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by Sonia Shah


  70 Leggett, The Carbon War, p. 126.

  71 Sonia Shah, “The New Oil,” Salon.com, March 16, 2004, http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/16/methane_hydrates/. .

  72 According to IPCC’s Third Assessment Report, the global warming potential of methane, over 100 years, is 23 times that of an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Over 100 years, the GWP of 60 Mt of methane the IEA predicts the oil and gas industry will emit is equal to 1,380 Mt of carbon dioxide, or 3,042,375,600,000 pounds of carbon dioxide. Since burning a gallon of oil produces about 19 pounds of carbon dioxide and 42 gallons of oil equal a barrel, it would require the burning of over 3.8 billion barrels of oil to produce this quantity of carbon dioxide. See International Energy Agency, “Unit Converter,” http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp.

  73 Elisabeth Bumiller, “If You Can’t Take the Heat Get Out of the West Wing,” New York Times, October 3, 2005.

  74 Jim VandeHei and Justin Blum, “Bush Signs Energy Bill, Cheers Steps Toward Self-sufficiency,” Washington Post, August 9, 2005.

  75 U.S. PIRG et al, “Summary of the harmful provisions in the energy bill,” July 28, 2005.

  Conclusion

  1 Owen Bowcott, “Private Sector Will Defeat Climate Change, US Tells Anti-Kyoto Summit,” The Guardian, January 12, 2006, 17.

  2 Chris D. Thomas et al., “Extinction Risk from Climate Change,” Nature, January 8, 2004, pp. 145-148.

  3 John Vidal and Paul Brown, “Eco Soundings: Act of Faith,” Guardian, March 12, 2003, p. 8.

  4 “GM Aims to Cut Costs by Dollars 14b a Year,” Financial Times, January 14, 2006, 1; BP Annual Report 2004; “Oil Sands to Play Even Greater Role in Securing North American Energy Supply,” CNW, January 30, 2004.

  5 Michael Richardson, “Plugging into Wind, Sun, and Water,” South China Morning Post, January 6, 2006, 13.

  6 Amy Waldman, “Mile by Mile, India Paves a Smoother Road to Its Future,” New York Times, December 4, 2005, 1.

  7 Max Fraad Wolf et al., “Crude, Not Goodwill, Behind End to Sanctions on Libya,” January 2004, http://www.foreignpolicyforum.org/.

  8 Neela Banerjee, “Oil Companies Are Said to Balk on Production,” New York Times, February 11, 2003, p. C1.

  9 Andrew C. Revkin, “Alaska Thaws, Complicating the Hunt for Oil,” New York Times, January 13, 2004, p. F1.

  10 “Congestion Charging: Capital Lessons,” Guardian, February 18, 2004, p. 23.

  11 Keith Bradsher, “China’s Car Culture Hits Some Potholes,” New York Times, January 11, 2004, p. 4; Oliver August, “Cars Drive Bikes from City Streets,” Australian, reprint of Sunday Times story, December 29, 2003, p. 8.

  Index

  60 Minutes

  Aberdeen University Oil and Gas Centre

  Abrams tanks

  Africa See also specific countries

  agriculture

  Air Force (U.S.)

  airplanes

  Alaska

  failed oil trap

  methane hydrate extraction

  oil exploration

  oil production

  oil supply

  Alaskan pipeline

  Alaska Oil Spill Commission

  Alberta tar sands (Canada)

  Alfa Group

  Algeria

  American Electric Power

  American Petroleum Institute

  ammonia synthesis, for nitrogen fertilizers

  Amoco

  Anadarko

  Anderson, Brian

  Anglo-Persian Oil

  See also BP

  Angola

  Girassol oilfield

  natural gas fields

  oil discovery

  oil extraction and standard of living

  Antichrist, and climate change

  anticlines

  appraisal wells

  Arab oil embargo

  Archer Daniels Midland

  Arctic Sea

  Army Materiel Command

  Army (U.S.)

  Arrhenius, Svante

  Asia See also specific countries

  asthma, and diesel fumes

  Australia

  automobiles. See cars

  Azerbaijan

  B-2 bombers

  B-52 bombers

  Bahamas

  Bahrain

  Baku

  Baliunas, Sallie

  Bally, Albert

  banana plantation massacre (Colombia)

  Bardou, Jean Pierre

  Bay of Biscay (France and Spain)

  BBC

  beef production, and rainforests

  Benton, Michael

  Benz, Karl

  Biafran war (Nigeria)

