Zibaldone

by Leopardi, Giacomo

  Ancus Marcius. One of the legendary kings of Rome: 4456–57

  Andocides (c. 440–390 BCE). One of the earlier Attic orators: 4159

  Andrés, Juan (1740–1817). Spanish Jesuit historian based in Italy, author of the treatise Dell’origine, progresso e stato attuale di ogni letteratura: 988, 1010–14, 1023, 1025, 1028, 1032, 1034–37, 1046, 1052, 1067, 1156, 1961, 3066, 3729

  Andrieux, François (1759–1833). French poet, dramatist, and jurist: 4282

  Androdos. Escaped slave whose story was told by Aulus Gellius and by Aelian: 4265

  Andromache. Daughter of the king of Thebes and wife of Hector: 3120, 3140

  Anecdotes: 709–10, 4296–97; AND WITTICISMS IN THE ZIBALDONE: 1, 6, 29, 41, 43, 55, 58, 66, 67, 71, 204, 212, 233, 273, 309, 474, 490, 663–66, 1163, 1205–206, 1303, 1362, 1587–88, 1774, 2396–97, 2481, 2588, 4019, 4023, 4068, 4095, 4102, 4104, 4183, 4264–65, 4286, 4439, 4482

  Angelio, Pietro (Pietro degli Angeli) da Barga (1517–1596). Italian and Latin verse and prose writer: 4236, 4237

  Anger: 18, 142, 152, 234, 303, 900, 1477, 2028–30, 2491, 3275, 3282, 3316, 3453, 3456–58, 3612, 3794–96, 3942–44, 4275, 4481

  Angiolini, Luigi (1750–1821). Florentine writer, author of the Lettere sopra l’Inghilterra, Scozia ed Olanda: 994

  Anglo-Saxons: see Nations, peoples

  Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea dell’ (1517–1570). Italian poet, author of the Metamorfosi di Ovidio: 4201

  Ani: see Samuel of Ani

  Animals, beasts. ADAPTATION, HABITUATION: 1452–53, 1455–56, 1630, 1761–63, 1763, 1764, 1770–71, 1786–87, 1798, 1806, 1923–25, 1960–61, 2691–93, 3376–78, 3973–75; HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS, ILLS: 40, 44, 55, 68–69, 173, 649, 814, 2220–21, 3924–27, 4092, 4133–34, 4175–77, 4185–88; language: 939, 1102, 3668–69; LIFE (DURATION AND QUANTITY): 3295, 3510–14, 3813, 3815, 4063; MUSIC: 154–56, 156–57, 158–59, 1722, 1786, 3423–24; NATURAL QUALITIES: 179–80, 249–50, 401–403, 439–45, 1178, 1378, 1458–59, 1538, 1699–1701, 1798, 1825, 1951–52, 1953, 1960–61, 2031, 2588–89, 3556–57, 3568, 3767, 3973–75, 4079–81, 4180–81, 4499; THE NATURAL SYSTEM: 822–23, 900, 2028–31, 2389, 2558–62, 2563, 3179–80, 3374–82, 3649–51, 3938, 4069, 4133–34, 4188–89, 4279–80, 4467–69, 4510, 4510–11; IN RELATION TO HUMANS: 55, 233, 1196, 1399, 1578–79, 1667–68, 1823–24, 2431–33, 2691–93, 3639–40, 3833; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, RELATIONS WITH FELLOWS: 56, 249–50, 287–88, 370–71, 417, 540–42, 542, 587–88, 1787, 3669, 3773–3810, 3882–84, 3894, 3920, 4280, 4419, 4509; SPECIFIC ANIMALS: ants: 210, 249, 287, 370–71, 587, 3774–75, 4176; bears: 1630, 3974; beavers: 370–71; bees: 69, 210, 287, 370–71, 540–42, 587–89, 2836, 3774–75, 3779–80, 3793–94, 3801, 3803, 4176; 4176; birds: 67, 158–59, 221, 1716–17, 1722, 3556–57, 4293, 4509; canaries: 4419; cranes: 288, 3775, 3789; crows: 3513; hens, chicks: 1378, 1787, 2389; bulls: 209, 1602, 3796; caterpillars: 4176; cats: 1630, 3974; cicadas: 159; crickets: 159, 4509; deer: 3513; dogs: 8, 202, 209, 238, 1196, 1409, 1630, 1674, 1761–64, 1806, 3556–57, 3792–94, 3796, 3974, 4170, 4180–81, 4306, 4364; dolphins: 156, 158; donkeys: 1761–63; elephants: 3513, 3974, 4063; ephemerals: 3511, 4270, 4272; fleas: 3974, 4176; horses: 8, 19, 71, 195, 202, 204, 287–88, 1196, 1331, 1409, 1469, 1602, 1624, 1630, 1761–64, 1999, 2692–93, 2982, 3778, 3927, 3974–75, 4063, 4092; lions: 209, 1196, 3767, 3925; mice, rats: 1630, 3974; monkeys: 287–88, 417, 1365, 1630, 1761, 3658, 4145, 4279–80; mosquitoes: 4176; mules: 1178, 1762; oxen: 1196, 2389; oysters: 3927; peacocks: 49; polyps: 3925, 3927; sheep, lambs: 1624, 1761–63, 2693, 3556–57, 3682, 3766; sloths: 64; snails: 3927, 4176; snakes: 156, 158, 4298, 4468; sows: 95–96, 511, 2243–44, 2662, 4049; tortoises: 32, 64, 3513, 3516, 3927, 4063; wolves: 1, 60, 1267, 2765, 3682, 3766, 3778, 3781–82; zoophytes: 3848

