classical music 399, 400
comic opera 194–5
music hall 406–7
opera 181, 194
popular concerts 180–81
singing clubs 180, 406
in Italy 201, 202
German 206
Musset, Alfred de, writer 6, 147
mutual aid societies 99–100
Nabis 395–6
Nadaud, Martin, workers’ leader 95–7
Nancy manifesto (1865) 89, 291
Naples, Kingdom of 20, 33
Napoleon I
early career 5, 19–20, 199
seizes power (1799) 27
consul 28–31
emperor 31–8
and art 182–3
and Madame de Staël 159, 205
and Jews 126–7
deposed (1814) 38–9
Hundred Days (1815) 6, 40–42, 44, 46, 72
deposed (1815) 42, 43
exile on St Helena 6
black legend 27
cult of 47–8, 57–8
see also Empire, First
Napoleon II 37, 50
Napoleon III
early career 57
elected president (1848) 56, 58
seizes power (1851) 8, 9, 10, 59
emperor (1852) 8, 61
liberal reforms 63–5
foreign policy 63, 202–3, 226
defeated and deposed (1870) 65, 230–31
death (1873)
see also Empire, Second
Naquet, Alfred, politician 252, 263, 353, 370
Narbonne
commune in (1871) 242, 289
winegrowers’ revolt in (1907) 284, 316–17, 432
Narbonne, Louis de 142, 159
Natanson brothers, art critics 275
National Council of French Women 385
nationality law (1889) 318
Naturalism 392, 394, 396
Naudet, Abbé Paul 355
Necker, Jacques, banker and minister 5, 142
Nelson, Horatio, Lord 20
Nerval, Gérard de, writer 170, 171, 181, 223
Netherlands, under French rule 5, 20, 25
newspapers see press
Ney, Marshal Michel 32, 34, 38–9, 41, 43, 4, 115
Niboyet, Eugénie, feminist 161, 163
Nicholas I, tsar of Russia (1825–55) 217–18
Nicholas II, tsar of Russia (1894–1917) 421
Nijinsky, Vaslav, Russian dancer 400
Nîmes 127–8
nobility
and the Revolution 144
imperial 35, 115–16
part of social elite 116, 335–6, 441
Nodier, Charles, writer 169, 170
Noël, Émile, freethinker 347
Nord
agriculture in 92, 315
industry in 317, 318, 320
religious practice in 124
Normandy
counter-revolution in 26, 30
agriculture in 314
resorts in 87–8
Novi, battle of (1799) 25
Offenbach, Jacques, musician 181, 194–5
Offenstadt brothers, publishers 405
Olivier, Juste, critic 178
Ollivier, Émile, politician
commissar of the Republic (1848) 55
and Second Empire 62–5, 166
labour law (1864) 100–101
and decentralization 90, 291
and war of 1870 229–30
Orgères, bande d’ 22
Orient, Voyages to the 219–26
Orléans, Duc d’ (d. 1842) 54, 106, 186
Orléans, Duc d’, pretender 276, 277
Orleanists
in Second Republic 59
in Second Empire 62
in Third Republic 246, 248–50, 251
Orsini plot (1858) 63
Ottoman Empire
and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 20, 219
and French travellers 219–20, 223–4
and viceroy of Egypt (1840) 221
and Suez Canal 225–6
Ozanam, Frédéric, Catholic democrat 136–7, 350
painting 181–7, 188, 196–8, 390, 392–3, 395–7, 440–41
Pams, Jules, politician 287
Panama scandal (1892) 265, 274, 283
Pankhurst, Emmeline 386, 387
Pankhurst, Christabel 386
Papal States
in restoration Italy 201
Italian occupation of (1870) 337
Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educationist 151
Paray-le-Monial, shrine 338
Parent-Duchâtelet, Alexandre 80–81
Paris
Allies in (1814–15) 38, 42–3
population of 79–80, 84
crime and prostitution in 80–81
in literature 81–2
Revolution of 1830 50, 82
revolt of 1832 4, 52, 100
Revolution of 1848 8, 9, 54, 82
rebuilding of 83–4, 87, 179
migration to 314, 321, 324, 347
administration of 68, 86, 290, 292
religious practice in 123, 347
as a cultural capital 391, 442
siege of 1870 –71 230
see also June Days, Commune, Faubourg Saint-Germain
Paris, Comte de, Orleanist, pretender 262, 263
Parti Ouvrier (1879) 258, 259, 267, 270
Parti Ouvrier Socialiste Révolutionnaire (Allemanist) 266
Parti Socialiste de France (Guesdist) 281
Parti Socialiste Français (Jaurésist) 281, 283
Pas-de-Calais
agriculture in 315
industry in 322
religious practice in 124
Pasdeloup, Jules-Étienne, musician 236
Pathé, Charles, film-maker 408
Paul-Boncour, Joseph, politician 307–8, 359
peasantry
and landholding 41–3, 312–13
and marriage 154–5
and rural industry 94, 313
migration of 94–5, 313–14
organization of 315–16
and politics 58, 256
and the priesthood 120
and war 438–9
Péguy, Charles, writer 13, 274, 362, 363, 427–9, 430, 433
death of (1914) 14, 437–9
Pelleport, Pierre de, soldier 115
Pelletan, Camille, politician 357, 424
Pelletier, Madeleine, feminist 12, 379–80, 386, 388
Pellieux, General de 276
Pelloutier, Fernand, anarcho-syndicalist 269, 270, 282
Perdiguier, Agricol, labour militant 92–3, 96–7
Péreire, Émile and Isaac, promoters 87, 113–14
