Epidemic
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Crozier, Ian, 246
Cruz, Ted, 167
Cuomo, Andrew, 195, 200–03
Dahn, Bernice, 52
Dallas (Texas) Ebola outbreak, 162–74; contact tracing in, 165; origins of, 162–64; quarantines in, 166, 168–69, 171; response effort for, 166, 172; survivors of, 173–74; travel ban controversy resulting from, 167–68; treatments for victims of, 165, 169, 170
DART. See Disaster Assistance Response Team
Data science, 141–43
Dead body management. See Burial teams
De Cock, Kevin, 111
Defense Department, U.S., 107, 125, 146–50
De Gaulle, Charles, 30
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ebola virus in, 264
Dempsey, Martin, 147, 159
Department of ___. See specific name of department
DeVries, Piet: burial teams supported by, 224–27; on cremation, 109; on decline of new Ebola cases, 52; emergency health technician network created by, 104; in international response effort, 34–35, 38–40, 57; on Liberian health-care system, 36; water sanitation program led by, 34, 104, 220, 221
Diagnostic testing, 48–49, 54, 61–65, 112–13, 121, 255
Diakite, Aboubacar Sidiki, 36
Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART), 107–08, 119, 122–23, 145–46
Disco Hill cemetery, 231–33
Diseases. See specific diseases
Doctors Without Borders. See Médecins Sans Frontières
Duncan, Karsiah, 161–62, 170
Duncan, Thomas Eric, 161–65, 169–70, 172, 175, 179, 181
Dye, Christopher, 10, 36, 45, 52, 256
Dysentery, 10
Ebola czar, 179, 181, 241. See also Klain, Ron
Ebola treatment units (ETUs): Army-built facilities, 153–59, 185, 230, 239–40, 242, 255; ELWA-sponsored, 89, 110–11; as hot zones, 133; inadequacy of, 2, 116, 117; Lassa ward conversion to, 56–57; MSF-operated, 34, 37, 48, 61, 66–69, 76, 117; in Nigerian outbreak, 84; Samaritan Purse facilities, 51, 89–90; in U.S., 184, 197–98; USAID funding of, 123; for Westerners, 148, 154, 239
Ebola virus (EBOV): aftereffects of survivors, 1–2, 246, 261–62; antibodies to, 23, 26–27, 94, 170, 245, 250; case curve typical of, 51, 57, 59; Central Africa outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53; diagnostic testing for, 48–49, 54, 61–65, 112–13, 121, 255; genetic sequencing of, 65, 238–39; history of outbreaks, 19–23; mortality rates, 20, 22, 33, 44, 69, 259; mutation possibilities, 123–25; naming of, 3, 20; research efforts, 23–27; reservoir host for, 8, 17, 52, 53; spread of, 3–4, 18, 172; stigma associated with, 53, 67, 74, 84, 90, 262; structure and reproduction of, 17–18, 124; symptoms of, 1, 4, 8; vaccines for, 27, 48, 49, 84, 250–52. See also Dallas (Texas) Ebola outbreak; Experimental treatments; Quarantines; West Africa Ebola outbreak
Education. See Public education campaigns
eHealth Africa, 217–18
Eisenhunt, Debbie, 93–94
Ejelonu, Obi Justina, 86
Emergency health technicians (EHTs), 104
Emergency Investigational New Drug Applications, 165
Emergency operations centers, 129–30, 166, 203, 213–14, 218
Emory University Hospital (Atlanta), 95–96, 173
Epidemic Intelligence Service, 131, 136, 235
Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA), 66, 89, 92, 96, 110–14
Ethnic conflicts, 29, 35
ETUs. See Ebola treatment units
Experimental treatments: BCX4430, 249; brincidofovir, 165, 169, 250; debates regarding, 48, 50, 77, 96–97; Favipiravir, 49, 50, 249; GS5734, 249; legal protection for, 251–52, 255; MIL 77, 249; TKM-Ebola, 165, 250; ZMapp, 77–78, 81, 93–97, 122, 165, 249
Facebook, 215, 216
Fallah, Mosaka, 67–68, 100–01, 246
Fashola, Babatunde, 83
Fauci, Anthony: on CDC modeling projections, 126; on Dallas Ebola outbreak, 172, 174; on experimental treatments, 50–51; on health infrastructure, 265; HIV/AIDS cases handled by, 192; on inadequacy of response efforts, 69, 107; as Interagency Policy Committee member, 105; in international response effort, 36, 37, 146; on mutation possibilities, 124–25; on Obama administration response to Ebola crisis, 178; on quarantines, 184, 193; on research efforts, 24; on spread of Ebola virus, 3–4; on travel bans, 167
Favipiravir, 49, 50, 249
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Feldmann, Heinz, 111, 113
