Debunking Utopia
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benefit morale, 131, 133, 201n22
Benefit Street (documentary series), 139
Bennhold, Katrin, 107
Bergh, Andreas, 56–57, 159
Bertrand, Marianne, 119
Better Life Index, 24, 25t, 29, 198n19
Better Policies for Better Lives project, 163
Bjørnskov, Christian, 56–57
Blue-Blue Cabinet, 6
Borlaug, Norman, 60–61
Boston Globe, 23
Buchanan, James, 76
bumblebee analogy, 83, 104
C
California, 27
Canada, 25t, 34t, 37n, 38, 155
capitalism, 5, 18, 24, 86, 87, 88, 110, 148, 190–92
Center Left, the, 168, 196n3
Center Right, the, 196n3
center-right coalition/government, 5, 7, 93, 96, 107, 168, 172
CEPOS (Center for Politiske Studier), 73
child care / day care, 4, 17, 23, 108, 111, 114, 116, 162, 192
child mortality, 35–38
China, 2
choices, role in social outcomes, 33
Chydenius, Anders, 87
Civil War, 59, 61
climate, 29, 49, 51, 53, 84, 85, 158
Clinton, Bill, 19, 130
Clinton, Hillary, 9, 18–19, 23, 31, 126
CNN, 20, 196n1
coffee, 47–49
Cold War, 61
collective bargaining, 159. See also labor union(s)
Columbus, Christopher, 53
competition, 71, 116, 138, 187, 189
Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, 73, 118
Conservative Party (in Norway), 5, 6
Corydon, Bjarne, 136, 137
country, -ies. See individual countries by name; see also Nordic country
characteristics of high-trust, 54
growth by country during
the early social democrat era (1936–1970), 89t
the free-market era (1870–1936), 88t
the new market-reform era (1991–2014), 95t
the Third Way Socialist era (1970–1991), 94t
top ten. See top ten countries
crime, 24, 173, 174, 175, 179, 181, 182
Cross-Cultural Business Behavior (Gesteland), 47
Cuba, 2
culture, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 29, 33, 34, 39, 41, 48–49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 58, 62, 66, 68, 74, 85, 86, 99, 120, 131, 132, 139, 140, 142, 149, 153, 158, 172, 175, 181–82, 193, 194
the main ingredient of Nordic success, 68
role of, in life expectancy (in Iceland, Denmark), 11, 34
role of, in social outcomes, 33
coldness of Scandinavian, 158
Czech Republic, 37n, 39–40
D
Dahl, Casper Hunnerup, 135
Dahl, Gordon B., 141–42
Dagens Nyheter (Swedish daily newspaper), 170–71
Dagens Samhälle (Swedish magazine), 9
Danes, 17, 31–32, 34–35, 47, 62, 69, 135, 136, 160. See Denmark
Danish Americans, 62, 65, 66
GDP per capita among, 63t
high school graduation rate (age 25+) among, 64t
number of, 202n5
poverty rate in the United States among, 66t
unemployment rate among, 65t
Danish People’s Party, 6
day care. See child care
DeLamater, Cornelius, 61
Delhey, Jan, 53–54
democratic socialism, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 57, 90, 93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 112, 118, 166, 185, 189, 192. See also social democracy; socialism
Democrats, 19, 130
de Neubourg, Chris, 65–66
Denmark, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17–19, 24, 25t, 31–35, 36, 37t, 39, 40, 45, 46t, 52, 62, 66, 70, 71, 72, 74, 83, 84–86, 93, 94, 105, 115, 116, 130, 136–38, 146, 147, 150, 152, 160, 173, 184, 185–86t, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191t, 193, 199nn3–5, 201n14. See also Danes.
