Flight of the Eagle: The Grand Strategies That Brought America from Colonial Dependence to World Leadership
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Travis, William
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1 During the Pugachev Revolt of 1774, which inflamed much of southern Russia, Catherine wrote to her friend the French philosopher and agitator Voltaire that that region had become infected because it was “inhabited by all the good-for-nothings of whom Russia has thought fit to rid herself over the past 40 years, rather in the same spirit that the American colonies were populated.” The British made Homeric efforts to persuade Catherine to assist them against France, Spain, and the American colonists in coming years, but Catherine, though an Anglophile and well-disposed, sagely declined, even when offered Minorca as an inducement. (RKM402)
2 In contravention of binding treaties and the judgment of the U.S. Supreme Court.
3 Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of the Empire in British North America, 1754–1766, London, Faber and Faber, 2000, p. 203.
4 Anderson, op. cit., p. 173.
5 Anderson, op. cit., p. 226.
6 Anderson, op. cit., p. 298.
7 This version of events, long conventionally accepted, is not undisputed, and it is impossible to be certain of it because of Wolfe’s premature death and the lack of corroboration of his alleged comments, but it still seems likely.
8 Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 76.
9 Ibid. p. 74.
10 Ibid. p. 72.
11 The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, Childs and Peterson, 1840, vol. 1, p. 255–256.
12 Shortly after, Newfoundland settled into a long notoriety as a poor province. It went bankrupt as an autonomous dominion in the 1930s and more or less fell into the arms of Canada in 1949, but finally became wealthy with the development of off-shore oil in the early twenty-first century.
13 The death of the Czarina Elizabeth is celebrated as the miracle of the House of Brandenburg, and it was invoked by Goebbels and Hitler, inaccurately, in the desperation of their bunker, following the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 (Chapter 11).
14 Anderson, op. cit., p. 493.
15 Morgan, op. cit., pp. 86, 90.
16 Morgan, op. cit., p. 114.
17 Ibid. p. 141.
18 Ibid. p. 142.
19 Morgan, op. cit., p. 152.
20 Morgan, op. cit., p. 161.
21 Ibid. p. 163.
22 James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 16.
23 Burns and Dunn, op. cit., p. 17.
24 Morgan, op. cit., p. 171.
25 Ibid. p. 175.
26 Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 191. It somewhat presaged Abraham Lincoln’s addresses in the late 1850s when he warned the South that if it came to war, the North had too many people not to prevail (Chapter 6). With one as with the other, a knowledge of the demographic trend was a consoling trump card in the struggle both sought to avoid but considered likely.
27 Ibid. p. 203.
28 Ibid. p. 206.
29 Morgan, op. cit., p. 217.
30 James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, New York, Grove Press, 2001, p. 26.
31 Robert Harvey, A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, John Murray, 2001, p. 428.
32 Morgan, op. cit., p. 223.
33 It was a little like the comparative gentleness that some have claimed limited the German approach at Dunkirk 164 years later (Chapter 9). Both interpretations are improbable.
34 William J. Casey Where and How the War Was Fought: An Armchair Tour of the American Revolution, New York, Morrow, 1976, p. 91. This may have been the inspiration for Winston Churchill’s comment to on the Battle of Britain in 1940: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
35 Casey, op. cit., p. 100.
36 Harvey, op. cit., p. 298.
37 Casey, op. cit., p. 129. As would be the case in reverse between the British and Americans with the Battle of Britain 163 years later (Chapter 10), the argument for assistance was much strengthened by the performance of the petitioner.
38 The arrival of Von Steuben and other swashbucklers such as the Marquis de Lafayette and the Poles, Tadeusz Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski, presaged the international attraction of future wars of pure popular motive, such as the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939.
39 As General William Westmoreland would ask for 206,000 more men after the Tet offensive in Vietnam in 1968 and would be kicked upstairs to army chief of staff just before the commander-in-chief, President Lyndon Johnson, also withdrew (Chapter 14).
40 Harvey, op. cit., pp. 307–308. Little of this has changed in the intervening centuries, though there were some celebratory moments with the Third Republic, including the one that produced the Statue of Liberty.
41 Harvey, op. cit., p. 334.
42 Harvey, op. cit., p. 346.
43 Harvey, op. cit., p. 391.
44 Harvey, op. cit., p. 434.
45 Harvey, op. cit., p. 438.
46 Harvey, op. cit., p. 444.
47 Jeffrey St. John, Constitutional journal: A Correspondent’s Report from the Convention of 1787, Ottawa, Illinois, Jameson Books, 1987.
48 Burns and Dunn, op. cit., p. 45.
49 Disclosure requires reference to the author’s legal travails as the actual basis of this reflection; they are fully described in my previous book, A Matter of Principle, and summarized in the last footnote of Chapter 16.
50 Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life, New York, Penguin, 2010, p. 554.
51 Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 470.
52 Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 100.
53 Wood, op. cit., p. 157.
54 Ibid. p. 158.