Zibaldone

by Leopardi, Giacomo

  Lockman (or Luqman) (c. 1100 BCE). Arab wise man and fabulist: 4416

  Locri: see Cities

  Lollio, Alberto (1528–1569). Florentine man of letters: 3066, 3070, 4237

  Lombards: see Nations, peoples

  Lombardy: 55, 1279, 1435, 2124, 3763, 4031

  Lomeier, Johannes (also known as Lomeyerus) (1636–1699). Author of the De veterum Gentilium lustrationibus syntagma (Utrecht, 1681): 2670

  London: see Cities

  London Literary Gazette: 4024

  Longinus, Cassius (c. 213–273 CE). Greek philosopher and rhetor: 21–22, 24, 27, 44, 509, 803, 845, 847–48, 981, 997, 1495, 2632, 3105, 3443, 4027, 4117, 4123–24, 4136, 4255; On the Sublime (traditionally attributed to the above or to an anonymous author called Pseudo-Longinus): 4117, 4369–70, 4396, 4440

  Longuerue, Louis Dufour de (1652–1733). Antiquarian, linguist and historian: 4082

  Longus the Sophist (second or third century CE). Greek novelist: 4145, 4309–10

  Lope de Vega (Vega y Carpio, Félix Arturo Lope de) (1562–1635). Spanish playwright: 2845, 4164

  Loschi, Lodovico Antonio (1744–1811). Editor of the works of Andrés: 1010, 1052, 1067, 3066

  Loss: PERSONAL LOSS: 518; of liberty: 2381, 2590; of life, of others, of youth: 232, 279–80, 295–96, 479, 2183, 4277–78, 4287; of social goods: 543, 910–11, 1400, 4038; POETRY OF LOSS: 1861–62

  Louis XIV (1638–1715). King of France from 1643: 28, 65, 252, 310, 324, 688, 708, 888, 905, 906, 911, 1052, 1077, 1403, 1582, 1813, 1892, 1997, 2003, 2096, 2910, 3326, 3340, 4076, 4082, 4103

  Louis XV (1710–1774). King of France from 1715: 4097

  Louisiana: 3365

  Löwenklau, Johann (also known as Leunclavius) (c. 1533–1593). Philologist and historian of law: 2395, 4118, 4281, 4467

  Love (see also Lechery, lust; Libertine(s); and Homeland: LOVE OF COUNTRY, PATRIOTISM): 57, 185, 461, 479, 501, 591–92, 662–63, 666, 676–77, 718–20, 1431–32, 1880, 1881–82, 1885–86, 1990–91, 2045, 2155–56, 2258, 2923, 4102, 4293, 4310, 4390, 4501, 4508; CIVILIZATION: 3301–10, 3909–20; EFFECTS: 55, 59, 64; FAMILY MEMBERS: 37, 44–45, 353–56, 3915–20, 4226–27, 4417; GALLANTRY, COURTSHIP, SEDUCTION: 508, 676–78, 2568–70, 4053, 4481–82; LOVE OF COUNTRY/TAKING SIDES/UNIVERSAL LOVE: 148–51, 299–302, 457–58, 540–42, 872–911, 923–25, 1092–93, 1361–63, 1593, 1710–11, 1824, 1830, 3135–36, 3789–91, 4104; LOVE OF OTHERS: 299–302, 540–42, 1823–24, 1847–48, 2043–44; MANIFESTATIONS: 1381, 3443–46, 4310–11; PLATO: 1840–41, 3445, 3911, 4047; SELF-LOVE, PLEASURE, AND HAPPINESS: 67–68, 142, 133–34, 388–90, 1017–18, 2497–98, 3636–37, 3682–83; SENTIMENTAL, SPIRITUAL LOVE: 3304–10, 3909–18

  Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (39–65 CE). Anti-imperial Latin poet, author of the civil war epic Pharsalia: 274, 463, 522, 991, 1849, 2571, 3374, 4028, 4387, 4447, 4480