  Annali di Scienze e Lettere. Journal published in Milan 1810–13: 7–8, 932, 941–45, 994, 1010, 1011, 1034, 1136, 1139, 3812, 3941, 4050

  Anne (1665–1714). Stuart queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland: 1519, 2098, 2589, 3400

  Anniversaries: see Feasts

  Anthony, St. (third/fourth century CE). The founder of Christian monasticism: 2645

  Antici, Adelaide (1778–1857). Giacomo’s mother: 65, 353–56 (“a Christian mother,” supposedly Giacomo’s), 4508

  Antici, Isabella. Giacomo’s aunt: 4512

  Antidotes: see Illness, disease

  Antigonus, of Carystus (third century BCE). Greek paradoxographer: 4125, 4151

  Antimachus of Colophon (fl. c. 400 BCE). The first Greek scholar-poet, and forerunner of the Hellenistic poets: 4203

  Antinous. Bithynian youth of great beauty, the favorite of the emperor Hadrian: 3427

  Antioch. The capital of ancient Syria: 58, 4433

  Antiochus III (the Great) (c. 242–187 BCE). Seleucid king of Syria: 502

  Antiphon (c. 480–411 BCE). Attic orator: 4213

  Antipodes: 247, 1465

  Antiquarians: 2255

  Antologia. Liberal journal edited in Florence by G. P. Vieusseux between 1819 and 1832: 4024, 4025, 4045, 4152, 4173, 4189, 4304, 4380, 4426, 4473, 4479

  Antonines (Age of the). Period of the Roman Empire from 138 to 192 CE: 2278, 2409, 4480

  Antoninus Liberalis (second century CE). Greek mythographer: 4371

  Antonius (eleventh century). Greek monk and compiler of a Florilegium known as Melissa (“the Bee”): 4430, 4469, 4480

  Antonius Diogenes (second century CE). Greek novelist cited by Photius: 4206

  Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius) (c. 82–c. 30 BCE). Roman statesman and general: 22, 465, 475, 523–24, 526, 2488

  Ants: see Animals

  Apathy, listlessness: 72, 336, 615–16, 619, 1575–76, 2436, 4488–89

  Apelles (first half fourth century BCE). The greatest painter of classical antiquity, born at Colophon in Ionia: 4354

  Apochrypha: 4369–70, 4437

  Apollo. Greek god: 7, 490, 2323, 2673, 2969, 3003, 3427–28

  Apollodorus, of Athens (fl. c. 140 BCE). Greek mythographer, author of a Bibliotheca: 4208, 4432

  Apollonius Dyscolus (second century CE). Greek grammarian: 4029, 4124–25

  Apollonius of Rhodes (c. 295–215 BCE). Hellenistic Greek poet from Alexandria, the author of Homeric epics, among them the Argonautica: 803, 2590, 3044

  Apologists for religion: 125, 332, 334, 348, 396

  Apophthegmata ebraeorum et arabum: 4482

  Appeal, attraction: 197–98, 452–53, 507–508, 3589–613; WEAKNESS: 220–21, 940–41, 3553–57, 3765–68, 4504, 4519–20

  Appearance/Substance: 577, 664–66, 1019, 1839, 1912, 2102, 4096, 4207, 4503–504

  Appian (c. 160 CE). Greek historian, author of a history of Rome: 989, 992, 2732

  Appius Claudius Caecus (c. 340–273 BCE). Roman censor, responsible for building the Via Appia: 4451

  Appropriateness: see Propriety

  Apuleius, Lucius (fl. c. 155 CE). Latin writer and philosopher: 988, 991, 2298, 2304, 2877, 2878, 2904–5, 4028, 4312

