Bhakti and Embodiment
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avatārin (source of all avatāras): Kṛṣṇa as 20, 46–47, 51, 58, 62, 68, 75, 306–307, 330n5, 333–334n54; Viṣṇu as 51, 75, 306–307
Aztec traditions 323n35
Baader, Benjamin Maria 322–323n35, 323n41
Bahulāvana 214, 220, 230, 241–242, 249, 253
bāhya-yāga (worship involving external offerings) 274, 286, 287, 289
Balarāma 204, 206, 240, 242, 276; as Kṛṣṇa’s brother 51, 54, 63, 201, 203, 205, 253, 265; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 336n99; as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas, Saṃkarṣaṇa 54, 253; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63; as vaibhava-prakāśa 51, 52fig2, 54
Ban-Yātrā: see Vana-Yātrā
Barlow, Tani E. 323n35, 323n37, 323nn40–41, 324n45
Barua, Ankur 324n44
Basham, A. L. 345n8
bathing places xvii, 199, 237, 265; bathing ghats 230; bathing tīrthas 213–214, 215, 241, 267, 375n84
Beck, Guy L. 362n1, 365n51
Bell, Catherine 324n45
Bell, Rudolph M. 321n26, 322n35, 323n39
Bendelow, Gillian 321n23
Benthall, Jonathan 321n23
Bhadravana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253
Bhagavad-Gītā 1–2, 20–21, 37, 81, 82–83, 133, 135, 327–328n81, 337n120, 339n4
Bhagavān: acintya-bhedābheda relationship with śaktis 34; and Brahman 15, 20, 32–33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 62, 74, 88, 100, 114, 128, 130, 152, 171, 175–176, 179, 204, 210, 229, 251, 264, 265, 279, 298, 304–305, 310, 330n3; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 36–37, 38–39, 43, 90, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 271, 273, 276, 279, 282, 305; as highest aspect of Kṛṣṇa 32–33, 36, 40, 43, 44, 277, 279, 304–305; jīvas as aṃśas/parts of 15, 33, 35, 44, 45, 85, 93, 94, 99, 106, 181, 301; jīvas/bhaktas in eternal relationship with 15, 20, 35, 45, 85, 101, 106–107, 272, 293, 303, 306, 314; Kṛṣṇa as pūrṇa Bhagavān 15, 33, 62, 90, 100, 107, 152, 251, 268, 269, 277, 279, 280, 305; Kṛṣṇa as supreme Bhagavān 15, 88, 128, 129, 130, 133, 150, 169, 171, 174, 179, 203, 207, 209, 229, 271, 273, 306, 310, 313, 314, 315; Kṛṣṇa as svayaṃ Bhagavān 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 44, 46–47, 48, 54, 60–61, 62, 68, 71, 74, 76, 90, 126, 151, 152, 175–176, 196, 245, 254, 276, 279, 296, 305, 330n5, 333–334n54; in Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 35, 48, 229, 251, 258, 298; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 245, 268, 269; and meditation 39, 90, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 169, 172, 271, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 305; and Paramātman 20, 32–33, 40, 44, 45–46, 56, 90, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; as personal Godhead 15, 20, 32, 40, 43, 44, 74, 107, 264, 265, 305, 310; as replete with infinite qualities 32, 43, 305; as śaktimat/possessor of innumerable śaktis 32, 33–34, 43, 47, 62, 72, 180; as saviśeṣa/differentiated 43; as supreme Godhead 20, 43, 44, 45, 71, 74, 85, 107, 114, 126, 128, 132, 143, 144, 171, 181, 203, 264, 265, 287; svarūpa/essential nature of 33, 34, 36, 152, 175–176, 180, 181, 186–187, 297, 301, 310, 354n179; and svarūpa-śakti 33, 34, 35, 85, 152, 181, 255–256, 297, 301; transcendent dhāmans/abodes of 33, 34, 174, 175, 209, 210, 229, 245, 252, 254, 262–263, 373n61; in transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 37, 68, 71, 88, 90, 106–107, 175–176, 180, 196, 229, 252, 256, 258, 262–263, 264, 265, 276, 280, 291, 293, 296, 305, 310, 314; as transcosmic 32, 40, 175–176, 181, 229; vigraha/absolute body of 15, 20, 32, 33, 34, 36–40, 43, 47, 55, 68, 71, 74, 76, 85, 90, 99, 100, 175–176, 252, 256, 267, 272, 276, 279, 282, 292, 293, 296, 298, 305, 310, 314, 315; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 128, 130, 147, 151–152, 271, 276, 282, 360n306
