A Ton of Crap
Page 7
Example of Scientific Notation So now let’s look at a simple example of scientific notation.
3 × 104 = 30,000
The 3 can also be shown as 3.0 because there are no numbers following it. From there, we then have to move the decimal point an additional four spots. We move to the right, because the exponent is positive.
Similarly, to show the number 5,000 in scientific notation, it would look like this:
5 × 103
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Esophagus The tongue pushes the food to the back of the throat, toward the opening of the esophagus. The esophagus is a pipe responsible for moving food from the throat to the stomach. When a person swallows, a little flap called the epiglottis closes the windpipe, ensuring the food goes down the esophagus. Along the walls of the esophagus, muscles squeeze the food, until it reaches the stomach.
POLISH
Dialects There are several dialects of Polish. Greater Polish is the dialect of the west, Lesser Polish is spoken in southern and southeastern Poland, Mazovian is spoken in eastern and central parts, Silesian is spoken in the south and southwest, and Highlander is spoken on the border of Poland of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Highlander is strongly influenced by Romanian, as a result of migrants.
LESSON 6C
THE MAGNA CARTA
The Creation of the Magna Carta Following the loss against the French, the English revolted against King John. In 1215, the Magna Carta was created. To this day, it is still one of the most celebrated documents ever written. Literally meaning “The Great Charter,” the Magna Carta consisted of thirty-seven laws that greatly reduced the power of the king and allowed for the formation of a parliament. King John of England was forced to sign the document.
READING
Subvocalized Reading Subvocalization is considered to be a bad habit if one wishes to understand and accomplish speed reading, but it is something that everyone does naturally. Subvocalization is the process of sounding the word out in your head as you read. This internal voice actually slows down the process of reading because you are saying the word at the rate at which you speak, which is not necessary when reading.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific Notation with Negative Integers For negative integers, you go back the number of spaces the integer indicates.
For example:
500 × 10-1 = 50.
You start at 500, which can be shown as 500.0, and you move the decimal point to the left one space, making it 50. No matter how complex the number may appear, to turn a number into decimal notation, you must follow the exponent.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Stomach The stomach has three roles: to store food, to break the food down into chyme (a semifluid paste), and to empty the chyme into the small intestine. The stomach breaks the food down with the help of gastric juices that line the walls of the organ. The gastric juices start breaking the food down to its essential nutrients, and kill any harmful bacteria that may be in the food.
POLISH
Kashubian Kashubian is one of the more commonly spoken variants of Polish. It is spoken in the north of Poland, west of Gdansk, and in Pomerania. The argument over whether Kashubian is a distinct language on its own or another dialect of Polish has long been disputed. It has been decided that Kashubian is in fact another language; however, the similarities between the languages are striking. Nevertheless, those who speak Polish will not understand Kashubian unless it is written down.
LESSON 6D
THE MAGNA CARTA
Clause 61 A large section of the Magna Carta is referred to today as Clause 61. This established the creation of a committee composed of twenty-five barons who would have the power to overcome the rule of the king at any time should he defy what was written in the Charter. If necessary, these barons could seize the king’s possessions and castles. Both King John and the pope refused to allow this, and England entered into a civil war, known as the First Barons’ War. The Magna Carta was only valid for three months, and was considered to be a failure.
READING
Lexical and Sublexical Reading Lexical and sublexical processes contribute to how a person learns to read. Sublexical reading involves associating characters with sounds. This is accomplished by learning with the phonics methodology. Lexical reading is acquiring phrases or words without paying attention to the characters those words are made up of. Lexical reading uses a “whole language” approach, which is the opposite of phonics and focuses on the components of sounds found in a language.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Going from Scientific Notation to Decimal Notation To turn a number from decimal notation to scientific notation, you must work backward. You are starting with a number in decimal form, and want to end with the x × 10y equation. When doing this, you want to make x as simple a number as you can between 1 and 10.
So for example, 0.003 would be equivalent to 3 × 10-3
And if the number is more complex, just remember to make it between 1 and 10.
For example: .002345 is just 2.345 × 10-3
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Small Intestine From the stomach, the food enters the small intestine, an organ that, outstretched, is 22 feet long in an adult. The small intestine breaks the food down further and it is where the major amount of absorption of nutrients takes place. The nutrients are then sent to the liver, while what’s left of the food is passed on to the large intestine.
