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Preservation, conservation: 179–82, 519, 2206; THE NATURAL SYSTEM: 56, 66, 122, 167, 2028–31, 3920, 3928–30, 4128–32, 4169, 4204–205, 4231–32, 4242–43, 4461–62, 4510
Presumption: see Pride
Priam. In Greek myth, king of Troy during the Trojan war: 99, 261, 1083, 1140, 2767–68, 3162, 4156
Pride, presumption: 311–12, 704–705, 2271, 3720–22, 4177–78, 4397; KNOWLEDGE: 393–98; NATIONS: 148, 865–66, 2665, 4261–63; SELF-LOVE: 926, 2490–91, 3107–109; SOCIETY: 669, 926, 3779–80, 4391
Prideaux, Humphrey (1648–1724). English historian: 1290
Priesthood: 131–32, 920, 2367–68, 2670–71
Primitives, the primitive: see Man: PRIMITIVE MAN
Prince, the (see also Government and Politics): ARMIES AND WAR: 902–908, 930–31, 1911–13; CLEMENCY, CRUELTY, AND VIOLENCE: 3768, 3780–81, 4195; DESPOTISM, TYRANNY: 888, 1534–35; MODERN PRINCES: 4096, 4167, 4197, 4476; philosopher prince: 1819, 2292–96; PERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY: 57–58, 710, 1586; POLITICAL ROLE AND POWER: 113, 122–23, 299–302, 550–64, 578, 4137; Machiavelli: 882; PUBLIC DISPLAY: festivals: 1026–27, 1439–47; medals and monuments: 3436, 4077
Printing: 31, 336, 938–40, 1174, 2620–21, 3129
Prints: 4268–71
Priscian (Priscianus Caesariensis) (fl. around 500 CE). Latin grammarian, author of the Institutiones grammaticae: 1126–27, 1154, 1277, 1992, 2072, 2195, 2972–73, 3702, 3832, 3843–44, 3854
Prisons, prisoners: 280, 298–99, 1989, 2472, 3410, 4044–45, 4240, 4282; METAPHORICAL: 3040
Proclus (fifth century CE). Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, a commentator on Plato: 4220
Proclus, Eutychius (second century CE). A grammarian, tutor of Marcus Aurelius: 4212
Procopius of Caesarea (c. 500–after 562 CE). Byzantine historian, and author of the Wars of Justinian: 2732, 4343, 4473, 4483
Procopius of Gaza (c. 465–528 CE). Christian sophist and rhetorician: 2796, 4124
Prodicus, of Ceos (c. 465–c. 395 BCE). Greek sophist: 4152
Production: 1742–44, 4129–30, 4450
Professions: see Occupations
Progress: 1612, 1654, 1975–77; CIVILIZATION: 21, 3180–82, 3973–75, 4368; HUMAN MIND: 1287, 1465–67, 1531–33, 1720–21, 1729–32, 1767–68, 1836, 2705–709, 2949–50; discovery of error, learning to unlearn: 2711–12, 4189–90, 4192–93, 4500–501; KNOWLEDGE AND THE SCIENCES: 336, 1348, 4056–57, 4507–508
Propaganda fide: 3070
Propensity: see Disposition
Properness: see Propriety
Propertius, Sextus (c. 50–after 16 BCE). Roman elegiac poet: 4144, 4159, 4447
Proportion/Disproportion: 8, 1183–98, 1243, 1259–60, 1306–308, 1311–12, 1437–38, 1589–90, 1793–94, 1921–22, 2257–58, 2558–63
Propriety/Impropriety (also appropriateness, fitness, fittingness, properness, rightness, suitability and their opposites): 178, 276–77, 376–78, 1089–90, 1306–307, 1575–76, 1695–97, 3553–54; BEAUTY, THE BEAUTIFUL: 49, 186–88, 269, 276–77, 357, 1165, 1183–99, 1199–201, 1322–28, 1404–406, 1522–23, 2045, 2834–35, 2963, 2969–70; art, language, literature: 6, 8–9, 154–55, 1226–29, 1688–89, 1695–97, 1822–23, 2512–13; human body: 1311, 1311–12, 1404–406, 1528–29, 1666–67; music: 1780–86, 1871–78, 3229–31, 3421–27; MORALITY: 209–10, 276–77, 356–57, 376–78, 391–92, 1640–42; RELATIVE CONCEPTS OF PROPRIETY: 1339–41, 1522–23, 1688–89