Bhagavānadāsa of Amber 375n93
Bhāgavata Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa 109, 110, 113, 132–139, 344n1, 353n154, 353–354n167, 354n168, 354n174, 355n203, 355–356n206, 356n212
Bhāgavata Purāṇa 81–84, 112–132, 166–175, 201–210, 272–274; as apauruṣeya/uncreated 39, 149, 151, 152, 178; as authoritative means of valid knowledge 151; as consummate scripture of Vaiṣṇava or Kṛṣṇa bhakti xiii, 1, 25–26, 109, 328n87; as embodiment of Bhagavān 109, 110, 130, 132, 136, 139, 143, 149, 152; engaged through Bhāgavata-paṭhana/recitation 28, 96, 131, 136, 137–138, 140–141, 154, 234, 341n37, 357n222; engaged through Bhāgavata-śravaṇa/hearing 96, 131, 136, 137–138, 153, 154–155, 341n37; engaged through drinking and relishing its nectar 136–137, 156–157; engaged through saptāha-yajña/seven-day ritual recitation 134, 135–136, 137–138, 139; engaged through smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 157; as full of rasa/nectar 156–157; as grantha-avatāra/text-avatāra 29, 76, 77, 96, 109, 140, 153, 159, 263, 299, 307; as infallible 151; as Kārṣṇa-Veda 109, 112, 117, 127, 128, 130–132, 136, 271; liberating power of 138; as means of engaging world of Kṛṣṇa 96, 154–156; as mesocosmic form of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–77, 79, 96–97, 109, 139, 140, 153, 157, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; methods of engaging 96–97, 153–156; as nitya/eternal 39, 178; as Purāṇa-Veda 109, 112, 127, 131; purifying power of 138; rāsa-pāñcādhyāyī 35, 209, 330n9, 339n8, 340–341n23, 373n58; as Śabdabrahman 130; and sādhana-bhakti 154; saptāha-yajña as consummate yajña of Kali Yuga 138; as sovereign of all pramāṇas 141, 149, 150–151; as sovereign of all śāstras 33, 39, 76, 110, 139, 141, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 178–179, 330n4; transcendent authority of 109, 110, 126, 127, 132, 139–141, 149, 151, 152, 271, 328n87, 361n328; as transcendent knowledge 151; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 140, 153, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 153, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; and Vaikuṇṭha Perumāl temple 327–328n81; and Veda(s) 141, 143, 149, 178; vedacizing strategies of 120, 126–127; Vedic status of 126–127, 345n13; veneration of book as mūrti/ritual image 6, 77, 96–97, 131, 136, 137; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 120, 128, 130, 131–132, 135, 144–145, 151–152, 155, 157, 271, 331n24; yields supreme fruit of prema-rasa 134, 140, 153, 154
Bhāgavata Sandarbha or Ṣaṭ Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 141, 329n102
Bhagavat Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 31, 33, 37, 176, 178–179, 180, 181, 331–332n28, 339n141
bhakti: bhakti-mārga 29, 44, 85, 86, 305; bhakti-śāstra 26, 27, 29–30, 84, 295, 303, 304; bhakti-yoga 45, 63, 128, 151–152, 170, 171–172, 210, 271, 273, 277–278, 365n59; discourse of bhakti xiii–xiv, 20, 24, 26, 143, 170, 171–172, 274, 295, 304, 307; embodied aesthetics of bhakti 28, 29, 79, 81, 84–85, 93, 103, 295–296, 300, 303; nine forms of bhakti 170, 189, 272, 365n57, 369n141, 369n143; viraha or viraha-bhakti 83–84, 90, 109, 266; see also bhakti-rasa; preman or prema-rasa; sādhana-bhakti; specific bhakti traditions
