café-concerts see music
Caillaux, Henriette 286, 288, 371
trial of (1914) 288, 371
Caillaux, Joseph, politician 11–12, 278, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 331, 371, 430–31, 434
Caillavet, Léontine, salon hostess 331, 371
Callais, Nina de, salon hostess 393
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis de, politician 28, 32
Cambon, Jules, diplomat 330–31
Cambon, Paul, diplomat 330–31
Cambry, Jacques, prefect 69–70
Camisards 127–8
Camp, Maxime du, writer 79, 82, 188, 189, 259
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) 20
Canning, Stratford, diplomat 225–6
Carette, Henri, socialist 302
caricature, political 175–6
Carmaux 267–8, 302, 318, 320
Carnot, Hippolyte, republican 58, 89, 90
Carnot, Lazare, revolutionary 24, 31, 40, 44, 58
Carnot, Sadi, president of the Republic 262, 264, 269, 272, 318
Carrel, Armand, journalist 52, 176
Carvalho, Léo, impresario 194
Casiero, Santo Geronimo, anarchist 269
Casimir-Périer, Auguste, politician 248, 251
Casimir-Périer, Jean, president of the Republic (1894–5) 272
Cassagnac, Paul de, journalist 247–8, 263
Cassano, battle of (1799) 21
Castellane, Boni de, playboy 335, 371
Cathelineau, Henri de, Vendean leader 291
Catherine the Great 215
Catholic Church
reform of Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) 4, 22, 122, 125, 129, 360
oath to Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1791) 4, 122, 124, 125, 129
and sale of Church land 4, 91–2
and dechristianization 22, 24
and revival after the Revolution 8, 119–22, 131–3
and Concordat (1802) 6, 12, 29, 32, 118, 121, 132, 245, 305, 340, 344
attacked in 1830 122, 133
and liberty 134–6, 138–9, 343
and democracy 123, 354–5
and minority language 297, 304–5
patterns of religious practice 122–31, 345–9
and popular religion 122, 129–31
recruitment and training of priests 120–21
religious congregations 149–50, 342, 345, 348, 358–9, 360
and Second Empire 138
and war of 1870 231, 337,
and Paris Commune 243–4, 337
and Moral Order (1873–7) 338–9
and attacks under Third Republic 10, 280, 283, 339–45, 358–60
and the Ralliement 350–55
and Separation of Church and state (1905) 12, 14, 284, 340, 359–60, 441
and renaissance after Separation 14, 361–3
Cavaignac, Eugène, soldier and dictator 8, 56, 58
Cavaignac, Godefroy, republican militant 7, 52, 55
Cavaignac, Godefroy, politician 275
centralization, administrative 6
law of 1800 6, 68
buckles (1815) 71–3
in Second Republic 84–5
in Second Empire 86–7
buckles (1870–71) 233–4, 242, 289, 290
in Third Republic 290, 302–3, 307–8, 440
Cévennes 127–8, 298, 348–9
Chailley-Bert, Joseph, colonialist, 421
Chambord, Comte de, Legitimist pretender 249–50, 257, 351
Chambrun, Comte de, royalist 272
Champfl eury, art critic 196
Chaplin, Charlie 408
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, scientist and politician 68–9
Charcot, Jean-Martin, scientist 379
Charette de la Contrie, Athanase, Vendean leader 291, 337, 351
Charlemagne, model for Napoleon 32–3
Charles, archduke of Austria 21
Charles X, king of France 31, 42, 43, 46, 47, 74, 114, 133, 169, 170, 186, 249
Charles-Brun, Jean, regionalist 300–301, 307
Charlet, Nicholas-Toussaint, artist 48, 184
