Eleanor
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9. Letter from James Roosevelt to Margaret Suckley, April 24, 1945.
10. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” May 8, 1945; New York Times, May 9, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, April 25, 1945.
11. New York Times, May 9, 1945.
12. This conversation was reported to the author by Freeda Franklin.
13. Eleanor Roosevelt, On My Own (New York, 1958), p. 5.
14. Letter from Lucy Mercer Rutherford to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 2, 1945.
15. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Elliott Roosevelt, May 17, 1945.
16. Ibid., June 6, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, June 12, 1945.
17. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Maude Gray, Aug. 2, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, July 9, 1945.
18. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Aug. 9, 1945.
19. Memorandum from Eleanor Roosevelt to her children, undated.
20. Geoffrey T. Hellman, “Mrs. Roosevelt,” Life, Feb. 5, 1940.
21. John Morton Blum, From the Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (Boston, 1968), p. 424.
22. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” April 18, 1945.
23. Letter from Harold Ickes to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 21, 1945.
24. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harold Ickes, May 26, 1945.
25. Letter from Trude W. Lash to Joseph P. Lash, April 15, 1945.
26. Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 10, 1945.
27. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, May 14, 1945.
28. Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 18, 1945.
29. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Grace Tully, June 10, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert Hannegan, June 3, 1945.
30. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, June 5, 1945; letter from Izetta Jewell Miller to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 28, 1945.
31. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, June 3, 1945; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 10, 1945; letter from Trude W. Lash to Joseph P. Lash, July 26, 1945.
32. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to James Roosevelt, June 27, 1945.
33. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), pp. 702–4; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 22, 1945.
34. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, July 20, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Sidney Hillman, July 27, 1945.
35. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, July 5, 1945; letter from Harry Hopkins to Eleanor Roosevelt, June 26, 1945, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, June 30, 1945; letter from Harry Hopkins to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 2, 1945.
36. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, July 2, 1945.
37. Letter from Esther Lape to Eleanor Roosevelt, Nov. 8, 1944.
38. E. Roosevelt, On My Own, op. cit., p. 7.
39. Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941–1969 (New York, 1971), p. 122; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, Nov. 1, 1945, and Truman’s reply, Nov. 6, 1945.
40. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Oct. 16, 1945; S. J. Woolf, “Eleanor Roosevelt of Washington Square,” New York Times Magazine, Sept. 23, 1945.
41. Letter from Clark Eichelberger to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 3, 1939; memorandum from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 11, 1939; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Clark Eichelberger, Oct. 13, 1939.
42. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, op. cit., pp. 704–7.
43. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Aug. 6, 1945; Alice Kimball Smith, The Peril and a Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America, 1945–47 (Chicago, 1965), pp. 103–4; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Aug. 14, 1945; New York Times, Aug. 10 and 19, 1945.
44. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, Sept. 11, 1945, and Truman’s reply, Sept. 14, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry Hopkins, Nov. 23, 1945.
45. James F. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime (New York, 1958), p. 373; interview with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr.
46. United Press, Dec. 14, 1945; New York Times, Dec. 19 and 20, 1945; Thomas L. Stokes, in the New York World-Telegram, Dec. 21, 1945.
47. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Dec. 21, 1945.
2. THE HARDEST-WORKING DELEGATE
1. Memorandum of press conference, Jan. 3, 1946.
2. New York Times, Oct. 24, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Jan. 13, 1946.
3. Eleanor Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 2, 1946; memorandum of press conference, Jan. 3, 1946.
4. Interview with Ralph Bunche; E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 2, 1946.
5. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 4, 1946.
6. James Reston, in the New York Times, Jan. 6, 1946.
7. Westbrook Pegler, in the Washington (D.C.) Times-Herald, Jan. 28, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Malvina Thompson, Jan. 13, 1946.
8. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 6, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. and Joseph P. Lash, Jan. 6, 1946.
9. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 7, 1946.
