līlā-smaraṇa (contemplative recollection) 93, 94, 98, 99–101, 285, 303, 320n15, 343n67, 370n159, 389n53; see also smaraṇa
līlā-sthalas (sites of līlā episodes) 2, 3, 26–27, 78, 97, 199, 204, 211, 215, 217, 221, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235–236, 267, 269, 371n4
Liṅga Purāṇa 119, 122, 125, 148
Lipner, Julius 327–328n81
Lochtefeld, James G. 326n73
Lock, Margaret M. 321nn22–23, 322n27
Lohajaṅghavana: see Lohavana
Lohavana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253
López Austin, Alfredo 323n35
Lorenzen, David N. 325n67
lotus-maṇḍala 377n110; as cosmic maṇḍala 219, 240–241; as cosmographic maṇḍala 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 302, 388n16; as geographic maṇḍala 217, 219–221, 224, 276; Kṛṣṇaloka as pericarp of 49, 70–71, 256, 296, 297, 298, 310; Mathurā as pericarp of 212, 213, 220, 241; Mathurā-maṇḍala as 212–214, 217, 218, 219–220, 226, 240–241, 244–245; as meditation device 193, 213, 217, 218, 219, 221, 227, 228, 272, 275, 282, 302; as meditation maṇḍala 213, 217, 228, 275; Paravyoman as petals of 49, 70–71, 256, 296, 297, 298, 310, 311; as pilgrimage maṇḍala 213, 219, 240–241; Vraja, Vṛndāvana, or Goloka-Vṛndāvana as 193–194, 217, 218, 219, 220–221, 224–228, 231, 256–260, 272, 275, 281, 282, 288–289, 296–298, 302, 314, 388n16; Vṛndāvana as pericarp of 220–221, 223
Lutgendorf, Philip 325n67, 346n19
Lynch, Owen M. 248, 384n244
MacCannell, Juliet Flower 321n22
Madanamohana: and Jaipur 234; and Jīva Gosvāmin 235; mūrti/image of 27, 234; and Sanātana Gosvāmin 27, 233, 234, 235; temples of 27, 233, 234, 235; and Vṛndāvana 27, 233, 234, 235
Mādhava 242; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Mādhavendra Purī 41, 332nn31–32, 332n35
Madhu (demon) 36, 63, 92, 253
mādhurya (sweetness) 61; of Gopāla Kṛṣṇa 36, 37, 47, 251, 297; of Kṛṣṇa as Govinda 50, 260; Kṛṣṇa’s gopa/cowherd form characterized by 5, 36, 37, 47, 50, 54, 92, 139, 251, 256, 260, 280, 297, 310–311; Kṛṣṇa’s svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form characterized by 36, 37, 47, 50, 92, 139, 251, 256, 297, 310–311; līlā in Mathurā characterized by 48, 251; līlā in transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana characterized by 5, 48, 50, 54, 251, 256, 280; Mathurā associated with 48, 251; transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana associated with 5, 37, 48, 50, 54, 251, 256, 260, 280, 297, 310–311, 385n270
mādhurya-rasa (devotional mode of erotic love) 89, 90–91, 98, 100, 102, 194, 259, 279, 285, 290–291, 297, 301–302, 304, 315–316, 340n19, 340n23
Madhusūdana: as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Madhuvana 214, 220, 230, 241–242, 249, 253, 273, 371n6, 377n115
Madhva 26, 29, 42, 142, 143, 144, 191, 306, 354n168
Mahābhārata 20–21, 23, 63, 111, 117, 119, 128, 135, 144, 146–147, 149, 150, 152, 178, 319n1, 325–326n72, 345n13, 353n157
mahā-vākya (authoritative scriptural utterance) 33, 46, 250, 330n5, 334n54
Mahāvana or Bṛhadvana 201–202, 205, 206, 214, 215, 220, 221, 232, 241–242, 249, 253, 371n6, 373n33, 385n263
mahā-yuga (cycle of four yugas, or ages) 50, 60, 116, 118, 330n7
mahiṣīs (queens): and līlā/play 251; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 251; as śaktis 72; as sixteen thousand queens of Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa 73; as vaibhava-prakāśas of Rādhā 72–73; see also Rukmiṇī
Maitri Upaniṣad 365n50
Makransky, John J. 324n48
Malamoud, Charles 324n44, 325n71, 326n74
Malti-Douglas, Fedwa 322n32, 323n35, 323n41
Mammaṭa 86
Mānasa-Gaṅgā 215, 231, 243
mānasa-yāga or mānasa-pūjā (internalized mental worship) 274, 280, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291–293, 391n75
maṇḍala (geometric diagram): as cosmographic maṇḍala 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 282–283, 302, 388n16; as meditation maṇḍala 200, 213, 216, 217, 228, 275; maṇḍalization of space 212–213, 219–220, 240–241, 296, 374n78; as tantric device 19–20, 280, 287; see also lotus-maṇḍala
Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 364n47
Māṇikkavācakar 23–24
Mān Siṅgh of Amber 233, 235, 375n93
mantras 20, 29, 41, 97, 123–124, 137, 139, 154, 159, 161–170, 173–174, 175, 178, 179, 185, 189, 258–259, 260, 272–274, 275, 277, 280–285, 287–288, 291, 293, 302, 344n7, 362n1, 362nn4–5, 362n8, 363n16, 365n51, 365n56, 388n6, 389n32, 389n39; see also Vedic mantras
mantropāsanā 277, 281, 283–285, 302–303
Manu 35, 50, 60, 64, 119, 330n7
Manu-Smṛti 111–112
manvantara (interval of Manu) 35, 50, 56, 60, 63, 64–65, 71, 117, 118, 119, 299, 330n7, 337n110, 348n53
Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa 114, 119, 125, 347n33
Marriott, McKim 16, 312, 324n59
Martin, Emily 322n32
Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff 340n10
Matchett, Freda 326n72, 328n87, 333n52
Mathurā: and ādi catur-vyūhas or prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 54, 71, 177, 225, 253, 254, 260, 297, 302, 311; associated with aiśvarya/divine majesty 37, 48, 54, 251, 253, 260, 297, 311; associated with mādhurya/sweetness 48, 251; as birthplace of Kṛṣṇa 1, 201, 211, 212, 213, 230, 241, 255, 273, 371n6; and Brahmā 253–254; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 253, 254–255; city of 1, 3, 34, 55, 201, 202, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219–220, 229, 230, 237, 241, 242, 250, 251, 252, 253–254, 255, 268, 371n6; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 252; descent of 254–255; as dhāman/realm of Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 48, 71, 229, 251, 254–255, 256, 258, 260, 297, 311; as domain of aprakaṭa/unmanifest līlā 48–49, 54, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255; as domain of earthly/manifest līlā 49, 201, 211, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255; as earthly abode of Kṛṣṇa 209, 211, 212, 229, 240, 244, 250, 252–253, 255; engaged through pilgrimage 3, 199, 210–216, 230, 231, 232, 236–244, 252–253, 268, 269, 375n86; engaged through residing in 240, 268, 269; as eternal 49, 245, 252–253, 276; as extension of vigraha/absolute body 252, 254; as geographic place 212, 229, 250, 253, 254, 255; and Gopāla Kṛṣṇa 253, 276; as greater than Vaikuṇṭha 241, 269; as heart of Kṛṣṇa 249; iconoclastic attacks on temples of 233–234; as immanent counterpart of transcendent dhāman/domain 229, 250, 251–252, 254–255; as infinite 49; and Kaṃsa 1, 255; as luminous 253, 254–255; as manifestation of Kṛṣṇa’s svarūpa/essential form 253; manifests in more than one place simultaneously 252; and material space-time continuum 49, 229, 250, 255; Mathurā-maṇḍala as region of Mathurā 201, 212–216, 217, 219–220, 236–244, 250, 268–269; and meditation 302; as nonmaterial 252, 302; as nonphenomenal and transmundane 252, 255; and parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 250, 251, 254, 255; as pericarp of lotus-maṇḍala 212, 213, 220, 241; as pilgrimage place 3, 199, 210–216, 230, 231, 232, 236–244, 250, 252–253, 375n86; as prakāśa-viśeṣa/special manifestation of transcendent dhāman/domain 251–252, 254–255; residents of 240; as transcendent dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 34, 48–49, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 258, 260, 297; as transcendent domain 34, 48, 49, 177, 229, 250, 251–253, 254–255; as unmanifest 254; and vaibhava-vilāsas 55, 78; and Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa 1, 37, 54, 201, 225, 251, 253, 255, 260, 297, 311; venerated as tadīya 356n219; see also Mathurā, pilgrimage network of city of; Mathurā-maṇḍala
Mathurā, pilgrimage network of city of: circumambulation of 3, 199, 213, 214, 241, 375n86; parikrama path 3, 199; as pilgrimage circuit within Vana-Yātrā 3, 199; as pilgrimage network within Mathurā-maṇḍala 213–214, 215, 241, 250, 375n86; see also Mathurā
Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 211, 212–213, 214, 228, 229–230, 236–249, 250, 262, 263, 268, 374n77, 375n86, 375n92, 380nn175–176, 380nn179–180, 381n193, 381–382n206, 382n208, 382nn216–217, 385n265
