Zibaldone

by Leopardi, Giacomo

  Homicide: see Murder

  Homosexuality, pederasty: 1840–41, 3766, 3914, 3918–19, 4047, 4390

  Honor: 334, 606–607, 1842–43, 2420–25, 3490, 3494, 4037

  Honorius Augustodunensis (Honorius of Autun) (d. 1151). Theologian: 2825

  Hope (see also Despair): 522–23, 529–30, 1628, 3497–509, 3571–72, 4272, 4283–84; ANCIENTS/MODERNS, IGNORANCE/KNOWLEDGE: 162, 167–69, 3679–80; FEAR: 66, 188, 458–59, 1303–304, 1477, 3433–35, 4123; NEVER ABANDONS MAN: 285, 1545–48, 2638–39, 3027–28, 4145–46; OTHERS: 1589, 4283, 4489; PLEASURE, HAPPINESS: 248, 532–35, 612, 826–29, 1017–18, 1044, 1464, 2526–27, 2883–84, 4249–50, 4492; SUICIDE: 183, 2315–16, 4145–46; YOUTH/OLD AGE: 76, 85, 152, 531–32, 3265–69, 3440–41, 4180

  Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65–8 BCE). Roman poet: 2, 10, 20, 23–25, 37, 41–42, 109, 145, 299, 456, 463, 526, 675, 723, 751–52, 1312, 1779, 1933, 2165, 2257, 2275, 2277, 2323, 2347, 2442, 2514, 2893, 3004, 3478, 4144, 4348, 4387, 4457; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 48, 54, 61, 62, 751, 1147, 1312, 1322, 1323–24, 2043, 2049, 2050–51, 2514, 2722–24, 2893, 3004, 3192, 3633, 3811, 4043, 4103, 4155, 4213, 4440; WORKS: Ars poetica: 145, 751, 1049, 1142, 2168, 2180, 2807, 3192, 3432; Carmina: 54, 456, 502, 526, 723, 1027, 1147, 1165–66, 2051, 2222, 2225–26, 2246, 2255, 2265, 2273–74, 2319, 3646, 4144, 4359

  Horatii, the (c. seventh century BCE). Three Roman brothers, champions of Rome who fought against the three Curatii, champions of Alba: 4372, 4455, 4458

  Horatius Cocles (c. sixth century BCE). Legendary Roman hero from the same family as the Horatii: 4399, 4444

  Horror (see also Fear and Fright, terror): 90–91, 516–19, 1880, 2464, 3617; BOREDOM: 6, 174–75, 2600; DEATH: 188, 2102–103, 4277; EMPTINESS, NOTHINGNESS: 174–75, 278–80, 644, 2600

  Horses: see Animals

  Hospitality, asylum: 2254–55, 4286, 4441

  Hottentots: see Nations, peoples

  Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm (1762–1836). German physician: 352

  Humaneness, humanity: see Man

  Humanists: 1023, 4240

  Humanity, humankind, human race: see Man

  Human spirit, the: see Man: PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN MIND

  Humility: 926

  Hunchbacks: 1610

  Hungary, Hungarians: see Nations, peoples

  Hunting: 76, 1531, 2204, 2305–306, 3764

  Huschke, Immanuel Gottlieb (1761–1828). German philosopher: 4159

  Hydra. Greek island: 4434

  Hyginus, Gaius Julius (c. 64 BCE–17 CE). Latin author, friend of Ovid: 991

  Hymns (ecclesiastical): 1209

  Hypanis. A river in Scythia: 3511

  Hypomone: see Helena, Empress

  I

  Ialysus (fourth century BCE). Founder of a town of the same name on the island of Rhodes, and the subject of a painting by Protogenes: 4354

  Iamblichus (c. 245–c. 325 CE). Neoplatonist philosopher of Syrian origin, who studied under Porphyry in Rome: 336, 2697, 4220, 4225–26, 4431

