Nicholas and Alexandra: The Tragic, Compelling Story of the Last Tsar and his Family

by Robert K. Massie

  Klyuchevsky, Vassily O., Peter the Great. New York, Dutton, 1963.

  Laue, T. H. von, “Count Witte and the Russian Revolution of 1905,” The American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (February, 1958).

  Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, The Empire of the Tsars. Translated by Z. Ragozin. 2 vols. New York, Putnam, 1898.

  Longford, Elizabeth, Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed. New York, Harper and Row, 1964.

  Magnus, Philip, King Edward the Seventh. New York, Dutton, 1964.

  Mahan, Rear Admiral Alfred T., On Naval Warfare. Edited by Allan Westcott. Boston, Little, Brown, 1942.

  Mansergh, Nicholas, The Coming of the First World War. New York, Longmans, Green, 1949.

  Mazour, Anatole G., Rise and Fall of the Romanovs. Princeton, Van Nostrand, 1960.

  ——, Russia Past and Present. New York, Van Nostrand, 1951.

  Moorehead, Alan, The Russian Revolution, New York, Harper, 1958.

  Nicolson, Harold. King George the Fifth, London, Constable, 1952.

  Pares, Bernard, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. New York, Vintage Books, 1961. (Cited in Notes as Pares.)

  ——, A History of Russia. New York, Knopf, 1960 edition.

  Payne, Robert, The Life and Death of Lenin. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1964.

  Pope-Hennessy, James, Queen Mary. New York, Knopf, 1960.

  Pridham, Francis, Close of a Dynasty. London, Wingate, 1956.

  Radziwill, Catherine, Nicholas II: The Last of the Tsars. London, Cassell, 1931.

  Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., A History of Russia. Oxford University Press, 1963.

  Sacher, Howard M., The Course of Modern Jewish History. Cleveland, World, 1958.

  Taper, Bernard, Balanchine. New York, Harper & Row, 1960.

  Tuchman, Barbara, The Guns of August. New York, Macmillan, 1962. (Cited in Notes as Tuchman.)

  ——, The Proud Tower. New York, Macmillan, 1966.

  Tupper, Harmon, To the Great Ocean. Boston, Little, Brown, 1965.

  Walworth, Arthur, Woodrow Wilson. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1965.

  Wheeler-Bennett, John, King George VI. New York, St. Martin’s, 1958.

  Wilson, Colin, Rasputin and the Fall of the Romanovs. New York, Farrar, Straus, 1964.

  Wolfe, Bertram, Three Who Made a Revolution. 2 vols. New York, Time Inc., 1964.

  MEDICAL SOURCES

  Agle, David P., “Psychiatric Studies of Patients with Hemophilia and Related States,” Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 114: 76–82 (July, 1964).

  Brinkhous, Kenneth M., editor, Hemophilia and Hemophiloid Diseases. University of North Carolina Press, 1957.

  Gun, W. T. J., “Hemophilia in the Royal Caste,” The Eugenics Review, Vol. 29, No. 4: 245–246 (January, 1938).

  Haldane, J. B. S., Heredity and Politics. New York, Norton, 1938.

  ——, “Sang Royal, Etude de l’Hémophilie dans les familles royales d’Europe,” La Pensée: Revue de rationalisme moderne, Vol. 1, No. 1: 39–51 (Paris, 1939).

  Iltis, Hugo, “Hemophilia: ‘The Royal Disease’ and the British Royal Family,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. 39, No. 4: 113–116 (April, 1948).

  Lucas, Oscar, A. Finkelman and L. M. Tocantins, “Management of Tooth Extractions in Hemophiliacs by the Combined Use of Hypnotic Suggestion, Protective Splints and Packing of Sockets,” Journal of Oral Surgery, Anesthesia and Hospital Dental Service, Vol. 20: 34/489–46/500 (November, 1962).

  Massie, Robert K., “They Live on Borrowed Blood,” Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 236, No. 7: 32–34 (May 4, 1963).

  Mattsson, Ake, and Samuel Gross, “Adaptational and Defensive Behavior in Young Hemophiliacs and Their Parents” and “Social and Behavioral Studies on Hemophilic Children and Their Families” (Unpublished papers delivered at the American Psychiatric Association Meetings, New York, N.Y., May 3–8, 1965).