Périer, Casimir, financier and politician 46, 51, 99, 112–13, 116
Persigny, Victor, adventurer and politician 60
petite bourgeoisie
artisans and shopkeepers 101–3, 154, 323, 440
white-collar workers 103–4, 324–6, 440
Peugeot, Armand, car manufacturer 333
Philippon, Charles, caricaturist 175–6
Picard, Père François, Assumptionist 338
Picasso, Pablo, artist 400–401
Pichegru, General Charles 24, 31
Picquart, Colonel Georges 273, 284
pilgrimages 61, 363
Pinagot, Louis-François, clogmaker, 93
Piou, Jacques, politician 352, 355
Pissarro, Camille, artist 12, 396, 398
Pius IX, Pope (1846–78) 130, 139, 337
Pius X, Pope (1903–14) 362
Plombières meeting (1858) 88
Poincaré, Raymond, politician 11, 13, 284, 286–7, 433–4, 435
Poland
Grand Duchy of Warsaw 33, 34
revolt in (1830) 134
Polignac, Edmond de 31, 335, 349
Polignac, Jules 31
Polignac, Princesse de 335, 399–400
Poniatowski, Marshal Jozéf 35
Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis, writer, 1
93
Portugal, partition of (1807) 37
Possibilists 259–60
Potin, Félix, grocer 103
Pouget, Émile, anarchist 269, 282
Poutret de Mauchamps, Marie-Madeleine, feminist 160
Pouyer-Quertier, Augustin, industrialist and politician 62, 112, 160
prefects see centralization, administrative
press
censorship of 187
freedom of 4, 45
development of 173, 176, 192–3, 404–5
circulation of 175–7, 192–3, 404–5
prostitution 80–81, 157–8, 209
Protestants
persecution of 127
and French Revolution 127
and White Terror 128
and July Revolution 128
in Alsace 125
in the Cévennes 127–8, 348–9
and moral education 140, 343
and moderate politics 342
anti-Protestantism 356
and Separation of Church and state 341, 359
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, anarchist
elected 1848 57
and June Days 10
and women 184–6
Proudhonism 235, 241, 353, 375
Proust, Marcel, writer 12, 274, 336, 401–2
Provence 88, 297–8
Prussia
and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 20, 33
and crisis of 1840 206, 221
and war of 1870 229–39
Psichari, Ernest, soldier and writer 14, 362, 363, 430, 432, 433, 439
Pujo, Maurice, royalist militant 277
Pyot, Félix, republican 55
Pyramids, battle of the (1798) 6, 20
Quatrebarbes, Comte Théodore de, royalist 74–5
Quinet, Edgar, writer and academic 6, 9
on Germany 205–6
on Italy 202
on Jesuits 136, 138
on the army 411
Rachel see Félix, Élisa-Rachel
Racing Club de France (1892) 408
Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (1901) 279–80, 283, 285–6, 287–8, 293, 358–9
railways see transport
Rainouard, Henriette see Caillaux, Henriette
Ralliement, the 251–3, 276,
Ramel, General de (killed 1815) 43, 73
Ranvier, Gabriel, revolutionary 237
Raspail, François, revolutionary 54, 56, 58, 253
Ravachol, anarchist 269
reading public, 173 7 403–6
Realism 11, 190–91, 196, 311–12, 393
Récamier, Madame Jeanne-Françoise 30, 304
regicides 42, 44, 51–2
regionalism see decentralization
Régnier, Henri, poet 394
Reichshoffen, battle of (1870) 429
Reille, Baron, industrialist and politician 268
Reille, Baroness, nationalist 385
Reinach, Jacques de, banker 265
Reinach, Joseph, politician 252, 265, 273, 274, 275, 349, 355–6
Rémusat, Augustin de, administrator 36, 39, 48
Rémusat, Charles de, politician 7, 39, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 248
Rémusat, Claire de, courtier 36
Renan, Ernest, writer and academic 10, 11, 14, 109–10, 129–30
Life of Jesus 139–40, 152, 192, 224–5, 236
on Germany 207
after 1870 246, 341, 398
What is a Nation? 412–13, 430
statue of 359
Renan, Henriette 109, 151–2, 224–5
Renaud, Élisabeth, feminist 38, 388
Renauld, Ernest, polemicist 356
Renault, Louis, car manufacturer 334
Republic, First (1792–1804)
see Jacobin dictatorship, Directory, Consulate
Republic, Second (1848–52)
founded 54–5
conservative (1849–51) 56–9, 84–5
authoritarian (1851–2) 59–61
republicans in Second Empire 62, 90
weakness 255
Republic, Third (1870–1940)
proclaimed 231
Government of National Defence (1870–71) 231–8
presidency of Thiers (1871–3) 247–8
Moral Order (1873–7) 151, 248–50, 291, 381
constitution of 1875 250–52
republican victory (1877–9) 252–4
Opportunist hegemony (1879–93) 254–65
political system of 254–6, 292–4
education reforms of 339–45, 358–9
Boulanger Affair (1887–9) 260–65
class war (1893–8) 265–73
Dreyfus Affair (1897–9) 273–8
republican defence (1899–1906) 278–84
apaisement (1906–14) 285–7
Union Sacrée (1914) 287–8
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