Prose: 29, 31, 374–75, 527, 1098–99, 1384–86, 1901, 1902, 2025–26, 2171–72, 4343–44, 4347–50, 4354, 4373, 4390, 4406, 4411, 4431, 4435–38, 4522; FRENCH: 31, 373–75, 527, 2171, 2484, 2666–68, 2911, 3404, 3421, 3428–29, 3562, 3566, 4328, 4413; GREEK: 2240, 2667, 3420–21, 4328, 4343, 4350, 4391, 4394, 4401–402, 4403–404, 4406, 4435–37, 4464–65, 4466–67, 4479–80; HEBREW: 3564–66, 3567–68; ITALIAN: 700, 1385–86, 2241, 2396, 2525, 2533, 2536, 3413–16, 3561–63, 3564, 4436, 4437; LATIN: 527, 2239–40, 2667, 4466, 4473–74
Prose fiorentine (see also Dati): 2693, 3018, 3066, 3067, 3177, 4236, 4237
Proserpine. Perhaps an Italic goddess, identified with the Greek Persephone in Roman religion: 2363
Prosody: (see also Harmony and Metrics): 4382–88; GREEK AND LATIN: 307–309, 1124, 1152, 1153, 1158, 2316–18, 2339, 2360, 2365, 4374, 4386–87
Prosper of Aquitaine, St. (c. 390–c. 455 CE). Theologian, disciple of St. Augustine of Hippo: 991, 2734
Prosperity: 122, 136, 197–98, 235, 2456–57
Protogenes (second half fourth century BCE). Greek painter, the rival of Apelles: 4354
Provençalisms: 2504, 4425
Provence, the Provençals: see Languages: PROVENÇAL and Literatures and forms of writing: PROVENÇAL
Providence: 208, 432–33, 542–43, 2392–93, 3553–54, 3908, 4188–89, 4204–205,4206, 4229–31, 4423
Prudence: 3040, 3607–608, 3908, 4058–60, 4229–31, 4272
Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens (348–405 CE). Christian Latin poet: 991, 3636
Prussia, Prussians: see Nations, peoples
Pseudo-Donatus: see Donatus
Pseudo-Josephus (Josippon) (tenth century CE). Author of De Maccabaeis: 4139
Pseudo-Longinus: see Longinus
Pseudolus. Roman comedy by Plautus produced in 191 BCE: 1149
Psyche (fable of): 637, 2939, 4312
Psychology: 324–25, 4429–30; LANGUAGE: 1316–17, 2166–71; POETRY: 16–17, 211, 223–25, 238, 1231; SIMPLIFICATION: 53, 55, 181–82
Ptolemy Hephaestion. Greek author cited by Photius: 4210–11
Ptolemies. Macedonian Greek dynasty which ruled Egypt from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE until the Roman conquest in 30 BCE: 2593, 3044, 4383
Public, the: GOVERNMENT, POLITICS: 538, 564, 1565, 3158–59, 3860; JUDGMENT (OF ART, LITERATURE, ETC.): 39, 121, 227–28, 1978, 4271; PHENOMENOLOGY: 2031, 2155–56, 4247, 4508; REPRESENTED IN THE ANCIENT CHORUS: 2804–807
Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. Consul at Rome in 79 BCE who later fought a campaign against pirates and the Isauri in Cilicia: 510
Pulci, Luigi (1432–1484). Florentine poet, author of the narrative poem Il Morgante: 2, 8, 4093, 4301
Punctuation: 1285, 1970
Punishment: 3448–60, 4044–45
Purgatory: see Christianity: AFTERLIFE
Purism (see also Pedantry): 638, 704, 757–83, 798–800, 985–86, 1047, 1048, 1216–17, 1237, 1294, 1334–35, 1768–70, 2062, 2227–28, 2395–96, 2419, 2521, 2529–32, 2641, 2723–25, 4425
Purple: 3622–24, 3632–33
Purpose: see Aim
