by Sonia Shah
Korean oil companies
Krakatau (Indonesia)
Kuwait
Kyoto Protocol
Laherrere, Jean
land temperature increase
La Niña
Lawyer, Lee C.
Leggett, Jeremy
climate change
greenhouse gas emissions
methane
solar power
Liberia
Libya
light bulbs
limestone
London (England)
Los Angeles
Los Angeles Times
Louisiana
Manchester (England)
Mandela, Nelson
Markley, Michelle
Mertz, Lee
Mesopotamian basin
methane
in ammonia synthesis
in atmosphere
properties See also natural gas
methane hydrates
Mexico
Middle East
America and Britain claim oil of
arms transfer from U.S.
conflict in
oil extraction by Western oil companies
oil formation
oil production (1973)
oil supply
military technology, for oil exploration
Minerals Management Service
Mobil See also ExxonMobil
Model T cars
Molloy, Jake
Monsanto
Moore, Thomas Gale
Morris, Peter
Mostert, Noel
moths, peppered
Mount Holyoke College
mudstone
Namibia
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
National Energy Technology Laboratory
National Interstate and Defense Highway System Act
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Petroleum News
National Research Council
National Science Foundation (NSF)
natural gas See also methane
Navy (U.S.)
Nehring, Karl
net energy
Netherlands
Newfoundland (Canada)
New Statesman
Newsweek
New York Times
automobiles
British Petroleum
coral reef bleaching
ethanol
oil extraction in West Africa
Prestige oil spill
sport utility vehicles
Nigeria
Biafran war
and Britain
Chevron oil extraction
gas flares
natural gas fields
oil extraction and standard of living
as OPEC member
Shell oil extraction
slave trade in Nigeria
U.S. oil from Nigeria
and Western oil companies
Nissan
nitrogen fertilizers
Nixon, Richard
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
North American Congress on Latin America
North Sea
oil exploration
oil rigs
oil supply
Piper Alpha explosion
North Slope (Alaska)
Norton, Gale
NSF (National Science Foundation)
nuclear power
Obasanjo, Olusegun
Occidental Petroleum
Ocean Ranger
oceans
and carbon dioxide
circulation, and climate change
deep oilfield discoveries
sedimentary layers
warming
octane
Offshore
Ohio
oil
amount extracted per day (1960)
amount of energy from
amount produced by Earth
chemistry
versus coal
in coal mining
costs
early use
enhanced recovery
in ethanol production
formation
future
locating
as medical “cure,”
net energy
processing required
projected demand
for warships
Oil & Gas Journal
oil companies
government subsidy for natural gas drilling
influence
oil exploration in developing countries
oil extraction in Middle East
oil extraction in Nigeria
oil income (2001)
oil reserve reports
oil reserves
and OPEC See also oil industry; specific companies
oil consumption
developing countries
and GNP
per capita, by country (2002)
per capita per day
rate
top consumers (2002)
top consumers (2025 projected)
oil depletion
oil embargo
oil exploration
Africa
Alaska
BP
ChevronTexaco
Colombia
costs
developing countries
ExxonMobil
Gulf of Mexico
Iran
military technology
North Sea
São Tomé
Saudi Arabia
seismic technology
Shell
technology
oil income, by oil company (2001)
oil industry
in 1970s
and auto companies
and climate change
international model
new investments
oil consumption benefits
oil discoveries after 1970
oil exploration costs
oil reserve reports
research and development
share of global economy
views on ethanol
views on natural gas See also oil companies
oil platforms. See oil rigs
Oil Pollution Act
oil prices
oil production
in 1973
Alaska
BP forecasts
by country
projected estimates
Russia
Shell forecasts
United States
oil refineries
oil reserve reports
government agencies
oil industry
“technical ” data
U.S. Geological Survey
oil reserves
conditions needed for
by country
by oil companies
“proven,”
oil rigs
and environmental activists
Hibernia oilfield
maintenance problems
North Sea
Ocean Ranger
Piper Alpha explosion
waste produced by See also FPSO (floating production, storage, and offloading system)
oil-sands industry
oil spills
and FPSO
non-accidental
Ogoni (Nigeria)
Prestige
Valdez
oil tankers
dangers
double-hulled
forbidden to use Suez Canal
independent
refurbished as FPSO
single-hulled
oil trap, failed
Oklahoma
Okonta, Ike
Okoroba (Nigeria)
Okuntimo, Paul
Oman
One Hundred Years of Solitude (García Márquez)
Ongoniland (Nigeria)
On the Road (Kerouac)
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation Iraqi Liberation (OIL)
/> Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
and alternative energy sources
cartel formed to counter
formation
and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
membership
oil embargo
oil reserve reports
oil supplied to U.S.