  McKusick, Victor A., “The Royal Hemophilia,” Scientific American, Vol. 213, No. 2: 88–95 (August, 1965).

  REFERENCE WORKS

  Almanach de Gotha, 1914 edition.

  Chujoy, Anatole, The Dance Encyclopedia. New York, A. S. Barnes, 1949.

  Duncan, David Douglas, The Kremlin. New York, Graphic Society, 1960.

  Gosling, Nigel, Leningrad. New York, Dutton, 1965.

  McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961.

  Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 9. New York, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Inc., 1949.

  Index

  Aehrenthal, Freiherr von, 1

  Albert, Prince (eldest son of Edward VII), 1, 2

  Albert, Prince (son of George V), see George VI

  Aleichem, Sholom, 1

  Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 1, 2, 3

  Alexander II, Tsar of Russia assassination of, 1, 2

  freeing of serfs by, 1

  Alexander III, Tsar of Russia accession of, 1

  anti-Semitism of, 1

  character and personality of, 1, 2

  children of, 1, 2; see also George, Grand Duke;

  Michael, Grand Duke;

  Nicholas II;

  Olga, Grand Duchess; Xenia, Grand Duchess

  in derailment (1888), 1

  illness and death of, 1, 2

  Nicholas and, 1, 2, 3 Nicholas’ marriage, 1, 2, 3

  preparation for the throne, 1, 2

  Pobedonostsev and, 1, 2

  policy of, 1, 2

  Ulyanov’s assassination attempt against, 1

  wife of, see Marie Fedorovna

  William II and, 1

  Alexander, Tsarevich (first son of Alexander III), 1

  Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke (Sandro), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on abdication of Nicholas, 1

  predicts Revolution, 1

  seeks responsible government, 1

  Alexander Palace (Tsarskoe Selo) described, 1, 2

  Imperial family as prisoners in, 1, 2, 3

  searched for clandestine wireless stations, 1

  siege of, 1

  Alexandra, Queen of England, 1, 2, 3, 4 on William II, 1

  Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress (Alix) assassination of, 1, 2

  birth of, 1

  childhood of, 1 mother’s death, 1

  children of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on Imperial train, 1, 2

  on Imperial yacht, 1

  measles during March Revolution, 1, 2, 3, 4

  proposed marriages of daughters, 1, 2

  see also Alexis, Tsarevich; Anastasia, Grand Duchess; Marie, Grand Duchess; Olga, Grand Duchess; Tatiana, Grand Duchess

  coronation of, 1

  criticism of, 1, 2 by British Ambassador in Paris, 1, 2

  for her influence in public affairs, 1, 2, 3

  after March Revolution, 1

  as pro-German, 1, 2

  relations with Rasputin, 1, 2, 3, 4

  education of, 1

  friends of, 1;

  see also Rasputin, Gregory; Vyrubova, Anna at funeral of Alexander III, 1

  illnesses of, 1, 2, 3

  Kokovtsov and, 1, 2, 3

  letters to Miss Jackson from, 1, 2

  at Livadia Palace, 1, 2

  in March Revolution, 1, 2

  Marie (Empress Dowager) and, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Nicholas and courtship, 1, 2, 3

  engagement, 1, 2

  mandate to oversee internal affairs, 1

  married life, 1, 2

  wedding, 1, 2, 3

  1905 Revolution and, 1

  personality and characteristics of, 1, 2 clothes, 1, 2

  described in Ekaterinburg, 1

  described in 1914, 1

  described two weeks before Revolution, 1

  fascination with swastika, 1n, 2

  letters to Nicholas, 1

  modesty, 1

  patriotism, 1, 2

  shocked by Russian court, 1

  shyness, 1

  pet dog of, 1

  as prisoner, 1, 2, 3 in Ekaterinburg, 1, 2, 3

  Kerensky’s visits, 1

  plans to escape, 1

/>   in Tobolsk, 1, 2

  transfer to Tobolsk, 1

  Yakovlev and, 1, 2

  Rasputin and assassination of Rasputin, 1, 2, 3, 4

  her faith in him, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

  her telegram from Spala, 1

  his evaluation of Stolypin and Kokovtsov, 1

  military advice, 1

  political advice, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Regency of Alexandra, 1

  rejects Albert’s proposal of marriage, 1

  religious feelings of Alexis’ hemophilia and, 1

  conversion to Orthodoxy, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Father Vassiliev and, 1

  teaches religion, 1, 2

  zeal over orthodoxy, 1

  Russo-Japanese War and, 1

  at Tsarskoe Selo, 1, 2

  Victoria (Queen) and, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  William II and, 1, 2

