72. Charles Péguy, L’Argent suite, in Oeuvres complètes, XIV (Paris, NRF, 1932), 66, 128
73. Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, Culture coloniale: La France conquise par son Empire, 1871–1931 (Paris, Autrement, 2003), 107
74. Cited by Becker and Audoin-Rouzeau, La France, la nation, la guerre, 269
75. Jacques Julliard, ‘La CGT devant la guerre, 1900–1914’, Mouvement Social 49 (1964) 47–62; Jolyon Howorth, ‘French Workers and German Workers: The Impossibility of Internationalism, 1900–1914’, European History Quarterly 15 (1985), 71–97
76. La Guerre Sociale, 4–10 Feb., 6–12 May 1914
77. Jean-Jacques Becker, Comment les Français sont entrés dans la Guerre (Paris, FNSP, 1977), 335–7
78. Jean-Jacques Fiechter, Le Socialisme français de l’Affaire Dreyfus à la Grande Guerre (Geneva, Droz, 1965), 209
CONCLUSION: 1914
1. Victor Boudon, Avec Charles Péguy: De la Lorraine à la Marne (Paris, Hachette, 1916), 147
2. Charles Horne, The Great Events of the Great War (New York, National Alumni, 1923), II, 281–2
3. Maurice Barrès, L’Écho de Paris, 17 Sept. 1914, in Éric Cahm, Péguy et le nationalisme français de l’Affaire Dreyfus à la Grande Guerre (Paris, Cahiers de l’Amitié Charles Péguy, 25, 1972), 2–35
4. Ibid
5. Boudon, Avec Charles Péguy, xiii–xiv, 10–13, 173
6. Ibid., xiii–xv
7. Ibid., 100, 115–16, 171; Maurice Barrès, Mes cahiers, 1896–1923 (Paris, Plon, 1994), 759
Index
Abd-el-Kader, Algerian leader 186, 222
Aboukir Bay, battle of (1798) 20, 219
About, Edmond 206, 294
Académie Celtique 70–71
Action Française 13, 277, 280, 429, 433
Action Libérale (1902) 360
Action Libérale Populaire (1906) 280, 285, 360
Adam, Adolphe, composer 181
Adam, Edmond, politician 166, 229–36, 237, 239, 252
Adam, Juliette, salon hostess 9, 165, 166–236, 238, 239, 252, 397–8, 412, 420
Affre, Denis, archbishop of Paris 137
Agoult, Marie d’, salon hostess 62, 146–7, 148, 161, 164, 165, 166
agriculture
depression in 313–15
modernization of 314–15
population working in 313, 440
Aigues-Mortes 319
Aix-les-Bains 88
Albert, Marcellin, winegrowers’ leader 316–17
Alès 341
Alexander I, tsar of Russia 30, 33, 38, 215
Alexander II, tsar of Russia 195, 218
Alexander III, tsar of Russia 419, 420
Algeria
conquest of 60, 108, 222
settlement in 98
wine exports from 315
Allain, Marcel, writer 404
Allais, Alphonse, humorist 406
Allemane, Jean, socialist militant 266
Alliance Démocratique (1903) 281, 286
Allier, Raoul, Protestant academic 337
Allis, Harry, journalist 421
Almereyda, Miguel, anarchist 427
Alsace-Lorraine
religious practice in 125–7, 349
loss of (1870–71) 232, 239, 247, 410–12
in German Empire 294–6, 349
refugees from 294–5
campaign to recover 14, 277, 429–30, 435
Alzon, Père Emmanuel d’, Assumptionist 128, 330
Amiens, Peace of (1802) 207, 219
Amouretti, Frédéric, regionalist 299
anarchism 259–60, 268–9
anarcho-syndicalism 269–70, 281
Ancelot, Madame, salon hostess 172
Ancien Régime, the 1, 2, 40, 71, 114–15, 249
Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, doctor 166, 379, 387
André, General Louis 283, 425
Angoulême, Louise-Antoine, Duc d’ 43, 46, 47
Angoulême, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Duchesse d’ 46, 47, 146
Anspach, Cécile 332
anticlericalism 119, 122, 133, 339–43, 344–5, 357–9
Anti-Semitic League (1898) 265, 275, 276, 356
anti-Semitism 11, 265, 266–74, 275, 350, 353–5, 356, 422
Anzin mines 156–7, 272, 346
strike at (1884) 317, 320
Apollinaire, Guillaume, writer 400–401
Ardèche, industry in 94
religion in 348–9
Arenberg, Auguste-Louis, Prince d’, royalist 272, 335
army, colonial 424.