10. Ibid., Jan. 9, 1946; James Reston, in the New York Times, Jan. 10, 1946.
11. Interview with Durward Sandifer.
12. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace: Seven Years with the United Nations (New York, 1954), p. 10; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Jan. 22, 1946.
13. Verbatim Record of the First United Nations General Assembly.
14. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Gerald Morgan, Jan. 24, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Maude Gray, Jan. 22, 1946.
15. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 13, 1946.
16. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Jan. 13, 1946.
17. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” cited (Ch. 1), Jan. 16, 1946.
18. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Feb. 10, 1946; E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 20, 1946.
19. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Feb. 4, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Feb. 3, 1946.
20. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 21, 1946; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Jan. 21, 1946.
21. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Jan. 20, 1946.
22. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 23, 1946; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Feb. 8, 1946.
23. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Jan. 28, 1946.
24. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 16 and 27, 1946, and Feb. 2, 1946.
25. Ibid., Jan. 29, 1946; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Jan. 25, 1946; ibid., Feb. 1, 1946.
26. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Jan. 9, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Maude Gray, Jan. 30, 1946.
27. E. Roosevelt, Diary, Feb. 6, 1946.
28. Ibid., Feb. 8, 1946.
29. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to James Green, Feb. 26, 1954.
30. Interview with Benjamin V. Cohen.
31. Interview with Durward Sandifer.
32. Verbatim Record of the First United Nations General Assembly.
33. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Feb. 13, 1946.
3. A MAGNA CARTA FOR MANKIND
1. Interview with James P. Hendrick.
2. Interview with Durward Sandifer.
3. Doris Fleeson, in the New York Post, March 8, 1946; Arthur H. Vandenberg, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, ed. A. H. Vandenberg, Jr., and J. A. Morris (Boston, 1952), p. 240.
4. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to James Byrnes, March 8, 1946.
5. Interview with James P. Hendrick.
6. E. Roosevelt, On My Own, cited (Ch. 1), p. 73.
7. Ibid.; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” cited (Ch. 1), May 11, 1946; Eleanor Roosevelt, speech to the National Citizens Political Action Committee, Oct. 7, 1946; United Nations Records, E/HR/24.
8. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” May 15, 1946.
9. Letter from Harry Hooker to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 18, 1946.
10. Lash Diaries, Sept. 2, 1946; Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York, 1946).
11. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Aug. 14, 1946.
12. Fern Marja, in the New York Post, Oct. 30, 1946.
13. Eleanor Rooseve
lt, speech in Committee III, Verbatim Record of the First United Nations General Assembly, Pt. II, Nov. 9, 1946; S. J. Woolf, in the New York Times, Dec. 15, 1946.
14. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Feb. 3, 1947.
15. United Nations Records, E/CN.4/SR.14; ibid., E/CN.4/SR.9; New York Times, Feb. 4, 1947.
16. Interview with James P. Hendrick.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.; notes from James P. Hendrick to Eleanor Roosevelt, in the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Commission, file, undated.
19. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Feb. 12, 1947.
20. Letter from James P. Hendrick to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1947; letter from John P. Humphrey to Joseph Lash, April 20, 1972.
21. United Nations Records, E/CN.4/SR.49; Eleanor Roosevelt, speech on “The Struggle for Human Rights,” Paris, Sept. 27, 1948; letter from John P. Humphrey to Joseph Lash, April 20, 1972.
22. Marjorie M. Whiteman, “Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Human Rights Commission,” American Journal of International Law, Oct., 1968; New York Times, June 12, 1947.
23. Memorandum from James P. Hendrick of conversation between Eleanor Roosevelt and Sen. Warren R. Austin, July 3, 1947.
24. Letter from Walter White to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 21, 1947, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, Oct. 22, 1947.
25. Woolf, “Eleanor Roosevelt of Washington Square,” cited (Ch. 1).
26. Letter from James P. Hendrick to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 1, 1947.
27. Ibid., Nov. 20, 1947.
28. New York Times, Dec. 8, 1947.
29. E. J. Kahn, Jr., “The Years Alone,” New Yorker, June 12 and 19, 1948.
30. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Dec. 8, 1947.