  Lucca: see Cities

  Lucceius (first century BCE). Roman political figure, friend of Cicero: 4308

  Lucchesini, Girolamo (1751–1825). Tuscan diplomat: 3887

  Luchtmans, Samuel (Senior) (1685–1757). Publisher, printer, and bookseller from Leiden: 465

  Lucian of Samosata (c. 125–after 180 CE). Greek satirist of Syrian origin: 427, 1015–16, 1394, 1519, 2591, 2623, 2765, 2792, 4016; COMIC ART: 41, 3487; LANGUAGE: 12, 244, 844–45, 1024, 1495–96, 2114, 2632, 3343, 4011, 4014, 4017, 4020, 4021, 4022, 4030, 4033, 4033, 4034, 4035, 4036, 4037, 4044, 4046, 4047, 4048, 4054–55, 4062, 4067, 4073, 4082, 4083, 4085, 4087, 4088, 4089, 4095, 4101, 4102, 4104, 4111, 4112, 4114–21, 4123, 4438; WORKS: Adversus indoctum (The Ignorant Book-Collector): 4166; Amores: 1840–41; Charon (Charon, or the Observers): 2653; De mercede conductis (Dependent Scholars): 31, 2609–10; De scribenda historia (How to Write History): 466, 1052, 2231, 3982; Dialogi mortuorum (Dialogues of the Dead): 12, 31, 3496, 4050, 4078, 4109–10; Dialogi marinorum (Dialogues of the Sea-Gods): 4438; Herodotus sive Aetion: 4030, 4400; Nigrinus: 596, 4009, 4012; Patriae encomium (Encomium of Fatherland): 133; Pro lapsu inter salutandum: 4033; Reviviscentes seu Piscator (The Dead Come to Life or the Fisherman): 4054–55; Zeus confutatus (Zeus Cross-examined): 41

  Lucian (Pseudo-). Author of the Philopatris: 4122

  Lucilius Gaius (180–102 BCE). Latin satirical poet: 42, 2663, 4387

  Lucretia (c. 500 BCE). Roman lady, wife of Tarquinius Collatinus: 4456

  Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) (c. 98–c. 55 BCE). Latin poet and philosopher, author of De rerum natura: 54, 641,748, 756, 757 1038, 1056–57, 1138, 1146, 1808, 2010, 2306, 2310, 2347, 2514, 2655, 2841, 3192, 4037, 4387, 4452

  Lucullus, Lucius Lucinius (114–57 BCE). Roman general: 475, 4218

  Lupercalia. Annual festival at Rome in honor of Lupercus, god of fertility: 2323, 2488

  Lusiads: see Camoens

  Lust: see Lechery

  Luther, Martin (1483–1546). German religious reformer: 330, 1061, 3348

  Lutheranism: 1061–62, 3888

  Luxury: see Comfort, luxury

  Lycophron (end fourth century BCE). Greek tragedian and grammarian: 4116

  Lycurgus (seventh century BCE). Spartan lawgiver: 568, 1170, 3386, 4320, 4324, 4409

  Lying, lies (see also Dissimulation and Imposture): 866, 1462, 2253–54, 2386, 3282, 4002

  Lyngbye, Hans Christian (1782–1837). Danish man of letters and scholar: 4339, 4340

  Lyric poetry: see Poetry: BY GENRE

  Lysias (c. 458/445–c. 380 BCE). Attic orator: 1058, 2717, 4159

  Lysis (third century BCE). Greek comic poet: 4464

  M

  Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709–1785). French historian and philosopher: 338

  Macarius, St. (c. 300–391). Egyptian monk and hermit: 254

  Macartney, Lord George (1737–1806). Irish-born British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat: 943