Chartres 92, 338, 351
Chateaubriand, François-René de
and Revolution 5, 29
visits America 211, 212, 213
and Napoleon 30, 31
visits Holy Land 220
at Restoration 45, 46
Atala 168, 211
Genius of Christianity 6, 131–2, 168
Chatrian, Alexandre, writer 295
Chatrousse, Émile, sculptor 414
Chevalier, Michel, economist 108
Chesnelong, Pierre-Charles, royalist 249
Chevreuse, Duchesse de 36
China 418
Chopin, Frédéric, composer 148
chouannerie 67, 72, 75
Clemenceau, Georges
early life 63
marriage 256, 330
mayor of Montmartre 240–41, 330
radical critic of the Republic 258–9, 260
and Boulangism 261, 262, 263–4
and Dreyfus Affair 273, 274
‘first cop in France’ 283–4, 316–17
prime minister 28–5
and centralization 307–8
and feminism 389
and society 398
and colonies 417, 418, 430–31
Clément, Jean-Baptiste, songwriter 302
Clermont-Ferrand 334, 361
cinema 407–8
Civil Code (1804) 144, 154, 366
centenary of 386
Clichy incident (1891) 269
Coignet, Jean-Roch, Napoleonic soldier 34, 41
colonial lobby 421–2, 425
colonies
North Africa 416–17, 422, 425–6, 431, 443
sub-Saharan Africa 416–17, 421, 422, 423, 424, 433, 443
Indo-China 418, 425, 443
see also Fashoda crisis, Morocco crises
colporteurs 175
Combes, Émile, politician 282–3, 294, 330, 358–9, 424–5
Comité des Forges 112, 334, 335
Comité Flamand de France 301
Commentry 302
Communards, amnesty of 252, 258, 259, 279
Commune, Paris (1871) 9, 10, 11, 229, 236, 240–45
compagnonnage 96–7, 99, 163
Compayré, Gabriel, educationist 344
Concordat see Catholic Church
Condé, Prince de 29, 31
Confédération Générale du Travail (1895) 270, 282, 284–5, 287, 434, 435, 436
congregations, religious see Catholic Church
Constans, Ernest, politician 264
Constant, Benjamin, liberal 5, 30, 40, 46, 143, 159
constitution
(1793) 23
(1795) 23
(1799) 27–8
(1802) 28, 30
(1804) 31
(1814 Charter) 39, 42, 107
(1830) 50
(1848) 56
(1852) 59
(1870) 9, 65
(1875) 250–51
Consulate (1799–1804) 28–31
Cooper, James Fenimore, writer 91, 171
Coppée, François, writer 277
Corsica 79
Cotte, Gilbert, miners’ leader 322
Courbet, Gustave, artist 11, 196, 241
Couriau, Emma and Louis, printworkers 375
Courteline, Georges, writer 419
Cousin, Victor, educationist, 109
Couture, Thomas, artist 186–7
Crédit Foncier 87
Crédit Immobilier 113–14
Crédit Lyonnais 334–5
Crédit Mobilier 87, 13–14
Crémieux, Adolphe, politician 106
Crémieux, Gaston, revolutionary 233, 234, 242, 290
Creuse 95, 97, 120, 124
Cubism 400
Cunéo d’Ornano, Gustave, Bonapartist 276
Curie, Marie, scientist 378–9
Curie, Pierre, scientist 378–9
Custine, Astolf de, writer 216–17
<
br /> cycling 409
Dalou, Jules, sculptor 264, 279
Danton, Georges, revolutionary 260
Darboy, Mgr, archbishop of Paris 243–4
Darien, Georges, antimilitarist 12, 419
Dartigues, J.-P., doctor 367–8
Daubié, Julie, writer 152, 166
Daudet, Alphonse, writer 11, 105, 295, 391, 392
Daudet, Julia, salon hostess 391
Daudet, Léon, politician 397
Daumier, Honoré, artist 160, 176, 182
David, Jacques-Louis, artist 6, 182–3, 184, 185
Davout, Marshal Louis 35
Deauville 87
Debraux, Émile, songwriter 48
Debussy, Claude, composer 12, 394, 399, 400
Decadence see Symbolism
Decaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 419