Putsch, Elias van (also known as Putschius) (1580–1606). German philologist: 1126, 1277, 1992, 4459
Pylades. In Greek myth the steadfast friend of Orestes: 4523
Pyramids: 340
Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–270 BCE). Greek philosopher, the founder of Skepticism: 949, 3534–35, 4479
Pyrrhonism (see also Skepticism): 228, 382–83, 427, 4379
Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE): Greek mathematician, philosopher, and founder of the Pythagorean religion: 336, 1240, 1858, 3386, 4220, 4222, 4226, 4431, 4464
Pythagoreans. Disciples of Pythagoras: 265, 336, 961, 1858, 2800, 4152, 4225–26, 4480
Q
Quadrigarius, Quintus Claudius (first century BCE). Roman historian: 4503
Quantity: 1073–75, 1101–102, 1394–98, 2187, 2588–89
Quickness: see Rapidity
Quiet, peace, tranquillity: 537–38, 4180, 4259–60, 4267, 4306
Quintana, Manuel José (1772–1857). Spanish poet and politician: 4434
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus) (35/40–after 95 CE). Spanish-born teacher of rhetoric in Rome, author of the Institutio oratoria: 8, 35, 319, 990, 1077, 1150, 1534, 1849, 2276, 2478, 2916, 2991, 3366, 3472, 4241
R
Rabbi, Carlo Costanzo (1678–1746). Italian grammarian and scholar: 4098, 4101
Rabbis: 55, 2084, 2404–405
Raccolta di prose e poesie a uso delle regie scuole: 2810, 3067, 3070
, 4236–37
Racine, Jean (1639–1699). French dramatist: 9, 78, 375, 804, 2906, 3460
Raimondo. Hero of Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3525
Ramanzini, Dionisio (b. 1740s). Veronese printer: 1085
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) (1483–1520). Italian painter, born in Urbino: 202, 211, 1257, 4388
Raphel, Georg (also known as Raphelius) (1673–1740). German philologist and New Testament scholar: 917
Rapidity, quickness: 221, 1725, 1780–81, 1880–81, 1891,1921–22, 1946, 1999, 2049–51, 3556–57; CHARACTER: 2336–37, 3203, 3279, 3881; CHILDREN: 3950; EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PEOPLES: 154, 2615; MUSIC: 3211, 3423; NATURE: 1716–17, 3512, 3556, 4063; POETIC STYLE: 2041–42, 2239, 4177; SPEECH AND WRITING: 27, 638, 2358, 3049
Rarity: 212, 263–64, 3657–58, 4271, 4330–31
Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas-François (1713–1796). French philosopher and historian, the collaborator of Diderot: 649, 1087, 2414, 4265
Raynouard, François-Just-Marie (1761–1836). French dramatist and academic, whose studies of Provençal language and culture were widely read: 4411
Readers, reading (see also Books and Interest, readers’): 64, 193, 218–20, 223–24, 225–26, 227–28, 260, 976, 1262, 1401, 1457–58, 2239, 2953, 3109–10, 3124–26, 3137, 3139, 3160–63, 3350, 3738, 4301, 4306, 4388–89, 4439, 4450, 4471; HABITUATION: 46, 1540–41; PLEASURE: 345–47, 4266, 4273–74, 4508, 4515; USEFULNESS AND EFFECTS (OF READING): 222, 1741–42, 2228–30