  Aquinas, St. Thomas (1228–1274). Italian theologian and philosopher, author of the Summa Theologica: 1790

  Arabs: see Nations, peoples

  Aratos (c. 315–c. 240 BCE). A Greek writer, perhaps from Soli in Cilicia, author of the Phaenomena: 988, 3044, 4088, 4151, 4224

  Arbigny, Madame d’. A character in Staël’s Corinne: 508

  Arcadia (Accademia degli Arcadi). Poetic and cultural movement founded in Rome in 1690 and influential through much of the eighteenth century: 106, 146, 2642, 3419, 3884

  Arcadia, Arcadians: see Nations, peoples

  Archaism (see also Purism): 94, 753–57, 1098–99, 1244, 1321, 2113, 2506, 2683, 2718–21, 3407, 3867, 3868, 4066

  Archelaus (fifth century BCE). Greek natural philosopher, the pupil of Anaxagoras: 209, 4225

  Archias, Aulus Licinius (c. 120–61 BCE). Greek poet from Antioch, defended by Cicero in the Pro Archia: 992

  Archidamus II (ruled 476–427 BCE). King of Sparta: 2674–75, 3893

  Archilochus (sevent
h century BCE). Greek poet, a native of Paros: 4019, 4154–56, 4158–59, 4214, 4236, 4394, 4435

  Architecture: see Arts

  Archytas of Tarentum (fl. c. 400 BCE). Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician: 3386, 4152, 4472, 4480

  Arctinus of Miletus (supposedly eighth century BCE). Legendary Greek poet, author of the Aethiopis, a lost sequel to the Iliad: 4393

  Ardor, youthful: 280, 3523, 3837–42; ANCIENT AND MODERN TIMES: 195–96, 1169–70

  Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556). Italian poet and playwright based in Venice, author of works satirizing social hypocrisies: 4307

  Argante. A character in Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3141, 3525

  Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d’ (1704–1771). French writer: 270, 3931

  Argos: see Cities

  Arians. Supporters of the sectarian Arius (c. 251–336 CE): 2825

  Arici, Cesare (1782–1836). Brescian poet and man of letters, admired by Giordani and Monti, attacked by the Romantics: 725, 732, 3132

  Arion (perhaps seventh century BCE). Greek lyric poet, reputed to be the pupil of Alcman but probably a figure of legend, credited with the invention of the dithyramb: 158, 4394

  Ariosto, Ludovico (1474–1533). Italian poet based in Ferrara, author of the Orlando furioso: 4, 5, 10, 21, 152, 700, 727, 732, 804, 1450, 1526, 1883, 2845, 3008, 3478, 3976, 4052; LANGUAGE: 1162–63, 3617, 3884, 4005; WORKS: Orlando furioso: 804, 1672, 1789, 1883, 3415, 3893, 4317, 4356

  Aristarchus of Samos (b. c. 320 BCE). Astronomer, famous for hypothesizing that the earth revolves around the sun: 1858

  Aristarchus of Samothrace (c. 215–c. 143 BCE). Greek grammarian and critic: 4320, 4383

  Aristeides (d. c. 468 BCE). Athenian statesman: 4159

  Aristeides, Aelius (117–c. 180 CE). Greek rhetorician of the Second Sophistic: 2591, 4210–11, 4440

  Aristenetus (fifth century BCE). Greek rhetor, author of two books of erotic letters: 1840

  Aristippus of Cyrene (c. fourth century BCE). A pupil of Socrates: 223, 249, 2395

  Aristogeiton. One of those who killed Hipparchus, the younger brother of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, at the festival of the Panathenaea in 514 BCE: 4226

  Aristophanes (c. 445 or earlier–c. 385 BCE). Athenian comic poet, writer of Old Attic comedy: 684, 1152–53, 1316, 2669–70, 3105, 3343, 3444, 3487, 4149, 4156, 4182, 4190, 4227

  Aristotle (384–322 BCE). Greek philosopher, pupil of Plato, and founder of the Lyceum at Athens: 2, 145, 2478, 2518, 2526, 2683, 2686, 2721, 3073, 4215, 4219–20, 4222, 4358–59, 4472; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 2728–29, 3474, 3541, 3561, 3896, 3901, 4124–25, 4232, 4238, 4321, 4327, 4369, 4433, 4486; WORKS: Poetics: 16, 225, 306, 351, 662, 1848, 2674; Politics: 3343, 3411–12, 3420, 3469–71, 3541, 3561, 3568, 3611, 3766, 3881, 3890, 3893, 3906, 3907, 3920, 4424

  Arithmetic: 323, 807–808, 3510

  Armida. Character from Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3598, 3611