absolute poverty rate in, 66
coffee consumption per person in the, 48t
difference in unemployment between high-educated native born and foreign born in, 157t
employment levels comparing foreign native born to foreign born in, 151t
GDP per capita in, 63t
high school graduation rate (age 25+) in, 64t
percent of women employees employed in the public sector, 115
PISA scores of children of immigrants in, 164t
ranking on the Better Life Index, 25t
ranking on list of top ten countries with lowest income inequality, 40t
rate of growth during
early social democrat era (1936–1970), 89t
free market era (1870–1936), 88t
Third Way Socialist era (1970–1991), 94t
share of immigrants who self-identify as not in good health, 163
share of women managers in, 112t
top tax rate in, 189t
total tax rate in 1960, 199n4
unemployment rate in, 65t
unemployment levels between low-educated native born and foreign born in, 153t
Detroit, 173
disability insurance, 142
disability pension, 162
Dittmar, Amy, 119
divorce, 109
Doerrenberg, Philipp, 74
Dregni, Eric, 59, 60
Du Rietz, Anita Lignell, 111
E
early retirement, 102, 103, 136, 162, 206n26
economies, perfect starting point for successful, 54
Economist, 90
Edling, Jan, 102–3
egalitarianism, 45, 107, 109
elderly care, 2, 118, 147, 162, 189
employee funds, 91, 92–93
employer, share of workers in Europe totally committed to their, 46t
employer’s fee, 75
Environmental Party, 169, 178, 215n16
Epic of America, The (Adams), 147
equality, 11, 21, 22, 38–40, 147. See also gender equality
entrepreneurship, 71, 72, 86, 90, 91, 94, 104, 115, 117, 151
Erickson, George, 60
Ericsson (Swedish corporation), 88
Ericsson, John, 61
Ericsson, Peter, 73
Europe, share of workers “totally committed to their employer,” 46t
European Central Bank, 72
European Dream, The (Rifkin), 147–48
European Union, 6, 108, 203n12, 203n2 (chap. 5)
Eurostat, 108, 112, 202n8
F
Faiola, Anthony, 168
fairness, 22, 45
Febiger, Hans Christian, 61
Feldt, Kjell Olof, 92–93
feminism, 113
Ferdman, Roberto, 47
Field of Dreams (movie), 26
Financial Times, 140
Finland, 5, 6, 13, 19, 24, 25t, 30, 32, 36, 37t, 40t, 45, 48–49, 51, 52, 62, 66, 72, 101, 105, 116, 138, 146, 164, 173, 188, 199nn3–5
coffee consumption per person in the, 48t
GDP per capita, 63t
high school graduation rate (age 25+) among, 64t
PISA scores of children of immigrants in, 164t
total tax rate in 1960, 199n4
unemployment rate in, 65t
Finnish Americans, 62, 66
GDP per capita among, 63t
high school graduation rate (age 25+) among, 64t
number of, 202n5
poverty rate in the United States among, 66t
unemployment rate among, 65t
Finns Party, 6
First World War, 91
Fischbacher, Fehr and Urs, 127
Fleetwood, Blake, 146
Flood, Lennart, 73
Fogel, Robert, 144
Fox News, 7
France, 11, 26, 34t, 37t, 38, 46t, 112, 114
fraud (benefit), 133
Freeman, Raymond, 146
free-market era, growth of various countries during the, 88t
free-market policies, 84, 86, 101
Fregert, Klas,
101
Friedman, Milton, 67
G
gangs, 8, 173, 174, 176
GDP (gross domestic product), 30, 31, 54, 63, 75, 199n5, 203n9, 210n12, 216n3
gender equality, 106–9, 111, 112, 118
gender gap, 115
Gender and Jobs (International Labour Office), 115
Germany, 46t, 114, 138
Global Gender Gap report, 106
Great Depression, 55, 97–99, 125, 206n21
Greece, 26, 37n
Green Revolution, 61
Greens, 196n8
Gripenstedt, Johan August, 87
gross domestic product (GDP), 30, 54
growth by country during
the early social democrat era (1936–1970), 89t
the free-market era (1870–1936), 88t
the new market-reform era (1991–2014), 95t
the Third Way Socialist era (1970–1991), 94t
Grytten, Ola Honningdal, 99
Guardian (UK), 108, 178
Gunnlaugsson, Sigmundur Davíð (prime minister, Iceland), 5
H
