by Conrad Black
Travis, William
Treaty of Versailles; on reparations; violations of
Trevelyan, George Otto
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Trist, Nicholas
Trudeau, Pierre
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas
Truman, Harry S.; assassination attempt on; as average man; Berlin airlift; Berlin tour; and Churchill; on civil rights; containment strategy; and Eisenhower; and Hiroshima / Nagasaki; on “iron curtain” speech; and Korean War; and MacArthur; and Marshall Plan; and McCarran Act; and Mexico; National Security Act; reelection of; and Stalin; unpopularity of
Truman, Margaret
Truman Doctrine
Turgot, A.R.J.
Turkey; Cold War missiles in; and Cyprus; decline of; in NATO; and Truman Doctrine; in World War I; and World War II
Turner, Nat
Twain, Mark
Tweed, William M.
Twining, Nathan
Tydings, Millard
Tyler, John
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Union Pacific Railway
United Fruit Company
United Nations: corruption of; founding; and Japanese surrender; and Korean War; and Saddam Hussein; and Suez crisis
United States Constitution: and Bill of Rights; checks & balances; on Congress; drafting of; Eighteenth Amendment; on Electoral College; on executive power; Fifteenth Amendment; Fifth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; genius of; ratification of; Seventeenth Amendment; Sixteenth Amendment; three-fifths slavery compromise; Twelfth Amendment; Wilson on
United States Military Academy at West Point
United States Navy; motto of
United States Steel Corporation
United States Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education; Bush v. Gore; on Civil Rights Act of 1875; DredScott; and Roosevelt
Upshur, Abel P.
U Thant
Van Buren, Martin; and Barnburners; vs. Calhoun; multiple offices of; popularity of; presidency of; reelection loss; as secretary of state; on Texas/slavery issue; as vice president
Vance, Cyrus R.
Vandenberg, Arthur
Vanderbilt, Cornelius
Van Devanter, Willis
Vanguard rocket
Van Rensselaer, Stephen
Vargas, Getulio
Vatican; anti-communism of; and Father Coughlin
Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de
Venezuela: and Britain; debt default
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count of
Victor Emmanuel III, King
Vidal, Gore
Vienot, Pierre
Vietnam: “advisers” in; Dien Bien Phu; and Eisenhower; French in; Nixon in
Vietnam War; casualties of; cease-fire; and China; and draft; and draft dodgers; force reduction; and France; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; and Ho Chi Minh Trail; Johnson’s ambivalence on; My Lai massacre; Nixon success in; and Paris talks; preferable scenarios for; protests against; public division over; support forces in; Tet Offensive; “Vietnamization” of
Villa, Francisco (Pancho)
Vincennes, USS
Vinson, Fred M.
Virgin Islands
Vishinsky, Andrei
Viviani, René
Voice of America
Volcker, Paul
Voltaire
Voroshilov, Klimenti
Voting Rights Act
Wade-Davis Bill
Wahhabis
Wainwright, Jonathan
Wake Island
Walker, Robert
Walker, Walton
Walker, William
Wallace, George
Wallace, Henry A.
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Sir Robert
Walters, Vernon
Wannsee Conference
War of 1812; capital burning; and Congress of Vienna; and national anthem; New Orleans battle; and presidential election; Roosevelt on; and Treaty of Ghent; and White House
War on Drugs
War on Poverty
War on Terror
War Powers Resolution (Act)
Warren, Earl
Warren, John Borlase (Admiral)
Warsaw Pact
Washburn, Elihu
Washington, Booker T.
Washington, George; and Adams presidency; on Alien and Sedition Acts; character of; and Cincinnatus; as commander; and Constitutional Convention; death of; esteem for; farewell address; and Federalist dispute; in French-Indian Wars; on French Revolution; and Genet affair; on “indissoluble union,” and Jefferson’s critique; at Jumonville massacre; on national greatness; on neutrality; New York retreat; Philadelphia defense; as politician; as president; on professional armies; on religious tolerance; retirement of; and slavery; on Stamp Act; and Talleyrand; on thrift; on Townshend taxes
Washington Naval Conference; Treaty
Washington Post
Watergate; and criminalizing policy; and plea-bargain system; Woodward on
Watteau, Louis
Weaver, James B.