  Macedonia, Macedonians: see Nations, peoples

  Macerata: see Cities

  Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527). Florentine political philosopher and historian: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL OBSERVATIONS: 222, 882, 1531–32, 1708, 2678; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 1317, 3683, 3908, 3920, 3967, 4008, 4014, 4018, 4029, 4030, 4033, 4140; RECYCLING OF STORIES: 4368–69

  Machiavellianism (see also Leopardi: PROJECTS AND PLANNED WORKS: “Social Machiavellianism”): 4197–98

  Machine: 120, 930, 978, 2903; COMPLEXITY, ACCIDENTS: 1079–81, 1837, 2876; HUMAN: 1766, 1775, 1784, 1803, 2133; NATURE: 586, 1458, 2221, 2937, 3241

  Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius (fl. c. 400 CE). Roman writer and philosopher: 991, 2876–78, 4459

  Macrocephali. Nation so called by Hippocrates: 3961–62, 3988

  Madness: 83–84, 102–104, 183, 188, 1176–79, 3990, 4079–81, 4499

  Madrid: see Cities

  Maecenas, Gaius Cilnius (first century BCE). Roman knight, minister of Augustus, and patron of the arts: 3190

  Maestri, Adelaide. Friend of Leopardi: 4512

  Maevius (first century BCE). Poet from Cisalpine Gaul, also known as Bavius: 1528

  Maffei, Scipione (1675–1755). Veronese writer and scholar, famed for his tragedy Merope (1714): 3, 25, 42, 2649–50, 2734, 4234, 4264, 4419

  Magalotti, Lorenzo (1637–1712). Much-traveled scientist, diplomat, and writer, originally from Rome: 43, 209, 640, 1945, 3528, 4241–42, 4301

  Magasin Encyclopédique: 942

  Magic: 101, 247, 4338

  Magiscatzin. Tlaxcalan ‘senator,’ cited by Cortès: 2387–88

  Magistrates (good and bad): 4247

  Magna Graecia. Collective name for the Greek cities of southern Italy: 994, 4392

  Magnanimity (see also Generosity and Man: HUMANENESS, HUMANITY): 90, 122, 125, 272, 503–507, 524, 607–608, 724–25, 941, 959–60, 1564, 1648–50, 1658, 2033, 2440–41, 2473, 3028–29, 3107–108, 3277, 3520–21, 4241, 4282–83

  Magniloquence: 54, 1819–20

  Mago. Defeated king of the Rutuli in Virgil’s Aeneid: 2760

  Mai, Angelo (1782–1854). Chief librarian first at the Ambrosiana in Milan, then
at the Vatican, made a Cardinal in 1838, and an illustrious philologist, the discoverer of numerous texts, among them Cicero’s De Republica: 38, 454, 543, 752–57, 884, 885, 916, 1122,1181–82, 1482, 1573, 1633, 2012, 2655–58, 2660–61, 2740, 2991, 3588, 4023

  Mairan, Jean-Jacques Dortous de (1678–1771). French scholar, perpetual secretary of the Académie Royale des Sciences: 4394

  Maldonata (Maldonada). Native of Buenos Aires, the origins of whose story lie in Greek fable (according to Leopardi): 4264, 4265

  Malebranche, Nicolas (1638–1715). French Oratorian and Cartesian philosopher: 946

  Males/Females: 67, 2259–61, 3304, 3926–27, 4119, 4504

  Maleventum: see Cities

  Malignity: 87, 234, 3878–79, 4126

  Malespini (or Malispini), Ricordano (c. 1220–c. 1290). Alleged author of a chronicle now regarded as a fourteenth-century forgery: 4124–25, 4126, 4134, 4246, 4349, 4436