Reason: 15, 37, 106–107, 351, 356, 471–72, 1680–82, 1706–708, 1752–53, 1771–74, 2683, 2800–803, 2941–43, 4192–93, 4201, 4225, 4478, 4492; ART AND LITERATURE: 19, 1175, 1356, 4367–68; HUMAN HAPPINESS: 103–104, 183, 223, 393–420, 815–17, 1163, 1642, 1825, 2402–404, 2549–55, 2939–40; LANGUAGES: 109–111, 1002–1003, 3253–54; ILLUSION, IMAGINATION, PASSION: 105–106, 111, 136–37, 179–81, 213–17, 269, 270, 293–94, 300, 341–42, 329–30, 331–33, 333, 362–63, 382, 447–48, 531–32, 542–43, 543–79, 657, 1028, 1045, 1356, 1377, 1597–1600, 1651–52, 1816–18, 1835, 1839, 1841–42, 1858–60, 1978–82, 2114–17, 2132, 2390, 2610, 3237–45, 3518–20, 3553, 3613–16, 3783–84, 3930, 4099–101, 4135–36; POLITICS: 114–15, 160–61, 252, 299–302, 358; REASONING PROCESS, RATIOCINATION: 181, 376, 1470, 2710, 4429–30; RELIGION: 331–33, 349–51, 353–56, 362–63, 393–420, 423–27, 435–36, 1065, 1642; STATE OF NATURE, CIVILIZATION, BARBARISM, SOCIETY: 21–23, 353–56, 375, 381–82, 1642, 2711–12, 3896, 4079–81, 4500–501
Rebirth, revival (see also Renaissance): CIVILIZATION: 561, 1078, 1084, 1101, 1460, 1515–16, 2027, 3082, 4289; IMAGINATION: 1551; LITERATURE: 3, 350, 392, 1039, 1349, 1402–403, 1973, 2210, 2476, 3336–38, 4192, 4291, 4388
Recanati: see Cities
Recollection: see Memory
Redemption: see Christianity
Redi, Francesco (1626–1698). Tuscan scientist and man of letters: 26, 30, 1317, 3067, 3390
Reflection: 238–39, 1163, 2685–86, 3518–20, 3908; COURAGE AND ACTION: 66, 1005–1007, 1062–63, 1063–65, 1378, 1998–99, 2391, 2610, 3494, 3540, 4010; DRUNKENNESS: 3931, 3905–906; HABIT: 1421, 1434, 1714–15; PHYSICAL STRENGTH: 3923, 4080–81
Reformation, the: 330, 349–50, 358
Regia Parnassi seu Palatium Musarum: 2249, 2268, 2318, 2359–60, 2367, 3735
Regicides: 117
Regillus (Battle of the Lake of) (c. 496 BCE): 4456
Régnier-Desmarais, François-Séraphin (1632–1713). French grammarian and man of letters: 3069
Regret, remorse, repentance: 51, 276, 188, 466, 472–73, 529–30, 1400–401, 2354, 3841; PENANCE, PENITENCE: 3598, 4368, 4478
Regularity/Irregularity (see also Exception; Extraordinary; Rules): 1671–73; LANGUAGE, LITERATURE: 243, 685–90, 1045–46, 1299–301, 1386–87, 1671–73, 1796–97, 3095; alphabets, orthography: 3959–60, 4090–91; elegance: 1337, 1456–58; Homeric verses: 4322, 4334–35; originality: 307–309; THE BEAUTIFUL/THE UGLY: 186–188, 1259–60, 1509–13, 1539–40, 1578; grace: 200–201, 1322–28, 1552; THE SYSTEM OF NATURE: 4174
Regulus, Marcus Atilius (c. 307–c. 250 BCE). Twice consul and one of the Roman commanders in the First Punic War: 67, 4153
Reimar, Hermann Samuel (also known as Reimarus) (1694–1768). German scholar, pupil of Fabricius, author of a study of the historical Jesus: 81–82, 4281, 4440
Reiske, Johann Jakob (1716–1774). German philologist: 4154, 4441, 4469
Relations (between things): 946–48, 1853–56, 1922, 3269–70
Relative: see Absolute
Relatives: see Neighbors, Relatives
Religion (see also Christianity): 15, 37, 44–45, 125, 181, 216, 331–33, 343, 357, 370–71, 387–88, 393–420, 506–507, 635, 814–18, 1065, 1242, 1628, 1652, 1816–17, 1981–82, 2574–77, 4410; ANCIENT RELIGIONS (see also Gods, divinities): 116, 131–32, 254, 411, 422–24, 2206–208, 2367–68, 2388–89, 2457, 2464, 2492–93, 2669–71, 3432, 3506, 3638–43, 3833–34, 3881, 4076–77, 4126, 4208, 4210, 4309, 4410, 4478; DEISM: 349–50, 357; ISLAM: 67–68, 118, 252, 411, 423, 1061, 1592, 3128, 3173–77, 3579–82; JUDAISM (see also Nations, peoples: JEWS and Languages: HEBREW): 132, 881–82, 1060, 1061, 1441–44, 1637–42, 1710