31. Interview with James P. Hendrick.
32. United Nations Records, E/CN.4/SR.34.
33. Interview with Durward Sandifer.
34. Eleanor Roosevelt, speech on “The Declaration of Human Rights,” 1949.
35. Letters from Eleanor Roosevelt to A. David Gurewitsch, Dec. 13 and 15, 1947; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Dec. 16, 1947.
36. Interview with James P. Hendrick; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to A. David Gurewitsch, Dec. 18, 1947.
37. New York Times, Dec. 16, 1947.
38. Interview with James P. Hendrick; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert A. Lovett, Jan. 16, 1948, and Lovett’s reply, Jan. 19, 1948.
39. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to George C. Marshall, May 11, 1948, and Marshall’s reply, May 19, 1948; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to A. David Gurewitsch, May 12, 1948.
40. New York Times, May 3, 1948; E. Roosevelt, speech on “The Struggle for Human Rights,” op. cit.
41. New York Times, May 24, 1948; United Nations Records, E/CN.4/SR.46; letter from George C. Marshall to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 12, 1948.
42. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Walter White, Jan. 20, 1948; New York Times, June 9, 1948.
43. A. M. Rosenthal, “On Dealing with the Russians,” New York Times Magazine, Jan. 18, 1953.
44. New York Times, June 18, 1948; For Fundamental Human Rights (United Nations, 1948), p. 21.
45. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to A. David Gurewitsch, Aug. 26, 1948; E. Roosevelt, speech on “The Struggle for Human Rights”; dispatch from Paris to the State Department, No. 1214, Sept. 29, 1948.
46. Our Rights as Human Beings (United Nations, 1955), p. 9; interview with Durward Sandifer.
47. Interview with Durward Sandifer; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Maude Gray, Dec. 9, 1948.
48. Letter from Charles Malik to Joseph P. Lash, Sept. 15, 1970; letter from Helen Keller to Eleanor Roosevelt, undated; letter from Clark Eichelberger to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 7, 1949, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, undated; letter from John Foster Dulles to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 2, 1949.
49. Herbert G. Nichols, The United Nations as a Political Institution (New York, 1960), p. 132; For Fundamental Human Rights, op. cit., p. 59.
50. Egon Schwelb, Human Rights and the International Community: The Roots and Growth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948–1963 (Chicago, 1964), p. 50; letter from John P. Humphrey to Joseph P. Lash, April 20, 1972.
51. Eleanor Roosevelt, The Great Question (United Nations, 1958).
4. RELUCTANT COLD-WARRIOR
1. Letter from Harry Hopkins to Eleanor Roosevelt, Nov. 23, 1945.
2. New York Times, Feb. 16, 1946.
3. Memorandum from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, March, 1946.
4. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Jan. 27, 1946.
5. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” cited (Ch. 1), March 16, 1946.
6. Ibid., May 23, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, April 27, 1946.
7. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” May 23, 1946; Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “The Tragedy of Liberalism,” Life, May 20, 1946; letter from Joseph Alsop to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 26, 1946, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, April 28, 1946.
8. New York Herald Tribune, May 17, 1946.
9. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Henry Wallace, April 17, 1945.
10. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Sept. 21, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, May 27, 1946.
11. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Nov. 11, 1946.
12. Ibid., Aug. 28, 1946, and Sept. 17, 1946.
13. Ibid., Aug. 9, 1946.
14. Ibid., Dec. 19, 1946, and Nov. 1, 1946.
15. Eleanor Roosevelt, Foreword to Elliott Roosevelt’s As He Saw It (New York, 1946), p. ix.
16. Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “Matter of Fact,” column in the New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 1, 1946; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph Alsop, Dec. 5, 1946, and letters from Joseph Alsop to Eleanor Roosevelt, Dec. 17 and 29, 1946.