  Iapetus. In Greek mythology, a Titan and ancestor of the human race: 1139

  Iceland: see Skald

  Ideas: 1394–99, 1706–708, 3341, 3500; LANGUAGE: 95, 1053–54, 1388–91, 1465–69, 1543–45, 1558, 1609, 1657–58, 1690, 1706–708, 2041–43, 2468–70, 2487–88, 2584, 2948–60, 3952–54, 4117; poetry/science, concomitant ideas: 109–11, 950–52, 1234–36, 1237–38, 1253, 1464–65, 1701–706, 1964, 2468–70, 4117, 4473–74; PHILOSOPHY: 1219–21, 1234–36, 1465–69; innate ideas: 154–55, 208–10, 342–43, 418, 439–45, 1183–97, 1339–41, 1340–42, 1347, 1461–64, 1616–18, 1618–19, 1637–38, 1712–14, 2705–709, 2712–15, 4253–54

  Ideology (science of): 211, 1205, 1231, 1317, 1348, 1608, 2335, 2443, 4111, 4215; IDEOLOGUES: 209, 443, 1184, 1234

  Idleness: see Leisure

  Idylls (pictorial and poetic genre): 57, 1143, 2362, 4048; LEOPARDI’S “IDYLL ON THE INFINITE”: 1430–31

  Ignorance: HAPPINESS: 56, 168–69, 326–27, 332–33, 412–16, 420–23, 423–33, 1464–66, 3963; KNOWLEDGE, WISDOM: 231, 449–50, 4192, 4208, 4478; LIFE: 102, 162, 4284, 4299; NATURE AND EFFECTS: 132, 173, 180, 181, 243–44, 252, 381–82, 486–87, 595–97, 1262, 1735–36, 1795, 3433–34, 3638–43, 3908; POLITICS: 252, 314

  Iliad: see Homer

  Ill, evil (see also Good, a/the): 40, 232, 484–85, 1473–74, 1690–91, 1724–25, 1978–79, 2607, 3571–72, 4154, 4283–84, 4410; HUMAN REACTIONS: 43–44, 65, 139–40, 234–35, 235–36, 299, 313, 516–19, 2217–20, 3488–90, 4070–72, 4201–202, 4226–27; MORAL BASES, IN RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY: 356–57, 376–78, 393–98, 418–20, 427–28, 433–35, 450–51, 1685–88, 2381–84, 2456–58, 3497–509, 3520–25; PERCEPTION OF ILLS AND EVILS: 102, 716–17, 1400, 1554–55, 2150–51, 4242–43, 4494, 4498; their relativity: 105, 173–77, 188, 356–57, 451–52, 528–29, 1364, 1597–98, 1791–92, 2029–31, 2232–33, 2491–92, 2599–602, 4201–202, 4226–27, 4248, 4257–59, 4277–78; THE SYSTEM OF NATURE, THE UNIVERSE, AND HUMAN LIFE: 364–66, 585–86, 1597–98, 1789–90, 2217–20, 2232–33, 2599–602, 4043, 4074–75, 4099–101, 4130–32, 4174, 4175–77, 4204–205, 4248, 4257–59, 4428, 4431, 4510–11

  Illiterates: see Unlettered

  Illness, disease: 364, 512, 1597–1600, 1631–32, 1700–701, 1805–806, 2184, 2544, 3058–60, 3178–82, 3202–204, 3376, 3410, 3658–59, 3933, 3990, 4231; ANTIDOTES: 4206