and Western oil companies
Orinoco belt (Venezuela)
Orito oilfield (Colombia)
overpopulation
ozone layer
Pacific Ocean
Palacios, Marco
Panama
Panama Canal
Pennsylvania
Pérez Alfonzo, Juan
Pershing, John
Persia See also Iran
Peru
Peterson, Bob B.
petroagriculture
Petroconsultants
Petroleum Economist
petroleum engineering, as discipline
petroleum geology, as discipline
Petroleum Geo-Service
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly
Phoenix (Arizona)
phytoplankton
Ping-Pong balls
pipelines
from Caspian Sea
in Colombia
for natural gas
trans-Alaskan
underwater networks
Piper Alpha explosion
plankton
plastics
Pliny
“P” numbers (probability figures)
Popular Mechanics
population
Portugal
Prestige oil spill
Priddle, Robert
Prince William Sound (Alaska)
probability figures (“P” numbers)
propane
Prudhoe Bay (Alaska)
Putin, Vladimir
Qatar
railroads
rainforests
Ramanathan, Ram
Raymond, Lee
Reagan, Ronald
Renault
renewable energy See also solar power; wind power
research and development
reservoir rock
Reuters
Rice, Condoleezza
Rio Tinto
roads
rock
reservoir
source
Rockefeller, John D.
Rocky Mountain region natural gas wells
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Royal Dutch Shell
Royal School of Mines (Great Britain)
rubber
Rumaila oilfield (Iraq)
Russia
Caspian Sea oil
and Iraq
Kyoto Protocol
oil drilling
oil production See also Soviet Union
Safford, Frank
Sakhalin (Russia)
salt domes
sandstone
San Francisco Chronicle
Santo Domingo (Colombia) massacre
São Tomé
Saro-Wiwa, Ken
Saudi Arabia
extraction costs
oil exploration
oil extraction and standard of living
oilfield discoveries
oil supply
as OPEC member
proven reserves
and United States
Schiller, John
Schlumberger
Scientific American
“Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill,”
sea level rise
SeaRiver Maritime
secondary recovery
Second World War
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
seismic technology
four-dimensional
for oil exploration
three-dimensional
Seneca Oil
shale
Shell
accidental oil spill prevention
Alberta tar sands
ammonia synthesis
hydrogen division
logo on oil tankers
natural gas demand
in North Sea
oil exploration
oil extraction in Angola
oil extraction in Gabon
oil extraction in Nigeria
oil extraction in Ogoniland (Nigeria)
oil extraction in Okoroba (Nigeria)
oil extraction in Russia
oil production forecasts
oil reserve reports
petroleum research lab
renewable energy
research and development sponsorship
sales in China
Shell Canada
ships
Simmons, Matt
Singer, S. Fred
slave trade in Nigeria
Smil, Vaclav
smog, in Asia
Society of Exploration Geophysicists
solar power
source rock
“sour gas,”
South Africa
Soviet Union See also Russia
species extinction
Spitz, Peter H.