  Armies: see War

  Arnobius (second to third century CE). Latin author of African origin: 991, 1849, 2926

  Arrian (Arrianus Flavius) (95–175 CE). Greek historian and philosopher, disciple of Epictetus: 4, 62, 2591, 2624; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 111, 126, 961, 984, 992, 1024, 1495, 2408, 2409, 2410, 4009, 4144, 4124; WORKS: Anabasis of Alexander: 107, 468, 961, 3761, 4406, 4465; Historia Indica: 917–23, 961, 2181, 3513, 3761, 3779, 3982, 4009, 4294

  Arrogance: 1721

  Artaxerxes Mnemon (ruled 404–358 BCE). King of Persia: 4199, 4200

  Artemidorus (Daldianus, or Ephesius) (late second century CE). Greek writer from Lydia, author of the Oneirocritica: 4228

  Articles (grammar): 1333, 1475, 4460

  Artifice: DESIGN OF THE UNIVERSE: 4143, 4205; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: 20, 860, 1416–17, 1519, 2724, 2767, 2916, 3048–49, 3051, 3154, 3398, 3453, 3473, 3629, 4217; NATURE: 8, 16–17, 194, 322, 1040, 1085, 1853, 2546, 3155–56, 4020, 4197–98; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: 199, 659, 3296, 3302, 4140, 4195–96

  Arts: 4, 8, 9–10, 79–80, 141, 143, 257–59, 1831–32, 1982–83, 2044, 2361–62, 3675, 3888–89, 4021, 4197–98, 4367; ANCIENTS/MODERNS: 9–10, 100, 2676, 2686; ARCHITECTURE: 80, 116, 1877–78, 2361, 3231; IMITATION OF NATURE: 2, 3, 6–7, 8–9; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: 39–40, 147, 322, 1022–23, 1356–59, 2475–78, 2611–13, 2977–80, 3047–51, 3157, 4216–17, 4268–71, 4326; MUSIC: 79–80, 130, 156–57, 157–58, 158–59, 1758, 1871–78, 2017; NATURE/ART: 39, 470–71, 659–70, 721–22, 1174–75, 1329–30, 1369–70, 1558–62, 2478, 2568–72, 4194–96; PAINTING AND SCULPTURE: 8, 80, 190, 213, 1059, 1828, 1847, 1936, 2361–62, 3427–28, 3466, 4021–22, 4495; TASTE AND JUDGMENT: 8–9, 154–56, 191–93, 1186–89, 1424–25, 1758–59, 1832–33, 1871–78, 1883–85, 3231, 4021–22; affectation/naturalness: 17, 20, 52–53, 189–90, 203–204, 1411, 1915–16

  Arulenus Rusticus (c. 35–93 CE). Latin Stoic philosopher, follower of Thrasea Paetus: 274

  Ascanius. Son of Aeneas: 511

  Ascetics: 4211

  Asclepiodotus. Greek musician, cited by Photius: 4223

  Asconius Pedianus, Quintus (9 BCE–76 CE). Commentator on the speeches of Cicero: 480–81

  Aseity: 1615, 1619

  Asia, Asians: see Nations, peoples

  Asius, of Samos (seventh or sixth century BCE). Early Greek genealogical poet: 4393

  Aspasia (c. fifth century BCE). The mistress of Pericles: 2665

  Aspiration, breathing (phonetic): 981, 1127, 1136, 1139, 1168–69, 1276–82, 1287, 1343, 1691, 2069, 2195–97, 2317, 2319–21, 2405, 2465, 2879, 3248, 3744, 3960, 3988–89, 3994, 4009, 4243, 4290–91, 4485

  Assche, Bade Josse von (Badius Ascensius Iodocus) (1462–1536). Printer and humanist: 2106

  Assyria, Assyrians: see Nations, peoples

  Ast, Friedrich (also known as Astius) (1778–1841). German scholar, editor of Plato (1819–1829): 89, 2672, 2687, 2920, 3000, 3001, 3170, 3235–36, 3496, 3588, 4026, 4034, 4046, 4124–25, 4140, 4211, 4298–99, 4524

  Astronomy: 334, 490–91, 975, 2335, 2603, 4215

  Astruc, Jean (1684–1766). Professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris and pioneering biblical critic: 1012

  Asylum: see Hospitality

  Athanasius of Alexandria, St. (c. 293–373 CE). Bishop, theologian, and Doctor of the Church: 2645, 2734