  Illusion (see also Error): 60, 99, 101–2, 181, 2032–33, 3990, 4284, 4499; ART AND LITERATURE: 14, 17, 101–2, 170, 260, 2944–46, 4485; CIVILIZATION, NATIONS, SOCIETY: 14–15, 21–23, 51, 105–6, 115, 130–31, 271–72, 331–33, 634–36, 679–83, 827–29, 896, 926–28, 1863–65, 2421, 3435–3440, 3678–79, 4135–36; politics: 22, 194, 275, 330, 475–76, 565–66, 570–71; religion: 37, 213–17, 331–33, 362–64, 409–13, 420–23, 423–33; virtue: 910–11, 1100, 1461–62, 1724–25; HAPPINESS, PLEASURE: 51, 56, 101–2, 102–4, 167, 232, 331–33, 349–51, 385–86, 390, 420–23, 512–14, 1082, 1863–65, 2680–81, 2684–85, 3761, 3891, 3954–55; REASON, PHILOSOPHY: 56, 125, 136, 213–17, 318, 325–26, 349–51, 385–86, 415, 420–23, 817, 1651–52, 1715, 1839, 1855–56, 1863–65, 2680–81, 3891, 4135–36

  Illyria, Illyrians: 980, 981, 1298, 3401

  Imagery: 10, 13, 23–27, 3145, 3163, 3388, 3403, 3415, 3479–80, 3490

  Imagination: ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 63–64, 1044, 1174–75, 1860–62, 2940–41, 3435–40; ART AND POETRY: 57, 74, 100, 152–53, 170, 171, 227, 347–49, 725, 725–35, 1174–75, 1448–49, 1548–51, 1556–57, 1860–62, 2056–57, 2426, 3119–21, 3154–56, 3156–57, 3388–89, 3386, 3477–79, 3486, 3487, 3717–20, 3821–23, 4358, 4367–68, 4440, 4513, 4492–93; CHILDREN: 57, 175–76, 211–12, 212, 481–84, 499–500, 536, 2019; THE EAST: 2007, 3543; HAPPINESS: 167–68, 176, 350, 666–67, 703; IN HUMANS: 58, 102, 105, 167–68, 652, 1376–77, 1548–51, 1688, 2039–40, 3909–20, 3923, 4418, 4479; LANGUAGE: 1002–1003, 1236; NATURE AND EFFECTS: 136, 171, 180, 185, 188, 231, 381–82, 472–73, 1045, 1528, 1990, 3344, 3386–88, 3552–53, 3678–79, 3944, 4038–39, 4079, 4259–60, 4500, 4502; NORTH AND SOUTH: 175–77, 275–76, 1027, 3681–82; REASON, PHILOSOPHY: 351, 817, 1650, 1836, 2132–34, 1833–40, 1848–60, 1961–62, 3237–45, 4160–61

  Imbriani, Matteo (1783–1847). Neapolitan politician, exiled after the insurrection of 1820–21: 4389

  Imitation: ART AND LITERATURE: 3, 6, 8, 16, 24, 32, 39–40, 41, 46, 79–80, 86–87, 101–102, 143, 148, 190, 224, 288–89, 732, 977–78, 1302–303, 1321, 1689, 1982–83, 1991–92, 2978, 3342–43, 3463–64, 4235–36, 4357–58, 4372–73, 4398–99, 4491–92; translations: 319–20, 1988, 2857–58; THE IMITATIVE FACULTY IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS: 1364–65, 1553–54, 1697–98, 1763, 3941–42, 3950; VS. EXPRESSION: 3941–42

  Immaterial, the: see Matter, the material

  Immobility: 142, 268, 942, 1653–54, 2876, 3347, 4106

  Immortality: 29, 40, 44, 433, 604–606, 629–33, 3430–32, 4277–79; MEMORY (metaphorical sense): 3435–40, 4267–68, 4268–71, 4347–49, 4352, 4354

  Impatience: see P
atience

  Imperfection: see Perfection

  Imposture (see also Lying, lies): 1721, 1787–88

  Impropriety: see Propriety

  Inaction: see Action

  Incas: see Nations, peoples

  Incest: 3918–20

  Incredulity, unbelief: 81, 362–63, 538–40, 1055, 1059–62, 1065, 1281, 1391–92

  Indecision, indecisiveness, irresolution (see also Certainty/Uncertainty): 245, 369–70, 375–76, 448, 538–40, 1998–99, 2391, 2483, 3040, 3268