  World War and nursing work, 1

  opposes Nicholas Nicolaievich, 1

  at outbreak of War, 1

  supervises affairs of state, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  visits field headquarters, 1

  Alexeiev, Adm., 1

  Alexeiev, Gen. Michael Vasilevich, 1, 2, 3, 4 in Civil War, 1, 2

  in March Revolution, 1

  personality and characteristics of, 1

  Rasputin’s advice and, 1

  Alexis the Mild, Tsar of Russia, 1

  Alexis, Tsarevich, 1 assassination of, 1, 2

  birth of, 1

  boy who claimed to be, 1

  described, 1, 2

  at field headquarters, 1, 2, 3

  hemophilia of, 1, 2, 3 Alexandra and, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  “Daredevil” reaction, 1

  described, 1

  first hemorrhage, 1

  Gilliard on, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  kept secret from Russian people, 1, 2

  in 1915 and 1916, 1, 2

  at outbreak of War, 1, 2, 3, 4

  significance in history of, 1, 2

  measles of, 1, 2

  Nicholas and, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 discipline, 1

  in Ekaterinburg, 1

  at field headquarters, 1, 2, 3

  tour of front, 1

  Nicholas’ abdication and, 1, 2

  personality of, 1, 2

  as prisoner, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in Ekaterinburg, 1, 2

  in Tobolsk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Rasputin and, 1, 2, 3, 4 healing powers of Rasputin, 1, 2

  Spala crisis, 1

  at tercentenary celebration, 1

  Alexis, Tsarevich (son of Peter the Great), 1

  Alexis, Grand Duke, influence on Nicholas of, 1, 2

  Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt and Princess of England, 1 as hemophilie carrier, 1, 2

  Alix, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, see Alexandra Fedorovna

  Alfonso, Grown Prince of Spain, 1

  Anastasia, Grand Duchess, 1, 2, 3, 4 assassination of, 1

  birth of, 1, 2

  described, 1

  after March Revolution, 1, 2, 3

  Nicholas saves life of, 1

  in Tobolsk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  women who claimed to be, 1, 2

  Anastasia, Grand Duchess (daughter of King of Montenegro), 1, 2, 3

  Anderson, Anna, 1

  Andrei, Grand Duke, 1, 2, 3

  Anitchkov Palace (St Petersburg), 1, 2, 3

  Anthony, Metropolitan, 1

  April Theses, 1

  Archangel, 1

  Augusta, German Kaiserin, 1

  Avadeyev, Alexander, 1, 2

  Bakst, Lev, 1

  Balanchine, George, 1

  Balmoral Castle, 1, 2

  Baranovich, field headquarters at, 1

  Bariatinsky, Prince, 1, 2

  Bariatinsky, Princess Marie, 1

  Basily, Nicholas, 1, 2

  Beatrice, Princess of England, 1, 2

  Beatty, Adm. Sir David, in Russia, 1

  Belaiev, Gen., 1

  Beletsky, Gen., 1, 2

  Benckendorff, Count Paul, 1, 2 death of, 1

  after March Revolution, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

  as monarchist representative in Moscow, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Benckendorff, Countess, 1

  Berchtold, Count Leopold von, outbreak of war and, 1, 2, 3

  Bertie, see Edward VII

  Bertie, Lord Francis, 1, 2

  Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 1

  Bezobrazov (cavalry officer), 1

  Bialowieza, 1

  Bismarck, Prince Otto von Russian policy of, 1

  on William II, 1

  Björkö, treaty of, 1

  Black Hundreds, 1

  Bliokh, Ivan, 1

  Blok, Alexander, 1

  Bogrov, Mordka, 1, 2

  Bokhara, Emir of, 1

  Bolshevik Revolution, 1

  Bonar Law, Andrew, 1

  Boris, Grand Duke, 1, 2

  Borodino ceremonies (1912), 1, 2

  Botkin, Dr. Eugene, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 assassination of, 1, 2

  in Ekaterinburg, 1, 2

  keeps secret of Tsarevich’s hemophilia, 1n

  personality and characteristics of, 1

  receives Order of St. Anna, 1

  in Spala crisis, 1, 2

  in Tobolsk, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Botkin, Gleb, 1, 2, 3