  Atheism: 1059–62, 1065, 1642–43

  Athenaeus of Naucratis (third century CE). Greek doxographer, author of the Deipnosophistai: 4010–11, 4170, 4173, 4179, 4182–83, 4188, 4201, 4204, 4227, 4232, 4238, 4245–46, 4248, 4250, 4255, 4259, 4261, 4265, 4268, 4273, 4346, 4398, 4435, 4440

  Athens, Athenians (see also Cities and Nations, peoples): 4145, 4159, 4245, 4280; AUTOCHTHONY, PATRIOTISM: 1037, 2625–27, 2660–61, 2665, 4117, 4121; CULTURE, RELIGION: 1444, 2061, 2103–105, 2122, 2181, 2322, 2589, 3487, 3966, 4147, 4153, 4389, 4392, 4393, 4397; POLITY: 315, 569, 904, 1027, 2628, 2681, 3043, 3105–106, 3130, 4171, 4238, 4299, 4309, 4445, 4524

  Athletics: see Greece, the Greeks: ATHLETICS, GYMNASTICS, GAMES

  Attention, attentiveness: 2274–75, 2296–97, 2390, 4026; HABIT, HABITUATION: 1378, 1399–1400, 1421, 1542–43, 1661–63, 1717, 1718, 1794–96, 1930–32, 1951–52, 2209–10, 2230–31, 2564, 3824; MEMORY: 1717, 1718, 1733–37, 1737, 1799, 2110–12, 2378–81, 2390, 3737, 3950–51

  Attic (grace, oratory, wit): 41, 43, 58, 207, 359–60, 845, 3043

  Attica: 2923, 4159

  Atticism (see also Dialects and Grecism): 847, 1050, 2062, 2104–105, 2180–81, 2231, 2513, 2729, 2919–20, 3237, 3982, 4027, 4147

  Atticus, Titus Pomponius (110–32 BCE). Epicurean philosopher who committed suicide: 2988

  Attius Labeo (first century CE). Latin writer, translator of Homer: 988

  Attraction: see Appeal

  Audebard, André-Etienne-Just-Pascal-Joseph-François, Baron de Férussac (1786–1836). French naturalist, author of an essay on the Iliad (see also Bulletin universel): 4312

  Augeas. King of Elis, whose stables Hercules was required to clean: 2449

  Augmentatives (grammar): 251, 3996
–97, 4007, 4045, 4512

  Augustine, St. (354–430 CE). Bishop of Hippo, Doctor and Father of the Church: 376, 982, 991, 1616, 1622, 1849, 2655, 2698, 2882, 3507, 4369

  Augustus (Julius Caesar Octavianus) (63 BCE–14 CE). The first of the Roman Emperors: 4, 117, 118, 243, 252, 308, 476, 621, 624, 884, 1023, 1143, 1477, 1535, 2066, 2246, 2293, 2527, 2732, 3072–73, 3501, 4077, 4193–94, 4331, 4370, 4520–21

  Aulus Gellius: see Gellius

  Ausonians. Poetic name for the Italians, in Latin and in Greek: 4434, 4442

  Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (c. 310–c. 393 CE). Latin poet, a native of Bordeaux: 991, 2165, 2878

  Autochthons, autochthony: 2660–61, 2665, 2675, 4117

  Authority (see also Classics): 363–64, 1694–95, 4229–31, 4502, 4508; LINGUISTIC: 692–93, 1456–57, 1769, 1888–910, 1993–98, 2578–81, 2907, 3192, 3738–41; Cicero: 743–44; Crusca: 774; Homer: 3095–97; MODERN POLITICS: 1912–13; MULTITUDE: 2809

  Autobiography (as genre): 30, 60

  Autumn: see Seasons

  Avarice: see Greed

  Avernus: 3099

  Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126–1198). Arab-Islamic philosopher and interpreter of Aristotle and Plato’s Republic: 3581

  Avianus (fl. c. 400 CE). Roman poet, author of fables: 1

  B

  Babel (Tower of): 3667

  Babylon, Babylonians: see Cities and Nations, peoples

  Bacchus: 307, 922, 2215, 2323, 3545, 3824

  Bacchylides (fl. first half fifth century BCE). Greek lyric poet: 2672

  Bacon, Francis (1561–1626). English philosopher, author of the Novum Organum: 39, 1349, 1352, 2478, 2616

  Badness, wickedness (see also Goodness): 117–18, 124, 125, 238–39, 276, 283–85, 710–11, 3451–52, 3520–24, 4194–96, 4333, 4474, 4508, 4527–28; ANTIQUITY: 3607, 4119, 4268; BEAUTY, GRACE: 452–53, 1594, 1880, 1904; RELATIVE: 452–56, 1185–86, 1198, 1461–64, 2395, 3349–50; RELIGION: 79–81, 125, 132–33, 710–11