officers 107–8,
military reform (1868) 230, (1872) 411, (1889) 419, (1905) 424, (1913, Three-Year Law) 287, 288, 434, 435
Aron, Marguerite, teacher 378
Ars, curé d’ see Vianney, Jean-Marie-Baptiste
Artois, Comte d’ see Charles X
Association Bretonne 75, 88
Association Catholique de la Jeunesse Française 361–2
Associations Law
(1834) 100
(1901) 278, 283, 350
Assumptionist congregation 338, 354, 358
athletics 408–9
Auber, Daniel, composer 181
Auclert, Hubertine, feminist 382, 383, 386, 387, 388
Audiffret-Pasquier, Duc d’, royalist 249, 251
Audiganne, Armand, writer 125
Auerstadt, battle of (1806) 33
Augagneur, Victor, mayor of Lyon 303–4, 328
Augereau, General Pierre 32
Aulard, Alphonse, historian 260, 279
Aumale, Duc d’, Orleanist prince 238
Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 33, 170, 182, 186
Austria
and wars against France 20–22, 33, 37
rule in Italy (1814–59) 201–2
as a great power 410, 416, 419, 434
automobile 309
Automobile Club de France (1895) 309
Auvergne, colony in Paris 102–3, 324
avant-garde 390, 393, 399, 402
Avignon 73, 77, 78
Bailly, Vincent de Paul, Assumptionist 338, 354
Bakunin, Michael, anarchist 234, 288
Balkan wars (1912–13) 433
Balzac, Honoré de, writer
early career 173
Béatrix 148
The Chouans 3, 76–7, 173
Cousin Pons 101–2
Le Député d’Arcis 74
Eugénie Grandet 160, 111, 114
La Femme de trente ans 145
The Magic Skin (La Peau de chagrin) 173
The Peasants 91, 311
Le Père Goriot 105–6, 110
The Physiology of Marriage 144–5, 173
La Vieille Fille 6, 146
banking see bourgeoisie, financial
Barail, Charles du, soldier 107–8
Barante, Prosper de, historian 72–3
Barbès, Armand, revolutionary 33, 56
Barbets, counter-revolutionaries 25
Bardo, Treaty of (1881) 416
Baroche, Jules, politician 58, 60
Barodet, Désiré, Lyon politician 242, 248, 290, 341
Barras, Paul, Director 24, 25, 27
Barrès, Maurice, writer and politician
as a bohemian 394, 395
and Boulangism 264
and socialism 269
Les Déracinés 326–7
and regionalism 299–300, 301
and the Dreyfus Affair 356–7
and nationalism 13, 429–30
and Péguy 363, 438–9
Barrot, Odilon, politician 54, 58, 60
Bartholdi, sculptor 424
Bartholony, François, banker 87
Barthou, Louis, politician 11, 13, 272, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 332
Basly, Émile, miners’ leader 322, 332
Bataille, Henri, writer 369–70
Baudelaire, Charles, writer 188–9
Baudin, Jean-Baptiste, republican 64
Bazaine, General Achille 230, 233
B
eauce 22, 92, 123, 311, 313, 314
Beauharnais, Eugène 34
Beauharnais, Hortense 33, 57, 60
Beauharnais, Joséphine de 19, 27, 36, 37
Beaumont, Gustave de, writer 212–14
Beauquier, Charles, regionalist 301
Belgium
French occupy 20
peasant war in (1799) 22
revolt in (1830) 134
migrants from 318
Belleville 83–4, 374
Belleville manifesto (1869) 90, 290, 340
Béranger, Pierre-Jean, popular poet 48, 180
Bérenger, Henri, writer 327, 329, 330
Berg, Grand Duchy of (1806) 33
Bergson, Henri, philosopher 349, 362
Berlin, Conference of (1884) 417
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 416
Berlioz, Hector, composer 194
Bernadotte, Marshal Jean-Baptiste 24, 25, 26, 30, 34, 38
Bernard, Émile artist 395
Berry, Duc de (assassinated 1820) 46, 74, 133
Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande, Duchesse de 74, 85, 179
Berryer, Pierre-Antoine, lawyer and politician 55, 60, 62, 89
Bert, Paul, politician 342–3
Berthelot, Marcelin, scientist 236
Berthier, Marshal Louis-Alexandre 32, 34, 35, 115
Beslay, Charles, revolutionary 241–2
Beyle, Henri see Stendhal
Béziers, mutiny at (1907) 284, 316–17