Remarks on the supposed Dionysius Longinus (John William Knox, London 1826): 4370
Remembering: see Memory
Remigio Fiorentino (Remigio Nannini) (c. 1521–c. 1581). Florentine writer, author of the Considerazioni civili: 1869
Remondini (eighteenth century). Publishers based in Bassano: 3511
Remus. Brother of Romulus, and a figure of Roman legend: 4443, 4451
Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel (1788–1832). French sinologist: 942–43
Renaissance (historical period; see also Rebirth, revival): 1672, 1849
Renouard, Jules (early nineteenth century). Parisian publisher: 4147, 4295, 4309
Republic(s): see Government, governance
Republic of letters: 2155–56
Republic of San Marino: 3349
Resignation (see also Patience): 77, 618–20, 950, 1653–54, 2018, 2108, 2159–61, 2754, 2876, 2927, 4180, 4239–40
Resistance: 47, 514, 1004–1005, 1378, 2439–41, 2753–54, 4239–40, 4244
Resolution (see also Indecision): 4058–60
Respect: see Esteem
Rest: 173, 304, 376–77, 4021–22, 4104
Resurgence (cultural, political): see Rebirth, revival
Réthy, András (1778–1841). Author of the Lingua universalis, Vienna 1821: 4375
Revelation: see Christianity
Revenge, vengeance: 47, 72, 87, 117, 136, 188, 210–11, 477, 504–506, 717, 2029–30, 2767, 3116–17, 3449, 3456, 3795
Revolution (see also French Revolution, the): 314–15, 520, 3348, 3958
Revue encyclopédique. French monthly review founded by Marc-Antoine Jullien in 1819: 4194
Rhadamanthus. One of the judges of the underworld in Virgil’s Aeneid: 2354
Rhapsodes: 3014, 4344–46, 4356, 4359, 4361–62, 4366, 4392, 4394, 4397, 4407, 4408
Rhetoric, tropes: 243, 606–607, 686, 696, 1338, 1925–26, 2661–62, 2666–68, 3717–20, 4216–17, 4222–23, 4224, 4436
Rhodes. Island in the eastern Aegean Sea: 3177, 4194
Rhyme: 1207–208, 1907
Ricciardetto (Il): see Forteguerri, Egidio
Richardson, John (1740/1741–1795). English linguist, author of A Dictionary Persian, Arabic and English (1777, 1780): 954
Richelet, Pierre (1631–1698). French lexicographer: 2704, 2926, 3071, 3572, 3762, 4148, 4282
Riches: see Wealth
Ridicule: see Laughter: RIDICULE, THE RIDICULOUS
Riganti, Nicola da Molfetta (1744–1822). Bishop of Ancona, later Cardinal, a friend of the Leopardi family: 3203
Rightness: see Propriety
Rinaldo. A character in Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 1451, 3131, 3525, 3526, 3590, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3597, 3598, 3603, 3611, 3612, 4301, 4302
Rioja, Francisco de (1583–1659). Spanish poet: 4450
Roberti, Giovann
i Battista (1719–1786). Jesuit preacher and writer from Bassano del Grappa: 67, 4280
Robertson, William (1721–1793). Scottish historian, author of a History of America: 4121, 4125, 4137, 4159–60
Robespierre, Maximilien-François-Isidore (1758–1794). French revolutionary politician: 358
Robinson Crusoe. Novel by Daniel Defoe: 2186
Rocca, Albert-Jean-Michel de (1788–1818). Born in Geneva, became the second husband of Madame de Staël: 1709, 1760–61, 1798