Decazes, Elie, politician 44–5, 46, 73, 94, 114
Decazeville 94, 320
decentralization
in the Second Republic 85–6
in the Second Empire 89–90, 291
in the Third Republic 201–2, 291–2, 297–301, 306–8, 440
Degas, Édouard, artist 197, 392, 393
Delacroix, Eugène, artist 8, 172, 185–6, 187, 188
Delaunay, Robert, artist 400
Delcassé, Théophile, politician 421, 430
Delécluze, Étienne-Jean, art critic 184, 196
Delescluze, Charles, revolutionary 9, 52, 55, 64, 106, 237, 241, 243, 258
Denis, Maurice, artist 12, 395, 396
department stores 103, 323–4
Deroin, Jeanne, feminist 161, 162, 163
Déroulède, Paul, nationalist 261, 263, 264, 276, 277, 279, 384, 397, 415, 417, 420, 428, 435
Descaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 12, 397, 409
Desgranges, Henri, promoter 409
Desraismes, Maria, feminist 10, 166, 370, 381–2
Detourbey, Marie-Anne see Loynes, Comtesse de
Diaghilev, Serge, impresario 400
Diavolo, Fra, Italian monk 21
Diderot, Denis 149
Didon, Father, Dominican 13
Dillon, Count Arthur, royalist 263, 264
Directory, French (1795–9) 19–27
Divorce
law of 1792 4, 143, 370
Civil Code and 144
law of 1816 144
law of 1884 10, 353, 370–71
Dollfus, Jean, industrialist 111–12
domestic service 95, 155
Dorval, Marie, actress 147, 171, 178
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, writer 420
Doumer, Paul, politician 425
Doumergue, Gaston, politician 288
Dreikaiserbund 419
Dreyfus
Alfred (d. 1935) 127, 273–9, 296, 349, 354, 355
Henriette (d. 1931) 296
Jacob (d.1838) 127
Jacques 127, 296, 349
Léon (d. 1911) 127
Lucie (d. 1945) 278, 349
Mathieu (d. 1930) 127, 273, 355
Raphaël (d. 1893) 127, 296
Dreyfus Affair 11, 12, 13, 14, 273–9, 332, 355–7
and French art 398–9, 401
and international crisis 422–3
Drouet, Juliette, actress 166, 171
Drumont, Édouard, anti-Semite 265, 275, 353–4, 355, 356, 363
Dubourg, Arthur 368
Ducray-Duminil, Guillaume, writer 175
Dumas, Alexandre, fils 11, 158, 187–8, 368, 370, 381, 383, 391, 398
Dumas, Alexandre, père 8, 106, 170–72, 173, 217–18
Dumay, Jean-Baptiste, labour militant 101
Dupanloup, Félix, bishop of Orléans 109, 123, 153, 414–15
Durand, Marguerite, feminist 12, 383–4, 388
Duras, Duc and Duchesse de 116
Durkheim, Émile, sociologist 349
Duruy, Victor, education minister 153
École Centrale de Commerce et de l’Industrie 333, 334
École des Mines 104
École des Ponts et Chaussées 108
École Libre des Sciences Politiques 272, 408
École Militaire Spéciale see Saint-Cyr
École Normale de Sèvres 378
École Normale Supérieure 109, 268, 274, 414, 438
École Polytechnique 107–8, 328–9, 333, 361
Edgeworth, Maria 143
education
primary 2, 103–4, 140, 326, 340–45
secondary 105, 135–6, 326–9, 342
higher 105, 327
Edward VII 195, 425
Edwards, Blanche, doctor 379, 380, 383
Egypt
Napoleon in (1798) 5, 19, 20, 21
French support viceroy of 221–2
French visitors to 223
Suez Canal built 225–6
France loses (1882) 226, 417–20
Eiffel, Gustave, engineer 103, 333
Eiffel Tower 397, 403
Elba, island of 40
Elections, legislative
(1797) 24
(1798) 24
(1799) 24
(1815) 43, 73
(1848) 55
(1849) 58, 84
(1852) 61–2
(1857) 62
(1863) 64, 89
(1869) 64
(1871) 238–9, 246–7, 290
(1876) 252
Children of the Revolution Page 64