17. J. and S. Alsop, “Matter of Fact,” op. cit., Dec. 1, 1946.
18. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Jan. 4, 1947; James Loeb, in the Roosevelt Day Memorial Journal, issued by the Americans for Democratic Action, 1963.
19. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Jan. 25, 1947.
20. Letter from Fiorello H. La Guardia to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 2, 1947, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, April 11, 1947.
21. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Max Lerner, Jan. 19, 1947.
22. Telegram from C. B. Baldwin to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 16, 1947, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, April 17, 1947.
23. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” March 15, 1947.
24. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Dean Acheson, March 26, 1947.
25. Vandenberg, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, cited (Ch. 3), p. 345; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Arthur H. Vandenberg, April 18, 1947.
26. Letter from Dean Acheson to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 15, 1947.
27. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, April 17, 1947.
28. Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 7, 1947.
29. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Dean Acheson, April 11, 1947, and Acheson’s reply, April 15, 1947; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Dean Acheson, April 16, 1947, and Acheson’s reply, May 7, 1947; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, May 19, 1947.
30. Letter from John Foster Dulles to Eleanor Roosevelt, May 26, 1947, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, June 21, 1947.
31. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” April 28, 1947.
32. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, July 28, 1947.
33. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), pp. 317, 336, 341.
34. Joseph M. Jones, The Fifteen Weeks (New York, 1955), p. 36.
35. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 9, 1947; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Mrs. von Fluss, July 3, 1947.
36. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” July 5 and 9, 1947.
37. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to George C. Marshall, July 18, 1947, and Marshall’s reply, July 22, 1947; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Aug. 4, 1947.
38. Letters from Eleanor Roosevelt to Mr. Wiborg, Sept. 21, 1947.
39. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to James Roosevelt,
June 27, 1945; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to George C. Marshall, April 15, 1945.
40. Letter from George C. Marshall to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 23, 1947; E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Sept. 18, 1947.
41. Lash Diaries, Sept. 29, 1947.
42. Letter from Robert Hannegan to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 20, 1947.
43. Lash Diaries, Sept. 27, 1947.
44. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” Oct. 8 and 15, 1947.
45. Ibid., Oct. 27, 1947.
46. New York Times, Oct. 29, 1947.
47. Letter from Bruce Gould to Eleanor Roosevelt, undated; letter from George C. Marshall to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 10, 1948, and Eleanor Roosevelt’s reply, Feb. 15, 1948.
48. James Forrestal, The Forrestal Diaries, ed. Walter Millis and E. S. Duffield (New York, 1951), p. 387; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to George C. Marshall, March 13, 1948.
49. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, March 13, 1948.
50. Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, March 16, 1948; letter from George C. Marshall to Eleanor Roosevelt, March 17, 1948; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Oct. 16, 1948; letter from Bernard Baruch to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 15, 1948.
51. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Oct. 16, 1948.
52. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Oct. 26, 1948.
53. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Trude W. Lash, Nov. 17, 1948.
54. New York Herald Tribune, Jan. 15, 1949; Elizabeth Janeway, “First Lady of the UN,” New York Times Magazine, Oct. 22, 1950.
55. Lash Diaries, Oct. 2, 1949.
5. THE UNITED NATIONS AND A JEWISH HOMELAND
1. E. Roosevelt, “My Day,” cited (Ch. 1), April 12, 1943; letter from Louis Bromfield to Eleanor Roosevelt, June 21, 1943; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to M. Potter, July 26, 1943.
2. Letter from Louis Weiss to Malvina Thompson, June 3, 1943.
3. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, April 6, 1944.
4. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Dr. Dunner, Jan. 16, 1943.
5. Justine Wise Polier, “As I Knew Mrs. Roosevelt,” Petal Paper (a monthly published in Petal, Miss., by P. D. East), Jan., 1963.
6. Ben Hecht, Guide for the Bedevilled (New York, 1944); letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, May 18, 1944.
7. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to the Mizrachi Women of America, Oct. 28, 1943.
8. Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Mrs. Miller, Dec. 21, 1948; letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Joseph P. Lash, Feb. 12, 1943.