Webster, Daniel; vs. Calhoun; as “Godlike Daniel,” on Habsburg Empire (to Hül-semann); as presidential candidate; as secretary of state; on slavery; and Whig Party
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Weed, Thurlow
Welles, Sumner
Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
West, Benjamin
West Indies; in American Revolution; British power in; and France; and Hamilton; in Seven Years’ War; trade access in
Westmoreland, William
Weyand, Frederick
Weyler, Valeriano (Butcher)
Wheeler, Burton K.
Wheeler, William A.
Whig Party; anti-slavery dissembling; and Clay; and Constitutional Union Party; and Harrison; and Republican Party; vanishing of
Whiskey Rebellion
White, Hugh L.
Whitman, Ann
Wickersham, George
Wilhelm II, Emperor; on Morocco; and World War I
Wilhelmina, Queen
Wilkinson, James
Willentz, Sean
Willkie, Wendell
Wilmot, David
Wilson, Charles
Wilson, Edith
Wilson, Harold
Wilson, Henry
Wilson, Hugh
Wilson, James
Wilson, Thomas Woodrow; army expansion; banking reform; and Chamberlain; on Constitution; Fourteen Points; and Hoover; idealism of; inflexibility of; intellect of; and League of Nations; and Mexican turmoil; on neutrality; as New Jersey governor; as orator; and Panama Canal; and Paris Peace Conference; peace platform; public rejection of; racial attitudes of; reelection; stroke disablement; and World War I
Wilson, William
Winant, John G.
Winder, William
Wingate, Orde
Wolcott, Oliver
Wolfe, James
Wolsey, Thomas Cardinal
women’s enfranchisement
Wood, Leonard
Woodbury, Levi
Woodring, Harry
Woodward, Bob
World Trade Center
World War I; antecedents of; armistice; blockade; casualties of; conscription for; Declaration of London; influenza pandemic; Lusitania sinking; and Mexico; National Defense Act (1916); Paris Peace Conference; and Preparedness Movement; reparations demands; scars of; Schlieffen Plan; submarine warfare; U.S. entry into; Verdun; Wilson peace efforts
World War II; Anvil; in Ardennes; Atlantic Charter; and atom bomb; and Australia; Balkans division; Battle of Britain; blitzkrieg; Cairo Conference; Casablanca Conference; casualties of; and Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland); D-Day; decryption; Dunkirk evacuation; France’s fall; Free French movement; and Geneva Convention; Guadalcanal; and Hawaiian Islands; Hitler’s war declaration; in Italy; Iwo Jima; and Japan; Japanese surrender; Kursk; Lend-Lease; Leningrad; Manhattan Project; Midway; Munich Agreement; Normandy landing; in North Africa; Okinawa;
Operation Barbarossa; Overlord plan; and Russia; and Pacific Fleet; Paris Peace Conference; Pearl Harbor; in Philippines; and Poland; Potsdam Conference; Quebec conferences; and separate peace worries; Soviet manpower; Stalingrad; submarine warfare; Tehran Conference; Washington Conference; Yalta Conference
Wright, Fielding
Wright, Silas
Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammad
Yalta Conference; critics of; “sell-out” myth
Yalta Declarations; and Eisenhower demands; violations of
Yamamoto, Isoroku
Yeltsin, Boris
Yom Kippur War
Young, Owen D.
Yugoslavia; Hitler’s invasion of; Soviet power in; unraveling of; and
Yalta plan
Zapata, Emiliano
Zhukov, Georgi
Zimmerman, Alfred
1 During the Pugachev Revolt of 1774, which inflamed much of southern Russia, Catherine wrote to her friend the French philosopher and agitator Voltaire that that region had become infected because it was “inhabited by all the good-for-nothings of whom Russia has thought fit to rid herself over the past 40 years, rather in the same spirit that the American colonies were populated.” The British made Homeric efforts to persuade Catherine to assist them against France, Spain, and the American colonists in coming years, but Catherine, though an Anglophile and well-disposed, sagely declined, even when offered Minorca as an inducement. (RKM402)
2 In contravention of binding treaties and the judgment of the U.S. Supreme Court.
3 Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754–1766, London, Faber and Faber, 2000, p. 203.
