky. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

  Kolmogorov, A. N., I. M. Gelfand, and A. M. Yaglom. “On the General Definition of the Quantity of Information” (1956). In Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, vol. 3, Information Theory and the Theory of Algorithms, 2–5. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

  Kolmogorov, A. N., and A. N. Shiryaev. Kolmogorov in Perspective. History of Mathematics, vol. 20. Translated by Harold H. McFaden. N.p.: American Mathematical Society, London Mathematical Society, 2000.

  Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Knopf, 1926.

  Kubát, Libor, and Jirí Zeman. Entropy and Information in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975.

  Langville, Amy N., and Carl D. Meyer. Google’s Page Rank and Beyond: The Science of Search Engine Rankings. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006.

  Lanier, Jaron. You Are Not a Gadget. New York: Knopf, 2010.

  Lanouette, William. Genius in the Shadows. New York: Scribner’s, 1992.

  Lardner, Dionysius. “Babbage’s Calculating Engines.” Edinburgh Review 59, no. 120 (1834): 263–327.

  ———. The Electric Telegraph. Revised and rewritten by Edward B. Bright. London: James Walton, 1867.

  Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1959.

  Leavitt, Harold J., and Thomas L. Whisler. “Management in the 1980s.” Harvard Business Review (1958): 41–48.

  Leff, Harvey S., and Andrew F. Rex, eds. Maxwell’s Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

  ———. Maxwell’s Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing. Bristol U.K.: Institute of Physics, 2003.

  Lenoir, Timothy, ed. Inscribing Science: Scientific Texts and the Materiality of Communication. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998.

  Licklider, J. C. R. “Interview Conducted by William Aspray and Arthur Norberg.” (1988).

  Lieberman, Phillip. “Voice in the Wilderness: How Humans Acquired the Power of Speech.” Sciences (1988): 23–29.

  Lloyd, Seth. “Computational Capacity of the Universe.” Physical Review Letters 88, no. 23 (2002). arXiv:quant-ph/0110141v1.

  ———. Programming the Universe. New York: Knopf, 2006.

  Loewenstein, Werner R. The Touchstone of Life: Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and the Foundations of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  Lucky, Robert W. Silicon Dreams: Information, Man, and Machine. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

  Lundheim, Lars. “On Shannon and ‘Shannon’s Formula.’ ” Telektronikk 98, no. 1 (2002): 20–29.

  Luria, A. R. Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.

  Lynch, Aaron. Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

  Mabee, Carleton. The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F. B. Morse. New York: Knopf, 1943.

  MacFarlane, Alistair G. J. “Information, Knowledge, and the Future of Machines.” Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 361, no. 1809 (2003): 1581–616.

  Machlup, Fritz, and Una Mansfield, eds. The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1983.

  Machta, J. “Entropy, Information, and Computation.” American Journal of Physics 67, no. 12 (1999): 1074–77.

  Mackay, Charles. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1850.

  MacKay, David J. C. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

  MacKay, Donald M. Information, Mechanism, and Meaning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969.

  Macrae, Norman. John Von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More. New York: Pantheon, 1992.

  Macray, William Dunn. Annals of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1598–1867. London: Rivingtons, 1868.

  Mancosu, Paolo. From Brouwer to Hilbert: The Debate on the Foundations of Mathematics in the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Marland, E. A. Early Electrical Communication. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1964.

  Martin, Michèle. “Hello, Central?”: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems. Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1991.

  Marvin, Carolyn. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  Maxwell, James Clerk. Theory of Heat. 8th ed. London: Longmans, Green, 1885.

  Mayr, Otto. “Maxwell and the Origins of Cybernetics.” Isis 62, no. 4 (1971): 424–44.

  McCulloch, Warren S. “Brain and Behavior.” Comparative Psychology Monograph 20 1, Series 103 (1950).

  ———. “Through the Den of the Metaphysician.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 5, no. 17 (1954): 18–31.

  ———. Embodiments of Mind. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.

  ———. “Recollections of the Many Sources of Cybernetics.” ASC Forum 6, no. 2 (1974): 5–16.

  McCulloch, Warren S., and John Pfeiffer. “Of Digital Computers Called Brains.” Scientific Monthly 69, no. 6 (1949): 368–76.

  McLuhan, Marshall. The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man. New York: Vanguard Press, 1951.

  ———. The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.

  ———. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.

  ———. Essential McLuhan. Edited by Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingrone. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

  McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore. The Medium Is the Massage. New York: Random House, 1967.

  McNeely, Ian F., with Lisa Wolverton. Reinventing Knowledge: From Alexandria to the Internet. New York: Norton, 2008.

&nb
sp; Menabrea, L. F. “Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage. With notes upon the Memoir by the Translator, Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace.” Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève 82 (October 1842). Also available online at http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html.

  Menninger, Karl, and Paul Broneer. Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. Dover Publications, 1992.

  Mermin, N. David. “Copenhagen Computation: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Bohr.” IBM Journal of Research and Development 48 (2004): 53–61.

  ———. Quantum Computer Science: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

  Miller, George A. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.” Psychological Review 63 (1956): 81–97.

  Miller, Jonathan. Marshall McLuhan. New York: Viking, 1971.

  ———. States of Mind. New York: Pantheon, 1983.

  Millman, S., ed. A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Communications Sciences (1925–1980). Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1984.

  Mindell, David A. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing Before Cybernetics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

  Mindell, David A., Jérôme Segal, and Slava Gerovitch. “Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union.” In Science and Ideology: A Comparative History, edited by Mark Walker, 66–95. London: Routledge, 2003.

  Monod, Jacques. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. Translated by Austryn Wainhouse. New York: Knopf, 1971.

  Moore, Francis. Travels Into the Inland Parts of Africa. London: J. Knox, 1767.

  Moore, Gordon E. “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits.” Electronics 38, no. 8 (1965): 114–17.

  Morowitz, Harold J. The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

  Morse, Samuel F. B. Samuel F. B. Morse: His Letters and Journals. Edited by Edward Lind Morse. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914.

  Morus, Iwan Rhys. “ ‘The Nervous System of Britain’: Space, Time and the Electric Telegraph in the Victorian Age.” British Journal of the History of Science 33 (2000): 455–75.