bhakti-rasa 84–85, 86, 88–93, 102–103, 107, 154, 188, 197, 334n55, 338n136, 340n10, 340n12, 341n27, 344n73, 368n135, 379n160; see also dāsya-rasa; mādhurya-rasa; preman or prema-rasa; sakhya-rasa; śānta-rasa; vātsalya-rasa
Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 27, 28, 84, 86, 88, 93, 95, 140, 153, 154–155, 156, 176, 180, 188–189, 235, 236–237, 239, 267–268, 277–278, 329n100, 330n11, 333n47, 333n53, 338n136, 339n140, 340n17, 340nn19–20, 340n23, 341n27, 341nn33–35, 341n39, 342n43, 342n45, 342n57, 343nn63–64, 343n66, 354–355n179, 356n219, 357n220, 360n309, 361n318, 361n328, 369n140, 371n171, 380n177, 387n314, 388n23, 391n2
Bhakti Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 84, 140, 153, 154, 156, 176, 188, 267, 268, 277–278, 280, 286, 288, 289, 331–332n28, 332–333n44, 333nn46–47, 341n37, 341n39, 342n57, 343n63, 354n179, 361n318, 361n328, 361n333, 361n335, 367n117, 369n141, 385n261, 386n288, 389n32, 391n75
Bhāmatī school of Advaita Vedānta 143, 357n227
Bhāṇḍīravana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253
Bhardwaj, Surinder M. 326n73
Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar 324n53, 344n78
Bhaviṣya Purāṇa 119, 125
Bhoja 86, 87, 340n12
bhūta-śuddhi (purification of bodily elements) 274, 280, 286, 287, 289–291, 292–293, 390n58
Biale, David 323n38
Biardeau, Madeleine 362n1
Biernacki, Loriliai 323n41, 324n47
bīja-mantras (seed-syllables) 20, 258, 259
Bilvavana or Śr�
�vana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253, 377n112, 385n263
Biswas, Ashutosh Sarma 351n118
Blacking, John 321n23
bodies: see ascetic bodies; bodies of jīvas/beings; body studies; body theories; cosmos bodies; devotional bodies; divine bodies; divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa; human bodies; integral bodies; processual bodies; purity bodies; ritual bodies; social bodies; tantric bodies
bodies of jīvas/beings: and cosmos bodies 57, 68, 312; and divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa 15, 20, 32, 56, 57, 59–60, 68, 70, 75, 107, 181, 299, 303–304, 306, 311, 312, 314; as innumerable 70, 299, 304, 310; as nonmaterial 15, 106–107, 305–306, 310, 311, 313–314; see also human bodies
body studies: of Asian traditions 323nn35–36, 323n41; of Aztec traditions 323n35; of Buddhist traditions 11; of Chinese traditions 323n35, 323n37; of Christian traditions 322nn34–35, 323n41; of Hindu traditions 11, 324n51; of Islamic traditions 323n35; of Japanese traditions 323n35; of Jewish traditions 322n35; of microhistorical societies 323n41; of South Asian traditions 11, 323n35, 324n49
body theories: alimentary body 9, 11, 321n26, 323n39; in anthropology xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; body politic 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; in feminist and gender studies xiii, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 101, 315, 316, 321n22, 322nn28–33, 323n41; gendered body 10, 11, 101–102, 315–316, 322nn28–33, 323n41; in history xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n24; lived body 8, 11, 321n20; medical body 9, 11, 322n27, 323n40; mindful body 8, 11, 321nn21–22, 323n36; in philosophy xiii, 7, 8, 10, 11, 321nn20–22; in religion xv, 7, 8, 10–11, 309, 322n34, 322–323n35, 323nn36–41, 324nn44–46; sexual body 9, 11, 321n25, 323n38; social body 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; in sociology xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; see also specific theorists
Bonazzoli, Giorgio 118, 349nn64–67, 349n70, 350n75, 350n88, 351n100