  Botkina, Tatiana, 1, 2n

  Brassova, Countess, 1, 2

  Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 1, 2, 3

  Brissac, Mme., 1

  Bruce Lockhart, R. H., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Buchanan, Sir George, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 asylum for Imperial family and, 1

  later career of, 1

  warns Nicholas of Revolution, 1

  Buchanan, Meriel, 1, 2, 3

  Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, 1, 2

  Buxhoeveden, Baroness, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 in Ekaterinburg, 1, 2

  Bykov, P. M., 1, 2, 3

  Carol II, King of Rumania, 1

  Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan (St. Petersburg), 1

  Catherine I, Empress of Russia, 1

  Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia, 1, 2, 3, 4 anti-Semitism of, 1n

  Catherine Palace (Tsarskoe Selo) converted into hospital, 1

  described, 1

  Chagall, Marc, 1

  Chaliapin, Fedor, 1, 2

  Chekov, Anton, 1

  Cheremetevskaya, Nathalie (Countess Brassova), 1, 2

  Christian IX, King of Denmark, 1, 2

  Christian X, King of Denmark, 1

  Churchill, Winston, 1, 2 on fall of Nicholas, 1

  Constantine, Grand Duke, 1

  Corelli, Marie, 1

  Conrad-Hötzendorf, Field Marshal Count Franz von, 1, 2, 3

  Crimea, described, 1; see also Livadia Palace

  Cubat (Imperial chef), 1

  Cyril, Grand Duke in March Revolution, 1, 2, 3

  Nicholas’ opposition to marriage of, 1

  in succession to throne, 1

  Dagmar, Princess of Denmark, see Marie Fedorovna, Empress

  Danilov, Gen., 1

  Darmstadt, described, 1

  Dehn, Lili, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 arrested, 1

  Demidova (Empress’ maid), 1 assassination of, 1

  Deniken, Gen. Anton Ivanovich, 1 in Civil War, 1

  Derevenko (companion of Tsarevich Alexis), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 after March Revolution, 1

  Derevenko, Dr. Vladimir, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

  Diaghilev, Serge, 1

  Dieterichs, Gen. M. K., 1

  Disraeli, Benjamin, 1

  Dmitry, Grand Duke, 1 in assassination of Rasputin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  later life of, 1

  punishment of, 1, 2

  Dogger Bank incident, 1, 2, 3

  Dolgoruky, Prince Vassily, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Dreyfus case, 1

  Duma, 1 Alexandra’s opinion of, 1

  establishment of, 1

  Goremykin in, 1

  Kerensky’s inflammatory speech in, 1

  Lena goldfields inve
stigation in, 1

  in March Revolution, 1, 2 ordered suspended by Nicholas, 1, 2

  Nicholas appears before, 1

  at outbreak of War, 1

  Rasputin and, 1, 2, 3

  Stürmer and, 1, 2

  summoned by Nicholas (1915), 1

  See also Nicholas II–ministers of

  Dupont, Gen., 1

  Dzhunkovsky, Gen., 1

  Eager, Miss, 1

  Easter festival, 1, 2 Fabergé eggs for, 1, 2

  Edward VII, King of England (Uncle Bertie), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 compared to Nicholas, 1

  death of, 1

  Nicholas’ 1909 visit to, 1

  Edward VIII, King of England (later Duke of Windsor), 1, 2 birth of, 1

  meets Nicholas, 1

  Ekaterinburg assassination of Imperial family in, 1 bodies hidden, 1

  museum of, 1

  ratified by Central Executive Committee, 1

  White investigation, 1

  fierce Bolshevik spirit of, 1, 2

  Imperial family brought to, 1, 2

  Imperial family in, 1, 2 possible rescue attempts, 1

  White Army in, 1

  Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 1

  Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 1

  Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 1, 2, 3