Haekkerup, Nick, 147
Halla, Martin, 132
Hammarstedt, Mats, 179
Hansson, Åsa, 72
hard left, 94
hard work, 12, 49, 50, 52, 59, 60, 71, 117, 131, 140, 149
health, share of immigrants who identify themselves as not in good, 163t
Hayek, Friedrich, 22
H&M (Swedish company), 88, 91, 144
Heinemann, Friedrich, 128, 130–31
Henrekson, Magnus, 90, 114
Heritage Foundation, 5, 190
hidden unemployment, 97, 102–4
higher education, 3, 156, 162, 170, 192, 202n8
Hilton, Conrad (founder of Hilton Hotels), 61
Hilton, James, 198n18
Hinnfors, Jonas, 9
Homestead Act of 1862, 59
honesty, 52, 59
Honkapohja, Seppo, 101
Hort, Sven E. O., 115–16
Huffington Post, 146
Hungary, 46t
I
Iceland, 5, 6, 11, 13, 24, 25t, 29–30, 32–33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 45, 112, 173, 186, 188, 190, 192–93, 199nn3–5, 203n2
ideologues, 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 18, 21, 26, 27, 40, 55, 185
IKEA, 88, 91
immigrants
who identify themselves as not in good health, share of (by country), 163t
PISA scores of the children of, 164t
Immigrants in American History (Barton), 59
immigration. See in general chapter 10 (pp. 167–82); also 5, 6, 7–8, 12, 20, 86, 161, 183, 184
income equality, 11, 38–40, 54, 193
incomes, 38, 39, 40, 63, 72, 118, 137, 148, 149, 152, 155, 171, 188, 200n14
Index of Economic Freedom, 5, 190
individual responsibility, 5, 12, 13, 27, 29, 33, 41, 50, 58, 131, 138, 140, 145, 149, 175, 182
inequality, 12, 20, 38–40, 165, 179, 184
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An (Smith), 87
International Labor Organization, 111
Iran, 3, 155, 176
Iranians, 154, 155, 157
Iraqis, 156, 157
Ireland, 37n, 46t, 84–86
Islamic terrorism, 173
Israel, 34t
Italy, 11, 26, 34t, 37t, 46t
J
Jackson, Gabrielle, 108
Jäntti, Markus, 148
Japan, 33, 34t, 37
Jefferson, Thomas, 51, 201n15
jobs (Sweden)
growth in public, private sectors, 96, 97g
main reason for private service sector’s failure to create new, 100
Johnson, Anders, 110
Johnson, Clarence Leonard, 61
Jones, Ann, 146–47
journalists, 21, 22, 26, 67, 69, 170, 171, 174, 179
K
Kamp, David, 47
Klein, Ezra, 18–19
Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen, 27–28, 70, 73–74
Korea, 37
Koskela, Erkki, 101
Kostøl, Andreas Ravndal, 141–42
Krugman, Paul, 22, 23
Kuhnle, Stein, 115–16
Kurdi, Alan, 168
L
labor market regulations, 94, 100, 170, 192
labor union(s), 18, 91, 117, 159, 161, 166
Lackner, Mario, 132
Laffer, Arthur, 71
Larsson, Stieg, 47
Lawrence, John Hundale, 61
Left, the, 2–4, 6, 18, 21, 29, 67, 69–70, 90, 139, 196n8. See also American Left
leftist ideologues, 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 18, 21, 26, 40
Liberal Democrats (Brit.), 211n21
Liberal Party (in Sweden), 171, 172, 214n7
liberals (American), 6, 83
libertarians, 13, 136
Libertarians (US), 130
life expectancy, 10–11, 32–36
Lilyhammer (TV series), 140
Lindbeck, Assar, 50, 133
Liptak, Kevin, 20–21
living standard, 1, 18, 21, 24, 29, 50, 62–63, 67, 84, 177, 187, 199n3
Ljunge, Martin, 134–35
Ljungqvist, Lars, 103
Löfven, Stefan, 147, 178
Logue, John, 22
Lord of the Rings, 34
Los Angeles Times, 146–47
lottery, 19
Lowry, Rich, 23–24, 198n18
Lundgren, Roger, 7
Luxembourg, 46t
M
Maine (and women’s property rights), 110
Malmö (Sweden), 8, 174
Malte-Brun, Conrad, 52–53
marginalized city parts, 171, 172, 214n7
Massachusetts (and women’s property rights), 110
McKinsey & Company, 100, 102
Metso Paper, 99
Michau, Jean-Baptiste, 132
Middle East, 162. See also Iran; Iranians; Iraqis; Saudi Arabia Milgrom, Eva Meyersson, 117
Miliband, Ed, 146
minimum wage, 7, 129, 159
Mogstad, Magne, 141–42
Monde, Le (Paris), 23
monopolies, 2, 4, 6, 111, 116–18
Morocco, 173
Mothers’ Index Rankings, 24
N
Nannestad, Peter, 159–60