Rogniat, Baron Joseph de (1776–1840). French general: 984–85
Rojas Villandrando, Agustin de (1572–after 1618). Spanish writer and historian: 4163
Romagna. Italian province: 4031
Romanticism, Romantics: 10, 15–21, 73–74, 171, 976–77, 1303, 1671–73, 1777–78, 1857, 2431–33, 4415, 4471, 4479; REFERENCES TO LEOPARDI’S “DISCOURSE OF AN ITALIAN ON ROMANTIC POETRY”: 53, 78, 100, 192, 224, 382, 651, 1414, 1469, 1688, 2043; the “Romantic system”: 86–87
Rome, Romans, Latins (see also Latin language; Latin literature; Niebuhr, Barthold Georg): 71, 123, 999–1001, 1024, 1027, 1363–64, 2120–22, 2691–93, 3438–39, 3762–63, 4249, 4265, 4420; ATHLETIC GAMES, GLADIATORIAL COMBATS: 239, 303–4, 328–29, 1445–46, 1601, 3764, 4047, 4109–10, 4289; CLIMATE: 1027, 2174–75, 3195, 3252–53, 3891, 4031–32; CUSTOMS, CHARACTER, AND VALUES: 44–45, 64–65, 119–20, 122, 126, 148, 161, 232, 274, 334–38, 340, 457–58, 459–60, 474–76, 489, 523–25, 567–69, 598, 608–609, 611–12, 625–29, 751, 856–59, 863, 866–67, 883–85, 915–16, 927–28, 965, 1016, 1029, 1068, 1077, 1101, 1163, 1361–62, 1445–46, 1518–19, 1590, 1596, 1803–804, 2059–60, 2104, 2107, 2120, 2174–75, 2245–46, 2333, 2609, 2678, 2988, 3072–73, 3125–26, 3134–43, 3195, 3343, 3371, 3642, 3891, 3988, 4047, 4144, 4171–72, 4213, 4289, 4476, 4481–82; laws: 303–4, 1029; religion and ritual: 131, 331–33, 337–38, 412, 494, 495, 602, 611, 999–1000, 1016, 1271, 1445–47, 2323, 3072, 3373–74, 3639–42, 4076–78; triumphs: 1016, 1445–46, 3072; HISTORY: 22, 31, 114, 118, 148, 191, 453, 475, 567, 565–69, 573–75, 609, 920, 1016, 1067–68, 1848, 1879, 1912, 2245–46, 2645, 3126, 3135–36, 3252, 3642, 4110, 4200, 4330, 4399, 4424, 4425, 4447, 4448, 4461, 4477; historiography: 494, 620–25, 2731–35, 4193–94, 4444–45, 4450–59; ORATORY AND RHETORIC: 850–51, 2478, 3413, 3469–71, 3472, 3751, 4354; PHILOSOPHY: 31, 38, 114, 115, 161, 274, 331–33, 412, 520, 522–24, 567, 1016, 1518–19, 1848–49, 2245–46, 2988, 3193–94, 3469, 3470; POLITICS: 45, 114, 118, 119–20, 135–36, 148, 161, 239–41, 274, 301, 315, 412, 413, 455–56, 457–58, 475, 503, 522–24, 545, 560–61, 565–69, 573–75, 598, 608–9, 759, 856, 883–84, 915–20, 992–96, 999–1001, 1027, 1029, 1101, 1361–62, 1445, 1879–80, 1911–13, 2107, 2120–22, 2174–75, 2245–46, 2331–33, 2487–88, 2678, 3135–36, 3174, 3195, 3359–60, 3366–67, 3469–71, 3855, 3999, 4157, 4342; war: 22, 240, 262, 509, 1004–5, 1013, 1016, 1163, 1445–46, 1601–602, 1879–80, 1912–13, 3344, 3855; RELATIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLES: 148, 239–41, 457–58, 620–22, 793, 981–83, 992–99, 999–1001, 1004–5, 1016, 1135–36, 1229–30, 1518–19, 1590, 1848–49, 2352–54, 2609–10, 2678, 3194–95; colonies: 240, 457, 486, 2650, 3999, 4434; language and literature: 54, 62, 239–41, 746–57, 789–91, 933–34, 979, 981–83, 989–90, 993–99, 1029, 1052, 2351–54, 3366–72; ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH: 1053, 3070, 3887–89; SCULPTURE, STATUARY, MONUMENTS, INSCRIPTIONS, MEDALS: 1363–64, 2353, 2376, 2650, 3427–28, 3438–39, 3816, 4145, 4179, 4267, 4454–55