Females, risk of Ebola infection for, 38, 102, 247
Fields, Barry, 111–14, 266
Filoviruses, 14, 17, 19
Fitness Trackers, 208–09
Fletcher, Tom, 60
Flu virus, 22, 123, 269
Fonnie, Mbalu, 75, 76
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 48–49, 121, 165, 249, 250
Food for Peace program, 248
Formenty, Pierre, 13, 45
Fowler, Rob, 37
Free black settlements, 27–29
Freetown (Sierra Leone): colonial history of, 28; contact tracing in, 67; Ebola cases in, 3, 57; emergency operations center in, 213–14, 218; population of, 3; slums of, 3; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 230
French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, 249
Frenk, Julio, 257–58
Frieden, Tom: on aftereffects of Ebola virus, 247; briefings led by, 130, 191–92; on bureaucratic delays, 211; on CDC modeling projections, 126–27; on Dallas Ebola outbreak, 166, 172; on experimental treatments, 97; on inadequacy of response efforts, 69, 107; on Incident Management System, 116–17; on influenza, 269; as Interagency Policy Committee member, 105, 186; in international response effort, 37, 45, 122, 146, 266; on Nigeria Ebola outbreak, 87; personal protection equipment used by, 255; on preparedness for future disease outbreaks, 265; on quarantines, 184; science-based pronouncements made by, 181; on spread of Ebola virus, 3–4, 83; on U.S. Army deployment and mission, 147; visits to outbreak areas, 1–2, 115–18, 127, 145, 211
Funerary traditions, 4, 10, 13, 109, 131, 253. See also Burial teams
Gabon, Ebola virus in, 21
Garry, Robert, 25–27, 55–56, 60, 71, 74, 77–78
Gates, Robert, 167, 179
Gavi, the Global Vaccine Alliance, 252
Gender differences, in risk of Ebola infection, 38, 102, 247
Genetic sequencing, 65, 72, 238–39
Gentile, Brian, 149
Giberson, Scott, 148
Gire, Stephen, 65
GlaxoSmithKline, 251, 252
Gleischman, Max, 203, 204
Global Communities: burial teams from, 104, 224–28, 230, 236; credibility with rural populations, 40, 220–21, 223; funding for, 108; supply deliveries by, 34–35, 40, 52; water sanitation program run by, 34, 40, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
Global Health Security Agenda, 265
Global positioning systems (GPS), 84
Global Rapid Response Team, 266
Global warming, 268–69
Gore, Al, 180
Graham, Franklin, 51, 91, 94, 194, 244
Graham, Lindsey, 188, 210–11
Gray rooms, 62
GS5734 treatment, 249
Guinea: civil war in, 28; colonial history of, 27, 28; Ebola cases in, 3, 14–15, 26, 33, 57, 97, 130; emergency operations centers in, 213, 214, 218; geography of, 7, 28; governing structures in, 30; health-care system in, 35–36, 145, 254, 258; independence of, 29–30; international response to outbreak in, 34–35, 45, 51; life expectancy in, 30; literacy rates in, 30; micro-cerclage in, 118; mortality rates of Ebola virus in, 33, 44, 69; poverty in, 30; public education campaigns in, 38–39. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
Hagan, Kay, 168
Hagel, Chuck, 153–54
Hantavirus, 8
Harkin, Tom, 188
Hartl, Gregory, 44
Hawkins, Jeffrey, 80
HCA (Hospital Corporation of America), 217
Health and Human Services Department, U.S., 34, 60, 107,
125, 182–83
Health Emergencies Programme, 262
Hemorrhagic fevers. See specific diseases
Hensley, Lisa, 93
Hickox, Kaci, 199–202
HIV/AIDS, 46, 50, 168, 192, 247
Holder, Eric, 201
Homeland Security Department, U.S., 182–84, 186
H1N1 influenza, 123, 124
Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), 217
The Hot Zone (Preston), 23
Hot zones: defined, 22; doctors and technicians in, 51, 54, 66, 117; international response in, 34, 39; precautions prior to entering, 74, 120, 204, 255; residents of, 38; treatment units as, 133
Hughes, Sonya Marie, 163
Hugonnet, Stephane, 34, 37–38
Hurum, Lindis, 111
Immunizations. See Vaccines
Immunogenicity, 27
Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IWASH) program, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
Incident Management Centers, 83–84, 86
Incident Management System (IMS), 103, 116–17, 157, 232
Influenza, 22, 123, 269
Interagency Policy Committees, 105
International Finance Corporation (IFC), 248