National Gain, The (Chydenius), 87
National Public Radio, 83
National Review, 23
Netherlands, 34t, 37t, 38, 46t, 138
New Sweden, 59
Newton, Kenneth, 53–54
New Welfare Foundation, 172
New York Times, 47, 107, 167
New Zealand, 25t, 34t
9/11 terrorist attacks, 215n16
Nohab Flight, 98–99
Nordic Americans, 29, 57, 60, 62–67, 71, 74, 193, 203n9
Nordic country
with the largest tax burden in the world, 5
with the largest share of women managers, 112t
with the smallest welfare state, 32–33
Nordic Innovation Centre, 115
Nordic Labour Journal, 120
Nordic Model, The (Alestalo, Hort, and Kuhnle), 115–16
Nordic society, long-standing features of (that predate the welfare state), 27
Nordic success, 153
four primary underpinnings of, 52
main ingredient of, 68
predates large welfare states. See chapter 2 (pp. 26–41)
Nordic welfare states, 3–4, 13, 22, 24, 31, 33, 39, 102, 107, 108, 145, 157, 162, 198n18. See also individual countries by name
norms, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 106, 110, 111, 112, 127, 128, 131–32, 133, 135–36, 139, 140, 153, 187, 194
North Africa, 162, 173
North Korea, 2
Norway, 2, 3, 5, 13, 19, 24, 30, 32, 33, 34t, 36, 37t, 39, 45, 46t, 61, 62, 64–65, 93, 105, 109, 116, 117, 118, 120, 139–41, 146, 147, 152, 154, 161, 162, 173, 186t, 187, 188, 191t, 199nn3–5, 202n7, 203n12, 203n2 (chap. 5)
coffee consumption pe
r person in the, 48t
difference in unemployment between high-educated native born and foreign born in, 157t
employment levels comparing foreign native born to foreign born in, 151t
GDP per capita in, 63t
high school graduation rates among those 25 or older in, 64t
PISA scores of children of immigrants in, 164t
ranking on the Better Life Index, 25t
ranking on list of top ten countries with lowest income inequality, 40t
rate of growth during
early social democrat era (1936–1970), 89t
free market era (1870–1936), 88t
Third Way Socialist era (1970–1991), 94t
share of immigrants who self-identify as not in good health, 163
top tax rate in, 189t
total tax rate in 1960, 199n4
unemployment levels between low-educated native born and foreign born in, 153t
unemployment rate in, 65t
Norwegian Americans, 62, 66
GDP per capita among, 63t
high school graduation rate (age 25+) among, 64t
number of, 202n5
poverty rate in the United States among, 66t
unemployment rate among, 65t
Norwegians, described, 53
Notten, Geranda, 65–66
O
Obama, Barack, 20–21
OECD, 24, 160, 199n3, 203n10. See also Better Life Index
Ohlin, Bertil, 76
oil, 5, 30, 62, 93, 104, 139, 141, 161, 199n3
Ojaniemi, Taija, 48–49
open borders, 6, 8, 169, 177, 178
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See OECD
O’Rourke, Kevin, 85–86
P
parental leave, 18, 19, 31, 68, 107, 108, 111. See also paternal leave
paternity leave, 108, 114
payroll tax, 72, 203n5
Pehkonen, Jaakko, 101
Persson, Göran, 83
Petersen, Trond, 117
PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) global survey, 164, 180
PISA scores of the children of immigrants (by country), 180t
Poehler, Gregory (brother of Saturday Night Live star Amy Poehler), 158
Poland, 46t,
Popenoe, David, 22
Portugal, 37n, 46t
poverty, 3, 11–12, 22, 36, 53, 54, 60, 64, 65–68, 83, 129, 141–44, 165, 172, 179, 184, 193, 203n13
adopting welfare states does not remove, 11
rate within the United States, 66t
private sector, 95–97, 113, 115, 117, 200n1, 203n4
Progress Party (Norway), 6
property rights, 50–51, 86, 110
Protestant work ethic, 12, 50
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 31
public sector(s), 1, 4, 5, 11, 31, 32, 37, 39, 56, 58, 76, 95–97, 111, 114, 115–18, 128, 136, 189, 190, 191, 200n1, 203n4
public spending, 27, 138, 190
punctuality, 47, 52
Puviani, Amilcare, 76