  Malmantile racquistato (Il): 4300, 4476

  Malta. Mediterranean island: 3177, 3343

  Malte par un voyageur françois: 2012

  Man (also Humanity, humankind, human race). ANTHROPOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND INDIVIDUAL EVOLUTION: 528–29, 529–32, 535–36, 636–37, 652–53, 678–83, 868–70, 1315, 1370–72, 1452–53, 1455–56, 1553–54, 1568–69, 1603–605, 1611–12, 1680–82, 1767, 1802–803, 1911, 1923–25, 2028, 2602, 2691–93, 3029–31, 3197–206, 3374–82, 3467–68, 3520–25, 3902–903, 3909–14, 3950, 4064–65, 4138, 4253–54; ETHICS: 124, 208–10, 249–50; HUMAN FORM: 1183–1201, 1326–27, 1759, 1785, 3084–90, 3090–94, 3249–50, 3427–28; HUMAN NATURE, PSYCHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR: 45, 51, 53, 68–69, 121–22, 135, 195, 364, 516–19, 527, 724, 1572–73, 1724–25, 1800–801, 1903–904, 1988–90, 2043–45, 2204–206, 2206–208, 2405–407, 2453–54, 2471–72, 2599, 2636–38, 3265–69, 3432–33, 3480–82, 3545–46, 3682–83, 4058–60, 4079–81, 4109, 4127–32, 4141, 4166, 4229–31, 4272, 4280, 4284, 4499, 4306–307, 4330–31, 4333, 4474, 4481–82, 4508, 4525, 4525; HUMANENESS, HUMANITY (see also Generosity and Magnanimity): 4183, 4245, 4275–76, 4441, 4481–82, 4517–18, 4524; IDEA OF MAN IN ANCIENT AND MODERN TIMES: 3494–97, 3544–45, 4048, 4076–78, 4094, 4110; INCLINATION TO LIFE: 294–99, 1476, 1716–17, 1800–801, 2018, 3813–15; MAN AND THE SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSE: 84, 822–26, 1175–76, 1305–306, 1575, 3171–72, 4138–39, 4174–77, 4257–59; MEN AND WOMEN, LOVE: 67, 233–34, 452–53, 1658, 1880, 1885–87, 1990–91, 3301–10, 3898–99, 3909–20, 3926, 4144; NATURE/REASON, PERFECTION AND PERFECTIBILITY, CIVILIZATION: 56, 80–81, 109, 222–23, 340–41, 371–73, 375, 376–78, 393–420, 420–23, 423–33, 439–41, 636–37, 678–83, 830–38, 866–67, 1004, 1096–98, 1382, 1555–56, 1558–62, 1569, 1570–72, 1572, 1618–19, 1775–76, 1958–59, 1959, 2337–38, 2392–95, 2493, 2558–63, 2563–64, 2567–68, 2645, 2711–12, 2895–903, 2939–41, 3058–60, 3179–82, 3932–37, 3938, 3973–75, 4069–70, 4180–81, 4265–66, 4368; ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND: 2500, 2679–80, 3643–72, 3811–13, 3961–63, 4069; PRIMITIVE MAN AND SAVAGES: 118, 169, 266, 535–36, 649, 652–53, 679–80, 1603–604, 1681–82, 3365–66, 3682–83, 3797–801, 3910; PRIVATE AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS: 85–86, 97–99, 212–13, 230, 266–68, 339–40, 1572–73, 1669–71, 1673–75, 1823–24, 1847–48, 2043–46, 4274; PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN MIND: 1347–50, 1389, 1465–67, 1654, 1729–32, 1767, 1767–68, 2706–709, 2711–12, 3179–82, 4189–90, 4192–93, 4500–501, 4507–508; RELIGION: 393–420, 420–23, 3497–509; SOCIABILITY AND SOCIETY: 230, 267–68, 545–47, 579–82, 872–911, 930, 1594–96, 1715–16, 1952–53, 2644, 2677–79, 2684–85, 3773–810, 3882–84, 3894, 3896, 3928–30, 4524, 4525; SUICIDE: 66, 814–18, 2402–404; THEORY OF PLEASURE AND SELF-LOVE, HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS: 44, 56, 58–59, 66, 85, 87, 165–83, 189, 194, 222–23, 262, 270–71, 293–94, 326–28, 446–51, 637–38, 646–50, 814–18, 958–60, 1004, 1096–98, 1382, 1628, 1825, 2402–404, 2684–85, 2861, 2895–903, 2926–28, 2936–39, 3029, 3497–509, 3761, 3823–24, 3846–48, 3876–78, 3921–27, 4041–42, 4043, 4060–61, 4070–72, 4075–76, 4090, 4092, 4127–32, 4138, 4168–69, 4169, 4175–77, 4191–92, 4228, 4249–50, 4268, 4283–84, 4418–19, 4498