  Indefinite, the (see also Finite/Infinite, Pleasure: NATURE, SOURCES, EFFECTS and Vague, the): 3909–12; ART AND POETRY: 1534, 1900–902, 1982–83, 2263, 2350, 2804–809, 4426, 4473–74; PLEASURE: 170, 472–73, 646–48, 1017–18, 1025–26, 1429–30, 1430–31, 1534, 1744–47, 1789, 1798, 1825–27, 1927–30, 1999, 2053–54, 2251–52, 2629

  India, Indians: 335, 917–23, 927, 929, 944, 950, 955, 975, 996, 1027, 1271, 1849, 2333, 2352–53, 2589, 2747, 3342, 3543, 3795, 3825, 4199, 4200, 4225, 4256, 4294; CUSTOMS: 922, 950; LANGUAGES: 929, 955–56, 975, 995–96, 1110, 1281, 2847, 3740; MYTHOLOGY: 3462, 3812

  Indifference: COURAGE/FEAR: 3533–34; HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS, PLEASURE: 87, 618–20, 958–60, 1653–54, 3713–15, 4105–108; NOT CARING: 461–62, 1580–81; REASON AND MODERN TIMES: 69, 267, 270–71, 362–63, 381–83, 448–50, 1554–55, 1823–24, 1830–31; SENSIBILITY: 1648–50, 2039–41, 2235–36

  Individual(s) (see also Multitude: INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, POLITICS): 3271, 4064–65, 4178; FACULTIES, HABITUATION: 1802–803, 3301–302, 4166; GNOSEOLOGY: 1922–23, 1975–78, 3171–72; MULTITUDE, SOCIETY: 112, 121, 149, 329–30, 525, 669–74, 875–77, 880, 919–22, 1175–76, 1563–68, 1715–16, 1728, 1975–78, 2804–09, 3665–66, 3773–78, 3928–30, 3932–33, 4180–81, 4367, 4368; THE NATURAL SYSTEM: 1530–31, 2028–29, 4169, 4175–77, 4485–86

  Indolence, laziness, sloth: 32, 64, 117, 294369, 475, 623, 714, 2441, 2702–703, 2876, 3248, 3268, 3314–17, 3410–11, 3578–79, 3811

  Industry: 909, 2668–69

  Inebriation: see Drugs

  Inequality: see Equality

  Infinite, infinity: see Finite

  Innate ideas: see Ideas

  Innocence: 51, 72, 1886, 3846, 4310

  Insensibility, insensitivity: see Sensibility, sensitivity

  Inspiration: 3227, 3269–71, 3976, 4108–109, 4221–22, 4235, 4372, 4486

  Instinct: 56, 119, 124, 181, 371, 397, 439–43, 445, 1458–59, 3304–305, 3341, 3519, 3529, 3917–20, 4204–205, 4231–32

  Instruction: see Schools

  Insult, offense: 72, 476–77, 829, 2422; REACTIONS: 3275, 3282–83, 3314, 3597, 3837, 4195

  Intellect, intelligence, talent (see also Genius): ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 207–208, 265–66, 1352–55; HUMAN PROGRESS AND SOCIETY: 1729–30, 1737–40, 1866–69, 2484–85, 3672, 3721, 4206–208; MEN OF GREAT INTELLECT: 263–64, 455, 802, 1176–79, 1189–91, 1753–54, 1778–79, 2028, 2209, 3040, 3886, 3989; NATURE AND FACULTIES: 360–62, 601–602, 1189–91, 1254–55, 1364–65, 1371, 1401–402, 1432–33, 1450–52, 1453–55, 1508–509, 1553, 1627–28, 1632–33, 1657–58, 1661–63, 1680–82, 1743, 1819–22, 2017, 2039–41, 2133–34, 2151–52, 2162–65, 2230–31, 2571–72, 3171–72, 3197–206, 3344–47, 3386–88, 3552–53, 3882, 3941–42, 3944–45, 4064–65