Biarritz 87
Billot, General 273, 274
Bismarck, German chancellor
visits Paris (1867) 195
and German wars of unification (1864–70) 207
and Franco-Prussian war 229, 232, 238, 243
and France after 1870 411, 416, 417, 418, 420
Blanc, Louis, socialist 210, 236, 253
Blanqui, Auguste, revolutionary 7, 10, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 235, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243
Blanquists 241, 243, 258, 261, 263, 264
Bloc des Gauches (1902) 282–3, 284, 285, 385
Bloy, Léon, writer 362, 396
Blum, Léon, politician 273, 349, 356, 357, 362, 366–7, 398
Bocage, Pierre, actor 171
Boisdeffre, General 274
Bonaparte, Caroline (1782–1839) 32
Bonaparte, Jérôme, king of Westphalia (1784–1860) 33, 60
Bonaparte, Jérôme-Napoléon, ‘Plon-Plon’ (1805–70) 60, 158, 263, 398
Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Naples, then of Spain (1768–1844) 32, 33, 37
Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland (1778–1846) 32, 33, 44
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (1808–73) see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon-Eugène, prince imperial (1856–79) 250, 257
Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840) 26, 28, 32
Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769–1821) see Napoleon I
Bonapartism
under monarchy 47–8, 184
in the Second Republic 57–8
in Third Republic 11, 246, 247–8, 250, 261, 262, 263, 276, 290
Bonnard, Pierre, artist 395–6
Bordeaux
travel to 76, 86
government retreat to (1870) 237, 289
National Assembly in (1871) 239
Bory, mayor of Lyon 242
Boucicaut, Aristide, trader 103
Bouguereau, William, artist 196–7, 392
Bouillé, Jean-Pierre, prefect 68
Boulanger, General Georges 260–65
Boulanger Affair 260–65, 299–300, 418
Boulogne, camp at (1804) 33
Bonapartist landing at (1840) 57, 60
Bourdon, Victor, soldier 437, 438, 439
Bourgeois, Léon, politician 270–71, 272
bourgeoisie
administrative 105–9, 332–3
commercial/industrial 110–12, 334–5
financial 87, 112–14, 334–5
professional 327–31
Bourges, Michel de, lawyer 147
Bourget, Paul, writer 366, 369, 397
Bourgoing, Baron, Bonapartist 250
Bourmont, Count Ghislaine de 26
Bourses du Travail 270, 322–3
Bouvier, Jeanne, labour militant 320, 373–5, 384
Braque, Georges, artist 401
Brazza, Captain Pierre Savorgnan de, explorer 417
Brès, Madeleine, doctor 153, 236
Brest 66, 67
Briand, Aristide, politician 269–70, 271, 284, 285, 286, 287, 306, 308, 321, 359, 387
brigandage 22, 67
Brisson, Henri, politician 275, 423
Brittany
administrators in 69–70
agriculture in 314,
in art 395, 396
Breton language in 70, 75, 297, 304–5
colony in Paris 314, 347
counter-revolution in see chouannerie
discovered by writers 66–7, 75
migration from 314, 321
provincial liberties of 88
religious practice in 70, 75, 128–30
tourism in 308–10
Broglie, Albert de, politician 247, 248, 250–51, 253, 290–91
Broglie, Victor de, politician 35–6, 44, 62, 64, 115
Bruant, Aristide, impresario 406
Brousse, Paul, socialist 250, 259, 260, 266
Brune, Marshal (killed 1815) 73, 78
Bruno, G. see Fouillée, Augustine
Bückler, Johannes, alias Schinderhannes 22
Budes de Guébrinant, Hervé, Breton royalist 316
Buffet, André, royalist 276, 277, 278
Buffet, Louis, royalist 276
Bugeaud, General Thomas-Robert 222
Buisson, Ferdinand, Protestant academic 140, 343, 357, 359
Bülow, Bernhard von, German chancellor 426
Bureau, Gaston, actor 177
Byron, Lord 184, 185
cabinets de lecture 175
Cachin, Marcel, socialist 419
Cadoudal, Georges, royalist conspirator 26, 30, 31
Children of the Revolution Page 63