Bordo, Susan R. 322n31, 323n41
Bose, Nirmal Kumar 325n68
Botto, Oscar 345n8
Bourdieu, Pierre 9, 95, 308, 312–313, 321n23, 341n41, 370n157, 392n8
Boyarin, Daniel 322n35, 323n38, 323n41
Brahmā: and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 130, 152; as boar 347n33; body of 114, 116, 352n143; and Brahman 114, 207; as creator 37, 49, 50, 58–59, 69, 70, 113, 114–115, 116, 121, 122, 129, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152, 159–160, 167, 168–169, 178, 204, 253–254, 273, 282, 283, 298, 299, 347n33, 357n230; and cycles of time 50, 115–116; fashions bodies or forms of jīvas/beings 58–59, 70, 115, 144, 159–160, 169, 273, 299; fashions three worlds 58–59, 168; as first seer 116, 129, 167; as four-headed 59; and gāyatrī mantra 168; and gods 59, 115, 147, 159; as grandfather of the gods 59, 147; as guṇa-avatāra 53fig2, 58–59, 69, 70, 298, 299; as instrumental cause of pratisarga 50, 58–59, 70; and Itihāsas 122, 146; and kalpas 50, 58–59, 60, 116, 129, 130, 159, 169, 298, 330n7; and Kṛṣṇa 37–38, 69, 125, 128–129, 130, 152, 169, 204, 207, 242, 253–254, 282, 283–284, 330n15; and lotus 58–59, 70, 299; and Mathurā 253–254; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 212; as member of trimūrti 58, 125; mind-born sons of 64, 116, 133; mouths of 115, 116, 121, 122–123, 129, 145, 146, 147, 167, 168, 350n89; and Nārāyaṇa 347n33; and Om 167–168; and Prajāpati 118, 143, 144, 169, 178, 357n230; and Purāṇas 121, 122–123, 145, 146, 147, 350n89; and rajas 58, 59, 125; and ṛṣis/seers 115, 116, 129, 144, 159; as Śabdabrahman 114, 352n143; and Sanskrit varṇas 114, 168, 352n143; satya-loka as abode of 137, 253–254; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 59, 70, 298, 299; and speech 115, 129, 143, 144, 159–160, 167–169, 273; and tapas or meditation 147, 167–168, 282, 283–284; and three vyāhṛtis 167–168; and Veda(s) 113, 114–115, 116, 118, 121, 122–123, 129, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 159–160, 167–169, 178, 273, 347n33, 350n89, 352n143; and Viṣṇu 114, 125; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 204, 207, 242; see also Prajāpati
Brahma-hrada (pool of Brahman) 264, 265, 267
Brahma-kuṇḍa (Govardhana) 214, 231, 243, 375n92, 382n208, 382n216
Brahma-kuṇḍa (Vṛndāvana) 243, 247, 263, 382n208, 382n216
Brahman: and Ātman/Self 13, 15, 18, 23, 43, 104, 105, 165, 167, 305; as beyond embodiment 13, 18, 104; body of 18, 23; and Brahmā 114, 207; Brahma-hrada/pool of Brahman 264, 265, 267; Brahma-vidyā/knowledge of Brahman 40–41, 105, 142; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 15, 105; Devī as 113, 114, 125; as eternal 13, 104, 204, 347n35; as formless 15, 20, 32, 36, 37, 43, 74, 100, 105, 265, 274, 279, 305, 310; as ground of existence 20, 32; as imperishable 165, 169–170; as impersonal 15, 20, 22, 32, 43, 45, 62, 74, 100, 105, 265, 274, 279, 305, 310; and jñāna-mārga 41, 44, 305; joy/bliss of 43, 87, 144, 166, 204, 222; knowledge as nature of 113–114, 128, 165, 347n35; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 15, 20, 32–33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 49, 62, 70–71, 74, 88, 100, 113, 114, 125, 128, 130, 131, 152, 171, 175–176, 179, 204, 207, 210, 222, 224–225, 229, 251, 253, 264, 265–266, 279, 298, 304–305, 310, 330n3; Kṛṣṇaloka as beyond 35, 48, 49, 70–71, 229, 251, 298, 310; as limitless 105, 207; loka or realm of 49, 210, 264, 265–266, 283, 302; as lowest or partial aspect of Kṛṣṇa 32–33, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45–46, 