sport utility vehicles (SUvs)
squid, giant sea
Standard Oil
Stanford University
State Department
Statoil
“steam assisted gravity drainage,”
steam engines, and coal
Steele, Susan
Stoneley, Robert
Strategic Petroleum Reserve
streetcars, electric
suburban sprawl
Sudan
Suez Canal
Sun, brightness of
Sunday Times (London)
Sunoco
suvs (sport utility vehicles)
Syria
tar sands (Alberta, Canada)
Tethys
Texaco
See also ChevronTexaco
Texas
natural gas supply
oil discovery
oil supply
oil wells drilled
Texas A&M University
Texas Railroad Commission
thermohaline circulation
Third World. See developing countries
Thunder Horse oilfield
Tillerson, Rex
Total
TotalFinaElf
Toyota
trains
trans-Alaskan pipeline
transportation, public
Transportation Department
tricycles, motorized
Trinidad Tobago
trolleys, electric
trucks
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
.tv Internet domain name
Ugborodo (Nigeria)
underdeveloped countries. See developing countries
UNFCC (United Nations Framework on Climate Change)
United Arab Emirates
United Fruit Company
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCC)
United States
aid to developing countries for fossil-fuel projects
Air Force
air-quality regulations
arms transfer to Middle East countries
Army
Army Materiel Command
beef importation
carbon dioxide emissions
car culture
car market
car production
car registrations
Caspian Sea as oil source
Centers for Disease Control
Central Intelligence Agency
claims oil of Middle East
coal miner strikes
coal use
and Colombia
deep-sea drilling research
Defense Department
Defense Science Board
diesel-burning trucks
Energy Information Administration<
br />
Environmental Protection Agency
FPSO use
fuel economy standards
gasoline consumption
greenhouse-gas emissions
greenhouse gas intensity
and Israel
Justice Department
Kyoto Protocol
military aid to Colombia
Minerals Management Service
National Energy Technology Laboratory
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Research Council
National Science Foundation
natural gas supplies
Navy
oil consumption
oil from Colombia
oil from Nigeria
oil production
oil reserve predictions
and OPEC
road-building
rubber
São Tomé oil exploration
Securities and Exchange Commission
State Department
suburban sprawl
Transportation Department
and Tuvalu
World War I See also Department of Energy; specific states
University of California
University of London, Imperial College
University of Texas at Austin
University of Tulsa
university research See also specific institutions
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
U.S. News and World Report
Valdez oil spill
Vann, Ian
Venezuela
Villa, Pancho
volcano eruption
wars, and oil extraction
warships
Washington Office on Latin America
Washington Post
water vapor, effect on climate
Watts, Philip
wells
appraisal
exploration
West Virginia Coal Association
wind power
Witness for Peace
Wiwa, Ken
wood as fuel
World Bank
World Gas Conference
World Petroleum Congress
World Resources Institute
World War I
World War II
Worldwatch Institute
Xilutian coal mine (China)
Yergin, Daniel
zooxanthellae
Zoroaster
Zoroastrians
Acknowledgments
FIRST, THANKS TO my friend and agent, Anthony Arnove, without whom this book would not have been written. For cheerful research assistance, I thank Josephine Worsfold; for generously sharing their expertise, Colin Campbell, Bob Carney, Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Al Gedicks, Frank Hewetson, Jeremy Leggett, Andrew MacKillop, Michelle Markley, Roy Morrison, Jake Molloy, and Greg Muttitt, among others. For their support and thoughtful suggestions, I thank Seven Stories Press, especially Dan Simon and Anna Lui.
Background for this book draws heavily on the so-called grey literature—unpublished reports, reviews, and commentary. I am indebted to the careful, committed work of organizations such as World Resources Institute, Worldwatch, Greenpeace, and the Catholic Relief Services; as well as the insightful and always thought-provoking commentary and analysis from the group of Hubbertian engineers, environmentalists, and others on the energy resources list and their associated websites.