Mathurā Māhātmya of Varāha Purāṇa 200, 210–216, 219, 220, 221, 230, 236, 237–238, 240, 241–242, 243, 319n3
, 374n71, 374n80, 375n84, 375n86, 375n90, 375n93, 380n180, 381–382n206, 382n208, 382nn216–217
Mathurā-maṇḍala: bestows attainment of Viṣṇuloka 215, 239; bestows fruits of all tīrthas, gift-giving, and sacrificial rituals 215–216; bestows fruits of the four puruṣārthas 239, 268; bestows supreme fruit of bhakti or prema-rasa 239, 268, 269; as beyond material realm of prakṛti 219–220, 244–245; as beyond Vaikuṇṭha 245; and Bhagavān 245, 268, 269; and Brahmā 212; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 245; circumambulation of 213, 215–216, 236–237, 244–245; circumference of 212, 240, 381n193; and city of Mathurā 201, 212, 213–214, 215, 217, 219–220, 237, 241, 250, 268; as cosmic maṇḍala 219, 240–241; as dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 212, 215, 220, 240, 244, 245, 250, 268; divine forms attained by residents of 240; dust of 238–239; as embodied form of Kṛṣṇa 269; engaged through pilgrimage 212–216, 238–244, 268–269; engaged through residing in 95, 236, 240, 267–268, 269, 300, 369n140; engaged through sevā/service 268, 269; engaged through sparśana/touching 238–239, 268, 269; as eternal 244, 245; as foremost or supreme abode of Kṛṣṇa 220, 245; fruits of engaging 213, 215–216, 237, 238–240, 244, 268–269; as geographic place or region 212, 213, 219–220, 238, 240, 244; and Gokula 217, 237, 250, 268; as greater than Paravyoman or Vaikuṇṭha 269; as greatest of all tīrthas 212, 216, 238, 239, 268–269; as hidden or recondite 220, 244; infused with Kṛṣṇa’s śakti 239, 240; liberating power of 212, 215, 238–239, 240, 268; as lotus-maṇḍala 212–214, 217, 218, 219–220, 226, 240–241, 244–245; and meditation 245; as nonphenomenal 244, 245; as pilgrimage maṇḍala 213, 219, 240–241; pilgrimage networks within 213–215, 219, 238, 240–244, 250; as pilgrimage place 212–216, 236–244, 250, 268–269, 375n93; purified by Kṛṣṇa’s footsteps 212, 215, 238–239; purifying power of 212, 215, 238–239, 240; as region of Mathurā 201, 212–216, 217, 219–220, 236–244, 250, 268–269; residents of 240, 245; sacred terrain of 212, 215, 238–239, 268; term 201, 217, 237, 250, 268, 387n303; transcendent qualities or features of 213, 244, 250; as transmundane or transcendent space/domain 213, 219–220, 238, 240–241, 244–245, 250; and twelve forests 201, 214, 215, 219–220, 241–242, 250; and Viṣṇu 219–220, 245; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 95, 201, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219–220, 230, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242–243, 250, 268–269, 300, 369n140, 387n303; see also Mathurā; Vraja or Vṛndāvana; specific pilgrimage networks and sites
Matsya: as avatāra 74; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 61, 62, 335n85, 336n99; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 61, 62; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62
Matsya Purāṇa 114, 119, 121–122, 125, 147, 148, 151
Mauss, Marcel 9, 321n23
Māyāpura 55, 78
McDaniel, June 344n75
McGuire, Meredith B. 321n23, 323n37
meditation: and Bhagavān 39, 90, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 169, 172, 271, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 305; and Brahman 100, 165, 166, 169–170, 264, 265, 267, 274, 279, 283, 302; and cows 275, 284, 288–289, 390n70; and dhāmans/abodes of Kṛṣṇa 210, 213, 271, 302; and divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa 39, 89–90, 96, 97, 99–100, 128, 130, 151–152, 213, 217, 224–225, 227, 270, 271, 272, 273–276, 277, 278–281, 282, 283–284, 288, 302, 305, 331n22, 360n309, 361n318, 390n70; and Dvārakā 302; and gopas/cowherds 100, 227, 265, 275, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 390n70; and gopīs/cowmaidens 100, 102, 224, 227, 275, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 390n70; as integral to bhakti-yoga 128, 