International SOS, 78
Islam. See Muslim communities
Islamic Relief, 222
Islamic State, 59, 177, 178, 180–81
Isolation. See Quarantines
Jenkins, Clay, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174
Johnson, Jeh, 185
Johnson & Johnson, 217
Joint External Evaluation tool, 264
Joseph, Tewa, 14, 33, 36
Kainwo, Peter, 223
Kamara, Freeman, 227–28
Kamara, Musa, 237
Kamara, Samura, 106
Kamara, Shakie, 101–02
Kamboe, Isaac, 136–37
Kargbo, Miatta, 78
Kawa, Zanzan, 110, 227, 231, 232
Kenema (Sierra Leone): burial teams in, 229; Ebola cases in, 55, 56, 75; health-care workers in, 230; Lassa ward in, 26, 72–73; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 56–57, 103
Kerry, John, 151, 180
Khan, Sheik Umar: contraction of Ebola virus by, 76–78, 93; death of, 78, 79, 97; genetic sequencing work of, 65, 72; Lassa ward ran by, 55, 71–73; treatment of Ebola victims by, 73–76
Kieny, Marie-Paule, 250
Kilmarx, Peter, 132–33
Kingston, Jack, 188, 211
Klain, Ron: background of, 179–80; domestic priorities for, 182, 186–87, 195–98; on experimental treatments, 251–52, 255; on funding for Ebola relief efforts, 188, 189; growth of Ebola treatment capabilities in United States by, 184, 197–98, 242–43; on health-care workers, 242; interagency cooperation by, 185–86; on international response, 182–83, 263, 264; meeting with Ebola survivors, 244; monitoring strategies formulated by, 183, 207–10, 241; on quarantines, 185, 193
Kobinger, Gary, 93
Koker (Imam), 223
Kolker, Jimmy, 105
Koniono, Sia Wanda, 14
Konyndyk, Jeremy: background of, 103; on burial teams, 228–29; on inadequacy of response efforts, 107, 117; in international response effort, 118, 119, 122, 146, 266; on treatment units, 240; on urgency of Ebola outbreak, 96; visit to outbreak areas, 115, 117, 127, 145
Korkoyah, Nowai, 169
Koroma, Ernest Bai, 105, 106
Kpoghomou, Jean Claude, 10
Kugelman, Jeff, 238–39
Lagos (Nigeria): contact tracing efforts in, 85–87; Ebola preparedness efforts in, 81–83, 87; international connections to, 80; population of, 79; slums of, 79, 87; World Economic Forum in, 51
Lakey, David, 166
Lane, Cliff, 69
Laney, Scott, 136–37
Lassa fever, 12–13, 26, 55, 71–73, 82, 254
Leavitt, Mike, 167, 179
Leendertz, Fabian, 52–54
LePage, Paul, 202
Liberia: burial teams in, 223, 226, 228–29; civil war in, 28–29, 48, 99, 103, 117, 161; Ebola cases in, 26, 36, 57, 97, 114, 130; emergency operations centers in, 213, 218; establishment of, 27–29; ethnic conflict in, 29, 35; geography of, 7, 28; governing structures in, 27; health-care system in, 35–36, 145, 254, 258; Incident Management System in, 103, 116–17, 157, 232; independence of, 27, 29; international response to outbreak in, 34–35, 51; Lassa fever in, 12; life expectancy in, 30; poverty in, 30; public education campaigns in, 38–39; religious communities in, 222; social collapse in, 102; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 66, 89, 157–59, 240, 242; United Nations Mission in, 152; water sanitation programs in, 34, 104, 220–21, 253. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
Life expectancy, 30
Lightsey, Ross, 152–53, 156–57
Lindblade, Kim, 136
Literacy rates, 30
Lofven, Stefan, 120
Lokela, Mabalo, 19
Lugli, Mariano, 44
Lyme disease, 18
Macrophages, 18
Malac, Deborah, 107, 151, 157
Malaria: lack of treatment sought for, 247; prevalence of, 10, 40, 102, 134, 254; prevention of, 34, 46; symptoms and transmission, 18, 80, 91–92
Manaco, Lisa, 105
Marburg virus, 13, 19
Martin, Dan, 137–41, 253–54, 266
McCormick, Joe, 26
McDonough, Denis, 105, 179, 182, 185, 196, 198
Measles, 46, 247
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF): closure of Ebola centers by, 242; contact tracing by, 87; deployment to disease-infested areas, 2, 14, 43–44; establishment of, 47; in experimental treatment debate, 48, 50, 77; funding for, 47; in international response effort, 48, 110–11; investigation of Ebola outbreak by, 12–13; record-keeping of deaths by, 109; treatment units operated by, 34, 37, 48, 61, 66–69, 76, 117, 230; volunteers with, 194, 199
Medications. See Experimental treatments; Vaccines