  Manfredi, Eustachio (1674–1739). Bolognese astronomer and man of letters: 28, 4264

  Mannelli d’Amaretto, Francesco. Florentine copyist who transcribed the Decameron in 1384: 4383

  Manni, Domenico Maria (1690–1788). Florentine man of letters and grammarian: 30

  Mansi, Giovan Domenico (also known as Mansius) (1692–1769). Italian church historian from Lucca: 2825

  Mantinea: see Cities

  Mantua: see Cities

  Manuscrit venu de Saint-Hélène de manière inconnue (anon., 1817): 135, 314

  Manutius, Aldus (the Elder) (Aldo Manuzio) (1449/50–1515). Founder of the Aldine press: 675–76, 2674, 4226

  Manutius, Aldus (the Younger) (1547–1597). Grandson of the Elder, author of the Epitome orthographiae (1575): 109, 2376

  Manutius, Paulus (Paolo Manuzio) (1512–1574). Third son of Aldus the Elder and continuer of the Aldine press: 2810

  Many, the: see Multitude

  Marathon (Battle of) (490 BCE). First Greek victory over the Persians: 904, 2322, 4352

  Marattas. An Indian people: 950

  Marcellinus (perhaps fifth century CE). Greek rhetor and biographer, author of the Vita Thucydidis: 4401

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius the Younger (42–23 BCE). Nephew and presumed heir of Augustus: 2366

  Marche. Region in the east of Italy, where Leopardi was born: 30, 1346, 2124, 2525, 3618, 3891, 3995, 4031, 4321, 4485, 4492–93, 4499, 4506, 4509, 4516, 4521

  Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (121–180 CE). Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher: 38, 427, 752, 989, 1535, 2166, 2169–70, 2293, 2295, 2624, 4097, 4144, 4211, 4308

  Mardonius (fifth century BCE). Persian general: 4153

  Mariana, Juan de (1536–1624). Spanish theologian and historian: 1084

  Mariandynians: see Nations, peoples

  Marini, Gaetano (1742–1815). Italian philosopher and archaeologist from Emilia Romagna: 2329, 4123

  Marius, Gaius (c. 157–86 BCE). Roman general and politician: 23, 81, 509, 3072

  Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de (1688–1763). French dramatist: 1084

  Mark the Monk (or Marcus Eremita) (fifth century CE). Christian theologian and ascetic, a follower of John Chrysostom: 4211

  Mark, St. Evangelist, first century CE: 999, 1000

  Marko, King. Ruler of the kingdom of Prilep from 1371 to 1395 and hero of Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian epic poems: 4339

  Marle, C.-L. Nineteenth-century French grammarian, editor of the Journal grammatical: 4377

  Marmontel, Jean-François (1723–1799). French writer, author of the Contes moraux: 67, 85, 200, 1322, 1323, 1327, 1576, 3178

  Marriage: 249–50, 283–85, 919–20, 1591, 1641, 3582

  Mars. Latin name for the Greek god of war Ares: 13

  Marsand, Antonio (1765–1842). Venetian-born man of letters, edited Petrarch’s Rime (1814): 2268

  Marseilles: see Cities

  Martano. A character in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso: 660