  Bible, climate change prophecy in

  bicycles

  biodiesel

  BMW

  BP

  and Alfa Group

  in Angola

  Caspian Sea oil project

  China as potential market

  in Colombia

  environmental studies

  hydrogen division

  Kyoto Protocol

  lobbies for military aid to Colombia

  in North Sea

  oil exploration

  oil extraction

  oilfield discovery in deep ocean

  oil production forecasts

  profit from Iran’s oil

  rebranding effort

  renewable energy

  research and development sponsorship

  in Russia

  three-dimensional seismic technology

  Bradsher, Keith

  Brazil

  Brent oilfield (North Sea)

  Britain

  Caspian Sea pipeline

  claims Middle East oil

  coal

  in Nigeria

  oil exploration in North Sea

  profit from Iran’s oil

  research on fossil fuels

  tax on oil developments

  warships

  World War I

  British Petroleum See also BP

  Brown, John

  Brunei

  Bush, George H. W.

  Bush, George W.

  African tour

  Alberta tar sands

  and coal industry

  energy policy

  hydrogen fuel cell technology

  military aid to Colombia

  natural gas drilling

  butane

  Byzantine Empire

  Calcutta (India)

  California

  Campbell, Colin

  Caspian Sea as oil source

  climate change

  Greenland as oil source

  oil reserves

  world oil production

  Canada

  Caño Limón oilfield/pipeline (Colombia)

  carbon, in oil formation

  carbon dioxide emissions

  causes

  and climate change

  effects

  and forests

  from coal

  from conventional oil extraction

  from liquid fuel made from natural gas

  from tar sands oil extraction

  gasoline-to-hydrogen cars

  and oceans

  sequestering

  statistics

  United States

  The Carbon War (Leggett)

  car culture See also cars

  Caribbean coral reefs

  Carney, Bob

  Carney, Robert S.

  Carroll, Phillip

  cars

  and carbon dioxide

  China

  ethanol-burning

  hydrogen fuel-cell

  invention

  London

  production

  U.S. market

  U.S. registrations

  World War I See also car culture

  Carter, Jimmy

  Carter Doctrine

  casein

  Caspian Sea

  celluloid

  Centers for Disease Control

  Centra
l America beef exportation

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

  Chad

  Chanaron, Jean-Jacques

  Chechnya

  Cheney, Dick

  Chevron

  Alberta tar sands

  company history

  and Condoleezza Rice

  liquid fuel from natural gas

  oil extraction in Nigeria

  ChevronTexaco

  formation

  Hibernia oilfield

  Middle Eastern oil

  oil exploration

  oil extraction in Equatorial Guinea

  production forecasts

  research and development sponsorship See also Chevron; Texaco

  child coal workers

  China

  Chinese oil companies

  Chrysler

  CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

  climate change

  causes

  and deforestation

  and ecologists

  effect on forests

  and geologists

  from natural gas use

  and ocean circulation

  and oil industry

  and overpopulation

  and species extinction See also global warming

  Clinton, Bill

  coal

  China

  England

  in hydrogen production

  London

  miner strikes

  net energy

  versus oil

  United States

  for warships

  coccoliths

  coke

  Colombia

  civil war

  discovery of oil

  drug trade

  oil exploration

  oil extraction

  oil pipelines

  and Western oil companies

  Colorado

  Congo

  Conoco

  cooking oil, conversion into biodiesel

  coral reefs

  corn, American hybrid

  corn farmers, and ethanol

  Crazy Horse oilfield

  Cunningham, Susan

  Curzon, George Nathaniel

  Cusiana oilfield (Colombia)

  DEEPE$T (software package)

  DeepStar

  Defense Department

  Defense Science Board (DSB)

  Deffeyes, Kenneth

  crude oil as fuel

  and Hubbert’s oil predictions

  oil formation

  oil production prediction

  oil reserve reports

  solar and wind energy

  deforestation

  De La Pedraja, René

  Department of Defense

  Department of Energy

  directional drilling

  formation of

  greenhouse gas intensity

  methane hydrates as natural gas source

  oil consumption in developing countries

  oil reserve reports

  Saudi Arabia oil supply See also Energy Information Administration (EIA)

  Department of Justice

  Department of Transportation

  developing countries

  effect of 1970s oil shocks on

  fossil-fuel projects

  and Kyoto Protocol

  oil consumption

  oil exploration by Western oil companies

  oil extraction and standard of living

  diatoms

  diesel

  directional drilling

  Douglas, Oronto

  Drake, Edwin L.

  drilling, deep-sea

  environmental impact

  research on

  waste produced by

  drilling, directional

  DSB (Defense Science Board)

  DuPont

  ecologists

  Economist

  economy, devoted to oil harvesting

  Ecuador

  Edison, Thomas

  Egypt

  EIA (Energy Information

  Administration)