62, 152, 279, 304–305; and meditation 100, 165, 166, 169–170, 264, 265, 267, 274, 279, 283, 302; Nārāyaṇa as 114; as nirguṇa/without attributes 15, 32, 43, 305; as nirviśeṣa/undifferentiated or distinctionless 15, 32, 43, 44, 49, 105, 251, 305; as nonactive 15, 43; as nonchanging 15, 18; as nonmaterial 283, 302; and Om 166, 167, 168, 169–170, 179, 274; and Paramātman 20, 32–33, 40, 43–44, 45–46, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; Paravyoman as beyond 48, 49, 70–71, 283, 298, 302, 310; as radiant effulgence of vigraha/absolute body 20, 32, 43, 49, 279, 298, 305, 310; realization of identity/unity with 15, 18, 43, 45, 49, 62, 105, 166, 274, 305; as saguṇa/with attributes 15, 43; Śiva as 113, 114, 125, 347n35; as supreme Godhead 113, 125, 126; as totality 13, 14–15, 105, 130, 305; as transcendent 169–170, 207; transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana as beyond 88, 175–176, 229, 265, 302, 315; two forms of 166; as ultimate reality 13, 18, 32, 43, 165, 305; as unbounded 15, 18; as unitary reality 43, 105; and Veda(s) 23, 113–114, 126, 128, 130, 131, 142, 143, 165, 169–170, 171, 347n35; Viṣṇu as 113, 114, 125, 171; as wholeness of existence 14–15; see also Ātman; Śabdabrahman
Brāhmaṇas xiii, 17, 18, 110–112, 127, 141, 144, 160–161, 163–165, 166, 167–168, 169, 362n4, 363n29, 364n37; see also specific Brāhmaṇas
Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa 119, 121, 122, 125, 148, 268, 348n53, 349n65
brahmanical canon 26, 109, 110–112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 139, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 178, 199, 271, 286, 345n9; see also śāstras
brahmanical tradition xiii, 19, 21, 25, 26, 29, 83, 94–95, 109–110, 112, 119, 126, 171, 172, 173, 184–185, 187, 291, 325n63, 345–346n14, 346n17, 346–347n22, 351n97, 353n157, 368nn122–123, 368n131; see also brahmanical canon; brahmins
Brahma Purāṇa 119, 125, 147, 326n72, 349n65
Brahma Saṃhitā 50, 56, 212–213, 219, 229, 256–260, 281, 291–292, 296; see also Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā
Brahma Sampradāya 26, 29, 191, 306
Brahma-Sūtras 42–43, 142, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 357n227, 358n247, 360n299
Brahmā-universes or Brahmā-eggs: and avatāras 49, 55, 71, 299; constitute material realm 49, 55, 71, 185, 222, 298, 310, 315; as cosmos bodies 57, 69–70, 298, 310; each contains fourteen worlds 49, 57, 70, 71, 195, 254, 298, 299, 310; and first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 69–70, 298; in form of cosmic eggs 49, 57, 58, 69, 298; as innumerable 47, 49, 57, 58, 69, 185, 195, 298, 310, 315; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 58, 69–70, 298; and third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 69–70, 298; see also cosmos bodies
Brahmavaivarta Purāṇa 119, 125
brahmins (priests) 4, 6, 25, 27, 28, 46, 60, 61, 64, 69, 74, 101, 116, 117, 121, 123, 124, 127, 131, 146, 148, 163, 169, 172, 173, 184, 190, 211, 230, 234, 235, 316, 325n63, 346n14, 351n97, 368n121
Braj: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 145, 146–147
Bṛhadb
hāgavatāmṛta (Sanātana Gosvāmin) 27
Bṛhadbhānu: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 217–219, 226–228, 229, 257, 377n107, 378n140
Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra 224, 237, 246, 248–249, 262
Bṛhadvāmana Purāṇa 261–262, 386n289
Bṛhadvana: see Mahāvana or Bṛhadvana
Bṛhannāradīya Purāṇa 370n156
Broo, Mans 329nn95–97, 357n228, 366n77, 390n60, 390–391n74
Brooks, Charles R. 354n170