  Interest for others: see Generosity

  Interest (readers’) (see also Readers): 191–92, 2645–48, 3095–3167, 3590–3616, 3768–71, 4406, 4483–84

  Interests (individual, particular): 4195–96; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 148–49; FRIENDSHIP: 104, 4520; ILLUSIONS: 334–35; SOCIETY: 547–50, 564, 573–74, 608–609, 872–96, 3782–86, 4474, 4491, 4520; egoism: 148–49, 564, 669–774; UNIVERSAL LOVE: 541, 884–85, 891–92

  Intricacy: 263

  Invention: 40, 257–59, 1421, 1697–98, 2132–34, 3344, 3388–89, 3487, 4021, 4503

  Inventions: see Discoveries

  Inverisimilitude: see Verisimilitude

  Ionia, Ionians: see Nations, peoples

  Iphigenia. The daughter of Agamemnon: 2389

  Ireland, the Irish: see Nations, peoples

  Irenaeus, St. (d. late second or early third century CE). Church Father and bishop of Lyons: 55, 1015, 1021, 3366

  Iroquois: see Nations, peoples

  Irregularity: see Regularity

  Irresolution: see Indecision

  Ischomachus. Speaker in Xenophon’s Oeconomicus: 2527

  Isidore (fifth–sixth century CE). Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, tutor of Damascius: 4218–4222, 4223

  Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636 CE). Bishop of Seville, historian, and author of the Etymologiae: 980, 1121, 2654, 2734, 3312, 3366

  Islam: see Religion

  Islands: 3656, 3663, 3881

  Isocrates (436–338 BCE). Athenian writer: 54, 614, 883, 1496, 2452, 2627–29, 2635, 2636, 2670, 3104, 3129–30, 3176, 4462–65; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 848, 849–50, 1573, 2114, 2632, 3472, 3475, 4028–29, 4139, 4250, 4251

  Issus (Battle of) (c. 333 BCE). Victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III Codoman in southern Anatolia: 62

  Italian dialects (see also Dialects: LATIN AND ITALIAN): 30, 785–86, 935–36, 979, 1021–22, 1042, 1249–52, 1299, 1344–45, 1629, 1679, 2063, 2064, 2649, 2687, 2880, 2934, 3011, 3012, 3014–15, 3637, 3762–63, 3964–66, 3982–83, 4329, 4516; BOLOGNESE: 4516; FLORENTINE: 69, 936, 957, 1249–52, 1325, 2063, 2064, 2543–44, 2926, 4243, 4382–88; GENOESE: 1435; LOMBARD: 3762–63; OF MACERATA: 1346; MANTUAN: 2652; OF THE MARCHE: 30, 3618, 3995, 4001, 4005, 4120, 4150, 4239, 4516; NEAPOLITAN: 242; PADUAN: 1020; PIEDMONTESE: 3762–63; ROMAN: 4516; SICILIAN: 3965; SIENESE: 1252; TUSCAN: 30, 43, 207, 690, 786, 936, 979, 1021–22, 1050, 1076, 1164, 1245–52, 1325, 1345, 1436, 2063, 2064, 2516, 2543–44, 2926, 3070–71, 3413, 3548, 3965–66, 3983, 3990, 3995, 4003, 4046, 4082, 4098, 4286, 4294, 4443, 4460, 4487, 4495, 4512, 4516, 4516–17; VENETIAN: 1139, 1983, 2934, 3618; OF VERONA: 4386; OF VITERBO: 4473