  See also Department of Energy

  Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)

  electric power industry

  El Niño

  embargo, oil

  Energy Department. See Department of Energy

  Energy Information Administration

  (EIA) See also Department of Energy

  Engels, Friedrich

  Engineer

  England. See Britain

  English Channel cliffs

  environmental activists, and oil rigs

  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

  Equatorial Guinea

  Escravos (Nigeria)

  ethanol

  Europe See also specific countries

  European Commission

  European Union

  exploration wells

  Exxon

  acquires chemical plant for reduced price

  climate change

  company history

  and Kyoto Protocol

  shale oil development

  Valdez oil spill

  ExxonMobil

  in Angola

  carbon dioxide emissions research

  in Chad

  in developing countries

  in Equatorial Guinea

  formation of

  and general good

  grant to Stanford

  Hibernia oilfield

  in Indonesia

  Middle Eastern oil

  oil consumption benefits

  oil exploration

  oil extraction

  profits

  renewable energy

  research and development sponsorship

  in Russia

  São Tomé oil exploration

  solar power costs versus oil costs

  Exxon Shipping Company See also SeaRiver Maritime

  FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia)

  fertilizers, nitrogen

  Financial Times

  Firestone

  First World War

  Fischer, David Hackett

  “flag of convenience” (FOC) countries

  floating production, storage, and offloading system (FPSO)

  Forbes

  Ford, Gerald

  Ford, Henry

  Ford Motor Company

  forests

  Forties oilfield (North Sea)

  FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system)

  FreedomCAR initiative

  fuel efficiency

  Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)

  Futuregen project

  Gabon

  García Márquez, Gabriel

  gas flares

  gasoline

  boiling point

  efficiency

  sales versus kerosene

  gasoline-to-hydrogen technology

  General Motors (GM)

  geologists

  Georgia (country)

  Ghawar oilfield (Saudi Arabia)

  Girassol oilfield

  “Global Climate and Energy Project,”

  global cooling

  global warming See also climate change

  GM (General Motors)

  GNP (gross national product), and oil consumption

  Goldman Sachs

  Gordimer, Nadine

  Gore, Al

  government agency oil reserve reports

  The Graduate

  Grand Banks (Newfoundland)

  Great Barrier Reef

  “Greek Fire,”

  Greeks, ancient

  greenhouse gas emissions

  greenhouse gas intensity

  Greenland

  Greenpeace

  Greenpeace U.K.

  gross national product (GNP), and oil consumption

  Grozny (Chechnya)

  Guardian

  Gulf of Mexico

  environmental research on oil drilling

  FPSO use

  natural gas

&nb
sp; oil exploration

  Gulf Oil

  Gulf Stream

  gutta percha

  Haber, Fritz

  Halliburton Company

  Henderson, James D.

  Hewetson, Frank

  Hibernia oilfield (Newfoundland)

  Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove

  Holland

  Hoover Institute

  horse-drawn carriages

  “ hothouse” effect See also global warming

  Hubbert, M. King

  Hubbert’s Peak (Deffeyes)

  Human Rights Watch

  Hussein, Saddam

  hydrocarbon chemistry

  hydrogen fuel cells

  hydropower

  ice ages

  icebergs

  Iceland

  Ickes, Harold

  IHS Energy Group

  Ijo community (Nigeria)

  independent tanker industry

  India

  Indiana

  Indian Ocean

  Indonesia

  and ExxonMobil

  natural gas fields

  oil extraction

  as OPEC member

  volcano eruption

  and Western oil companies

  Institute of Petroleum

  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

  Change (IPCC)

  criticism of

  deforestation

  human influence on climate change

  scientific assessment report

  wood as fuel

  International Commission on Shipping

  International Energy Agency

  International Labor Rights Fund

  International Petroleum Finance

  IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

  Iran

  and Britain

  and Carter Doctrine

  and Caspian Sea oil

  oil exploration

  oil extraction and standard of living

  oil supply profits

  as OPEC member

  weapons of mass distraction

  Zoroastrians

  Iraq

  Britain and U.S. claim oil of

  and Carter Doctrine

  oil extraction and standard of living

  oilfield discoveries

  oil reserves

  oil supply

  oil wells drilled

  as OPEC member

  reconstruction

  U.S. invasion of

  Israel, United States support of

  Israeli oil companies

  Italy

  Ivory Coast

  Jakarta (Indonesia)

  Japan

  Japanese oil companies

  Jeep

  jellyfish, Australian spotted

  Jevons’ paradox

  Jungels, Pierre

  Justice Department

  Kapuscinski, Ryszard

  Karl, Terry Lynn

  Kashagan oilfield (Caspian Sea)

  Kazakhstan

  kerosene

  Kerouac, Jack

  Kirkuk oilfield (Iraq)

  Klare, Michael T.

 

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