Meliandou (Guinea), as origin of West Africa Ebola outbreak, 7–10, 14, 52–54
Meltzer, Martin, 125–27
Merck Pharmaceuticals, 250
Microcephaly, 268
Micro-cerclage, 118
Microsoft, 208–09, 213
MIL 77 treatment, 249
MiSeq gene sequencer, 238
Mobile phones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
Mobula, Linda, 94
Moigboi, Alex, 76
Monaco, Lisa, 181, 196, 198
Monitoring strategies, 183, 184, 207–12, 241
Monroe, James, 29
Monrovia (Liberia): burial teams in, 223; colonial history of, 28; contact tracing in, 67; Disaster Assistance Response Team in, 107–08, 119, 122; Ebola cases in, 3, 80–81, 100–01, 177; emergency operations center in, 203, 218; government and tribal structures in, 27, 35, 230–31; naming of, 29; population of, 3; slums of, 1, 3, 43, 100–01, 103, 111; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 1–2, 51, 66, 103, 110–11, 148
Monrovia Medical Unit, 148, 239, 241
Montgomery, Joel, 111
Moran, Jerry, 167, 179
Mortality rates, 20, 22, 33, 44, 69, 259
MSF. See Médecins Sans Frontières
Mukpo, Ashoka, 173
Mulligan, John, 170
Murphy, Tim, 192
Muslim communities: burial teams in, 223, 224, 229; cremation as viewed by, 109; Disco Hill cemetery for, 232; traditional leaders among, 237; travel bans issued for, 37
Nabarro, David, 152
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 3, 24, 36, 50, 105, 146, 192
National Institutes of Health (NIH): biosecurity level-4 capabilities of, 173; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 106; epidemic response preparedness efforts, 48; infectious disease research by, 23–25; on mutation possibilities, 124; on reemergence of Ebola outbreak, 60; treatments for Ebola developed by, 27, 49
National Security Council (NSC), 5, 105–07, 146–50, 193
National Traditional Leadership Council, 227, 231
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New England Journal of Medicine, 11, 194
NGOs. See Nongovernmental organizations
NIAID. See National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Nichols, Michelle, 204–05
Nigeria: civilian murders by army of, 47; contact tracing efforts in, 85–87; Ebola preparedness efforts in, 81–85, 87; health-care system in, 82; Incident Management Centers in, 83–84, 86; Lassa fever in, 12, 82; polio in, 84, 217; public education campaigns in, 85; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 84. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
9/11 terror attacks. See September 11 terror attacks
Nolen, Leisha, 131–32, 137, 235, 266
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): coordination meetings of, 103; at daily Ebola briefings, 117; deployment concerns for, 119; diagnostic testing of employees for Ebola, 90; in Emergency Operations Center, 129; funding for, 108; in international response effort, 102, 116; public education campaigns by, 40; publicity-seeking behavior by, 240; rapport built with local groups, 110. See also specific organizations
Norwood, David, 48–49, 121
NSC. See National Security Council
Nshamdze, Patrick, 81
Nyenswah, Tolbert, 103, 107–08, 116–17, 157, 232, 254
Nyuennyue, Princess, 80–81
Obama, Barack: briefings on Ebola outbreak, 34, 105, 119; criticisms of, 174, 178, 181, 209–10; funding requests by, 187–88, 210; Global Health Security Agenda under, 265; HIV travel ban lifted by, 168; international support requests made by, 119–20, 122; on mutation possibilities, 124, 125; on quarantine of health-care workers, 201–02; recognition of Ebola workers by, 243; Sirleaf honored by, 99; on U.S. Army Ebola deployment, 150, 153
Obama phones, 209–10
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), 102–03, 118, 231, 240, 266
101st Airborne Division, 149, 151, 153–54, 156, 264
Operation United Assistance, 149, 153–54. See also U.S. Army Ebola deployment
Osnos, Evan, 202
Osterholm, Michael, 123, 124, 191
Ouamouno, Emile, 8, 9, 14, 27, 52
Outbreak (film), 23, 124
Oxfam, 248
Pajares, Miguel, 81
Palin, Sarah, 180
Paramount Chiefs Council, 237
Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), 246
Peace Corps, 102, 137
Pendarvis, Justin, 103–04, 114
Penn, Mark, 208–09