4 Anderson, op. cit., p. 173.
5 Anderson, op. cit., p. 226.
6 Anderson, op. cit., p. 298.
7 This version of events, long conventionally accepted, is not undisputed, and it is impossible to be certain of it because of Wolfe’s premature death and the lack of corroboration of his alleged comments, but it still seems likely.
8 Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 76.
9 Ibid. p. 74.
10 Ibid. p. 72.
11 The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, Childs and Peterson, 1840, vol. 1, p. 255–256.
12 Shortly after, Newfoundland settled into a long notoriety as a poor province. It went bankrupt as an autonomous dominion in the 1930s and more or less fell into the arms of Canada in 1949, but finally became wealthy with the development of off-shore oil in the early twenty-first century.
13 The death of the Czarina Elizabeth is celebrated as the miracle of the House of Brandenburg, and it was invoked by Goebbels and Hitler, inaccurately, in the desperation of their bunker, following the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 (Chapter 11).
14 Anderson, op. cit., p. 493.
15 Morgan, op. cit., pp. 86, 90.
16 Morgan, op. cit., p. 114.
17 Ibid. p. 141.
18 Ibid. p. 142.
19 Morgan, op. cit., p. 152.
20 Morgan, op. cit., p. 161.
21 Ibid. p. 163.
22 James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 16.
23 Burns and Dunn, op. cit., p. 17.
24 Morgan, op. cit., p. 171.
25 Ibid. p. 175.
26 Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 191. It somewhat presaged Abraham Lincoln’s addresses in the late 1850s when he warned the South that if it came to war, the North had too many people not to prevail (Chapter 6). With one as with the other, a knowledge of the demographic trend was a consoling trump card in the struggle both sought to avoid but considered likely.
27 Ibid. p. 203.
28 Ibid. p. 206.
29 Morgan, op. cit., p. 217.
30 James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 26.
31 Robert Harvey, A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, John Murray, 2001, p. 428.
32 Morgan, op. cit., p. 223.
33 It was a little like the comparative gentleness that some have claimed limited the German approach at Dunkirk 164 years later (Chapter 9). Both interpretations are improbable.
34 William J. Casey Where and How the War Was Fought: An Armchair Tour of the American Revolution, New York, Morrow, 1976, p. 91. This may have been the inspiration for Winston Churchill’s comment to on the Battle of Britain in 1940: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
35 Casey, op. cit., p. 100.
36 Harvey, op. cit., p. 298.
37 Casey, op. cit., p. 129. As would be the case in reverse between the British and Americans with the Battle of Britain 163 years later (Chapter 10), the argument for assistance was much strengthened by the performance of the petitioner.
38 The arrival of Von Steuben and other swashbucklers such as the Marquis de Lafayette and the Poles, Tadeusz Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski, presaged the international attraction of future wars of pure popular motive, such as the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939.
39 As General William Westmoreland would ask for 206,000 more men after the Tet offensive in Vietnam in 1968 and would be kicked upstairs to army chief of staff just before the commander-in-chief, President Lyndon Johnson, also withdrew (Chapter 14).
40 Harvey, op. cit., pp. 307–308. Little of this has changed in the intervening centuries, though there were some celebratory moments with the Third Republic, including the one that produced the Statue of Liberty.
41 Harvey, op. cit., p. 334.
42 Harvey, op. cit., p. 346.
43 Harvey, op. cit., p. 391.
44 Harvey, op. cit., p. 434.
45 Harvey, op. cit., p. 438.
46 Harvey, op. cit., p. 444.
47 Jeffrey St. John, Constitutional journal: A Correspondent’s Report from the Convention of 1787, Ottawa, Illinois, Jameson Books, 1987.
48 Burns and Dunn, op. cit., p. 45.
49 Disclosure requires reference to the author’s legal travails as the actual basis of this reflection; they are fully described in my previous book, A Matter of Principle, and summarized in the last footnote of Chapter 16.
50 Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life, New York, Penguin, 2010, p. 554.
51 Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 470.
52 Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 100.
53 Wood, op. cit., p. 157.
54 Ibid. p. 158.