  Italian language (see also Languages: ROMANCE LANGUAGES): 321–22, 324, 343–44, 685–90, 1002–1003, 2078, 3560–61, 4012, 4471–72; ALPHABET, ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONOLOGY, PRONUNCIATION: 30, 69, 191, 711–12, 1270–71, 1342–44, 1346–1347, 1363, 1659–60, 1678–79, 2266–68, 2376–77, 2458–63, 2465, 2466–68, 2880, 2884–85, 3055–57, 3247–53, 3630, 3683, 3742–44, 3920, 3968–69, 3980–81, 4018, 4051–52, 4124–25, 4280, 4294, 4329, 4382–88, 4417, 4460, 4487–88, 4511–12, 4516; ANTIQUITY: 1009–10, 1028, 1047–48, 1892–94, 1954–56, 1994–97, 2027–28, 2089, 4413; BARBARISMS: 47–48, 62, 242, 863–64, 2500–23; FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, CORRUPTION: 44, 322, 690–702, 705–708, 841–44, 863–64, 1028, 1031–37, 1037–38, 1093–94, 1095, 1158–59, 1344–46, 1366–67, 1384–86, 1501–504, 1514–15, 1525–27, 1812, 1887–900, 1993–98, 2015–16, 2092–93, 2100–101, 2122–26, 2127–29, 2444–48, 2532–44, 2579–80, 2593, 2648, 2686–87, 2688–91, 2693, 2698–99, 2700–701, 2718–21, 3318–38, 3738–41, 3741, 3855–63, 3884–85, 4425; GREEK AND LATIN: 32–34, 42, 44, 47–48, 844–45, 952–55, 956–58, 1015–16, 1040–43, 1116–17, 1155–56, 1180–81, 1475–76, 1484–94, 1879, 1916–17, 1945–46, 1968, 2004, 2078, 2176–78, 2236–38, 2239–41, 2264–66, 2465–66, 2593, 2705, 2864–65, 3196–97, 3362–63, 3749–51, 3818–21, 3896, 3968–69, 4001–4002, 4012, 4087, 4443–44, 4460, 4471–72, 4483, 4497, 4506; LITERATURE: 244–45, 990, 1056–59, 1093–94, 1993–98, 3066, 3413–19, 4413; MODERN FORM: 111, 685–90, 863–64, 1514–15, 1997–98, 2508, 3318–38; OTHER LANGUAGES: 979–80, 1003, 1475–76, 1845–46, 2231, 2264–65, 2505–506, 2572–73, 2782–83, 2783, 3192, 3389–3410, 3404–10, 3673, 3728–31, 3762–63, 3771–72, 4055–56, 4411, 4422, 4506; PHILOSOPHY: 1057, 1316–18, 1402–403; PURISM AND RENEWAL: 47–48, 50, 324, 638–41, 760–83, 785–800, 800–801, 1047, 1058–59, 1076–77, 1213–29, 1222–28, 1231–32, 1238–39, 1768–70, 1843–45, 2063–65, 2124–26, 2227–28, 2397–400, 2419, 2663, 2715, 2723–25, 3404–10, 3319–36, 3738–41, 3764, 3979, 4425; REGULARITY: 392; QUALITIES: 30, 1007–10, 1019–20, 1076–77, 1243–52, 1806–15, 1946–51, 2126–27,
2130, 3749–51, 4191, 4223; freedom: 1007–10, 1047–49, 1068, 1863, 1953–57; wealth and variety: 244–45, 321, 343–45, 685–90, 776–77, 964–66, 1023, 1240–42, 1243–52, 1292–93, 1313–15, 1684, 1796–98, 1812, 1887–1900, 1995, 2386–87, 2593, 2755–56, 4052, 4304–305, 4512; SPREAD: 990, 1581–83, 3066–70, 3368, 3741, 3884–85, 3949, 4237, 4243, 4263–64; TRANSLATIONS: 964–66, 1684, 1926, 1946–47, 1950–51, 1988, 2134–36, 2850, 4263–64, 4304–305; UNIVERSALITY: 838–39, 1021, 1024–25, 1030, 1581–83, 3066–70; WRITTEN/SPOKEN: 841–44, 2700–701, 3749–51, 4512