  Martelli (more commonly Martello), Pier Jacopo (1665–1725/1727). Bolognese poet, playwright, and critic: 60

  Martial (c. 40–103/104 CE). Latin poet, a friend of Pliny the Younger and of Juvenal: 990, 2610, 2878, 3366, 4028

  Martianus Capella (fifth century CE). Latin writer from Carthage, author of De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii: 991, 1277, 2071, 2877, 2878, 3940, 4522

  Martignoni, Ignazio (1757–1814). Neoclassical theoretician from Como, author of Del bello e del sublime: 7, 8

  Martin, Barthélémy (eighteenth century). French printer and bookseller: 2639

  Martyrs: see Christianity: ILLUSIONS, MARTYRDOM, HEROISM

  Marvel: see Wonder

  Masinissa (c. 240/238–148 BCE). First king of Numidia, in alliance with Rome: 502–503

  Mason, Margaret (Margaret King Moore, Lady Mount Cashell) (1773–1835). Irish author, a
ssociated with the Godwin-Shelley circle, founder of the Pisan Accademia dei Lunatici frequented by Leopardi in 1827–28: 4422

  Massagete. Iranian nomadic people: 884

  Masses: see Multitude: INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, POLITICS

  Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1663–1742). French Catholic preacher: 9, 325

  Masson, Jean (c. 1680–c. 1750) and/or Samuel (d.?1742). Father and son respectively, to both of whom is attributed the principal compilation of the 15-volume Histoire critique de la République des Lettres (1712–18): 723

  Massuet, René (1666–1716). Patrologist, a Benedictine from St. Maur: 1021

  Masters (see also Servants and Slaves, slavery): 106, 239, 523–25, 902, 915, 1446, 3370 4280; MASTER AND DOG: 1630

  Mathematics, numbers: 58, 159–60, 2335, 4024; MATHEMATICAL PRECISION (METAPHORICAL SENSE): French revolution: 160, 870; happiness: 625–29; languages: 643, 978–79, 2415–19, 2728–31; nature: 581–85, 585–86, 3237–45; pleasure: 246, 246–48; METHOD: 3978, 4302–304; MUSIC: 3214–16; NUMERALS, NUMBERING: 360–62, 1072–75, 1101–102, 1394–99, 2186–87, 2588–89, 3340–41, 4500; ordinals/cardinals: 3557, 3560

  Matter, the material/immaterial: GOD: 2073–75; ETYMOLOGY: 1282, 2308–11, 3621; IMMORTALITY (ETERNITY), IMMUTABILITY OF MATTER: 629–33, 2154, 4181–82; INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, IDEAS, THOUGHT: 1025–26, 1262, 1615, 1619–20, 1635–36, 1657–58, 1689–90, 1694, 1707–1708, 1764–65, 3341, 3503, 4251–53, 4256, 4288–89; SPIRIT, SPIRITUALIZATION, MIND, BODY: 106–107, 125, 601–606, 1790–91, 2413, 2479, 2755–56, 2912, 3197–3206, 3304–305, 3615–16, 3855, 3923–25, 3933–35, 3936–37, 4111, 4206–208

  Matius (or Mazzius), Gnaeus (Caius Matius Calvena) (prob. first century BCE). Latin translator of Homer: 988

  Mauro, Giuseppe. Eighteenth-century editor of Tasso: 4182, 4237, 4243, 4246

  Maury, Jean-Siffrein (or -Sifrein) (1746–1817). Member of the French Constituent Assembly: 225

  Maximilian I (1459–1519). Holy Roman Emperor from 1493: 4025

  Maximinus II Daia (Gaius Valerius Galerius) (c. 270–313 CE). Roman emperor from 308 CE: 4157

  Maximus (the Confessor), St. (c. 580–662). Monk and theologian in the Eastern Church: 4002, 4430, 4469, 4480

  Mazarin, Jules (1602–1661). Cardinal, French politician of Italian origin: 3887