210, 271, 273, 277–278; and līlā/play of Kṛṣṇa 90, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99–101, 128, 130, 157, 170, 216, 227, 271, 272, 275, 277, 278–281, 283–285, 292, 302–303, 320n15, 343n66, 360n309, 361n318, 361–362n335; maṇḍala visualization 272, 274–276, 280, 282–283, 379n150; mantra meditation 97, 166–167, 169, 170, 189, 272–274, 280–283, 365n56; mantropāsanā 277, 281, 283–285, 302–303; and Mathurā 302; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 245; meditation maṇḍala 200, 213, 216, 217, 228, 275; and Paramātman 89–90, 279, 305; and parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 99–100, 278–279, 280–281, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 302–303; and puruṣa(s) 14, 59, 89, 128, 151–152; and Rādhā 225, 227, 275, 280; and rāgānugā-bhakti 85, 94, 98–99, 100, 106, 188, 193, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 278–280, 285, 301, 302–303, 313; and sādhana-bhakti 29, 270, 271–272, 277, 280, 304, 320n15, 342n54; and siddha-rūpa 29, 85, 94, 98–99, 100–101, 102, 106, 188, 267, 272, 277, 278, 280–281, 285, 301, 302–303, 313; and svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 39, 90, 100, 279, 331n22; terms 277; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 39, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224, 227, 228, 245–246, 264, 265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 278, 279–280, 281, 282, 283–284, 285–286, 288–289, 290–292, 293, 302, 303, 305, 331n22, 376n101, 391n75; and vaidhī-bhakti 278; and vigraha/absolute body of Kṛṣṇa 39, 90, 100, 272, 275–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 302; and Viṣṇu 83, 89, 171, 190, 279, 288, 305; and Vyāsa 39, 128, 130, 151–152, 157, 270, 271, 275–277; see also dhyāna; līlā-smaraṇa; mānasa-yāga or mānasa-pūjā; samādhi; smaraṇa
Meier, F. J. 351n118
Mennell, Stephen 321n26
Merleau-Ponty, M. 8, 308, 321n20
mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 76–79, 96–97, 296, 299–300, 303–304; acintya śakti/inconceivable power of 76–77, 96, 140, 270, 300; Bhāgavata Purāṇa as 29, 76–77, 79, 96–97, 109, 139, 140, 153, 157, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; as concrete means to engage Kṛṣṇa’s presence 29, 31, 76–78, 96–97, 139, 153, 157, 160, 176, 267, 270, 299, 300, 301, 302; and devotional bodies 29, 79, 97, 153, 300, 301; efficacious in arousing Kṛṣṇa-rati/love 76–77, 96, 140, 270, 300; as enduring modes of divine embodiment 76, 263, 300; as iconic signs that manifest the deity 77, 300; as mesocosmic avatāras 76, 263, 299–300, 307, 391n1; mūrtis/images as 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; nāmans/divine names as 29, 76–78, 79, 96, 97, 109, 160, 176, 177, 183, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; as transmundane forms nondifferent from Kṛṣṇa 76–77, 96, 140, 153, 270, 300, 301; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–97, 300, 301; Vraja as 29, 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 248, 263, 267, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307, 391n1
Michaels, Alex 322n34, 324n49
Michie, Helena 322n32
microhistorical societies 323n41
Midgley, Mary 321n21
Miles, Margaret R. 322n32, 322n35, 323n41
mind/body problem 8, 9, 12–13, 312, 321nn21–22, 323n36
mlecchas (“babbling barbarians”; foreigners) 28, 183, 186, 329n104
Mohinī: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 72, 336n99; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 72
Moi, Toril 322n30
mokṣa or mukti (liberation) 13, 15, 43, 45, 105, 131, 133, 138, 165, 170, 173, 174, 184, 187, 212, 215, 222, 238–239, 240, 268, 305, 333n47, 356n206, 368n131; see also liberation
Moore, Charles A. 345n8
Morgan, David 321n23
Mrozik, Susanne 324n48
Mṛtyuñjaya Tantra 291, 391n75
mudrās (bodily gestures) 20, 280, 284, 292, 391n84
Mukerjee, Radhakamal 328n82
mukti: see mokṣa or mukti
Mukunda 204; mūrtis/images of 95, 313; temples of 95, 313
Muller-Ortega, Paul E. 347n22
Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 365n50
mūrtis or arcās (ritual images): as arcā-avatāras/image-avatāras 74, 75–76, 79, 307, 326n75, 338n135; as image-incarnations 23, 24, 326n75; see also mūrtis or arcās of Kṛṣṇa
mūrtis or arcās (ritual images) of Kṛṣṇa: as arcā-avatāras/image-avatāras 29, 55, 75–76, 78, 79, 96, 97, 195, 196, 233, 263, 300, 307, 326n75; circumambulation of 5, 97, 213, 241; engaged through darśana/seeing 96, 97; engaged through mūrti-sevā 5, 96, 97, 320n14, 339n143, 342n55; engaged through pūjā 97; engaged through sparśana/touching 96, 97; Govardhana śilās/stones as aniconic mūrtis 4, 248; as image-incarnations 131; as mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; svay
am-prakaṭa mūrtis 4–5, 27, 233, 234; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; see also mūrtis or arcās; mūrtis of specific divine manifestations
Murty, K. Satchidananda 357n227
Naddaff, Ramona 321n24, 324n44
nāḍīs (channels) 13, 19
nāgas (semidivine serpents) 16, 253, 310
Nagatomo, Shigenori 323nn35–36
nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana (singing of divine names) 6, 24, 66, 95, 97, 156, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–175, 176, 177, 185, 188–197, 300, 339n140, 341–342n41, 344n74, 365n59, 369n145, 369n147, 370n156, 370nn165–166
nāmans (names): divine names as sonic forms of deity 23, 24, 295; inherent connection between name and form in Vedic words 141–142, 160, 165, 178; names, forms, and functions of all beings derive from Vedic words 115, 159–160; Vedic names contain subtle essence and structure of forms 159–160, 178; see also nāmans of Kṛṣṇa
nāmans (names) of Kṛṣṇa: bestow supreme fruit of prema-rasa 186–188; engaged through inscribing letters of divine name on body 97, 189; engaged through mantra meditation 97, 170, 189; engaged through nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana/singing 6, 24, 66, 95, 97, 156, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–175, 176, 177, 185, 188–197, 300, 339n140, 341–342n41, 344n74, 365n59, 369n145, 369n147, 370n156, 370nn165–166; engaged through nāma-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 97, 170, 189; engaged through nāma-śravaṇa/hearing 97, 155, 170, 176, 188–189; as full of rasa/nectar 180, 183, 186, 196; as full of sat-cit-ānanda 77, 179–181, 186, 196; invested with Kṛṣṇa’s śakti 176, 177, 178–179, 180, 183; Kṛṣṇa-nāman 178, 179–180, 182, 183, 186, 191, 196, 366n85; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as essence of all mantras and all names 178, 179–180; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as essence of Vedas 178, 179; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as most perfect and complete of divine names 179; liberating power of 171–174, 183–184; as means of fashioning devotional bodies 188, 195–197; as means of fashioning distinctive social body 184–185, 188, 190, 191–196; as mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–78, 79, 96, 97, 109, 160, 176, 177, 183, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; methods of engaging 97, 188–189; as nāma-avatāras/name-avatāras 29, 76, 77, 96, 97, 160, 176, 177–178, 181–183, 186, 188, 189, 195, 196, 263, 299, 307; nāma-saṃkīrtana as dharma of Kali Yuga 170–171, 189–191; nāma-saṃkīrtana as integral to Bhāgavata dharma 170, 171–172; nāma-saṃkīrtana as preeminent practice of bhakti-yoga 170, 171–172, 365n59; as nondifferent from svarūpa/essential nature of Kṛṣṇa 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181, 183; as nondifferent from vigraha/absolute body 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181; as nonmaterial 181; ontology of 177–180; purifying power of 171–174, 183–184; and sādhana-bhakti 176, 188, 189, 196; and sāttvika-bhāvas 188, 197; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 189, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; yajña of nāma-saṃkīrtana 187, 190; see also nāmans
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