POLISH
Polish Grammar Grammar in Polish is heavily influenced by the Old Slavic system of grammar. The endings of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives change according to function, with seven distinctions (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative). There are also two number classes (singular and plural), and like many Slavic languages, there aren’t any definite or indefinite articles.
LESSON 6E
THE MAGNA CARTA
The Magna Carta Today Today, only three of the original sixty-three clauses are still valid in England. The first clause guaranteed the liberties of the English Church. The second clause declared that London and all of the other cities, towns, ports, and boroughs would be allowed to enjoy their ancient customs and liberties. The last clause, and the most well known of the three, states that no free man shall be imprisoned, seized, or stripped of his rights except by a lawful judgment by his equals and that no one will be denied justice.
READING
Rapid Automatized Naming Rapid Automatized Naming, or RAN, is the time that it takes someone to name symbols, colors, pictures, and objects out loud, and as quickly as they possibly can. This test can be a good predictor of a child’s ability to read later in life, and it is independent from the child’s current verbal IQ, phonological awareness, and reading skills that already exist.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Order of Magnitude The order of magnitude is a number rounded to the nearest power of 10. This enables simple comparisons, estimates, and rough calculations to be performed. So, for example, if something is 1.9 and you need to use it in a calculation, that number is closer to 100 than it is 101, so when solving your problem, you would use 100.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Large Intestine The large intestine measures five feet long and is fatter than the small intestine. What the small intestine passes on to the large intestine is waste. There is no longer any nutritional value to the substance, so therefore the body can’t use it and it must be taken out. The substance passes through a part of the large intestine called the colon, which is the last chance to absorb any water or minerals. The result is feces, and the large intestine then pushes this solid waste to the rectum.
POLISH
Polish Today There are 50 million Polish speakers worldwide. Polish is the official language of Poland; however, it is used as a secondary language in some parts of Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. This is a result of migration, resettlements, and border changes from the Yalta Agreement following Wor
ld War II. Today, Polish is the third most widely spoken Slavic language.
LESSON 6F
THE MAGNA CARTA
Lasting Effects of the Magna Carta The Magna Carta greatly influenced the United States Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights during the writing of these documents. The third clause from the Magna Carta, which stated accused persons shall not be imprisoned until found guilty by their peers is perhaps the most obvious influence, as it appears in the Fifth Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Also, the first clause included the principle of the separation of church and state.
READING
Reading Disorders Reading disorders are the most common forms of learning disabilities. Developmental reading disorder, or dyslexia, is a learning disability that impairs the ability to comprehend accurately in areas such as reading, spelling, and speaking. Dyslexia does not interfere with the ability to think and understand ideas or affect the intelligence of a person. Many common symptoms of dyslexia are having difficulty rhyming, having difficulty recognizing written words, and difficulty determining what a simple sentence means.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Engineering Notation Engineering notation is a form of scientific notation used in civil and mechanical engineering. It is slightly different than scientific notation. In engineering notation, the powers of ten are restricted to be only multiples of three. This is because they are actually powers of a thousand, so instead of writing 1,0002, it looks like 106.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Other Organs The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also play a key role in the digestive system. These organs send digestive juices to the small intestine. The pancreas is responsible for sending juices that digest protein and fat. Bile, a substance created by the liver but stored in the gallbladder, absorbs fat in the bloodstream. The nutrient-rich blood is then sent to the liver, where waste is filtered out.
POLISH
Useful Polish Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling in Poland:
Good morning. Dzień dobry.
Good evening. Dobry wieczór.
Hello. Cześć.
Goodbye. Do widzenia (formal) Do zobaczenia / Narazie! Cześć! (informal)
I don’t understand. Nie rozumiem.
I speak English. Mówię po angielsku.
Thank you. Dzięki / Dziękuję / Serdecznie dziękuję.
Where is the toilet? Gdzie jest toaleta?
How much is it? Ile to kosztuje?/Po ile to jest?
LESSON 6 QUIZ
What did Clause 61 do?
Made it so that no free man shall be imprisoned or stripped of his rights without lawful judgment by his peers
Allowed London and all of the other cities, towns, ports, and boroughs to enjoy their ancient customs and liberties
Established the creation of a committee composed of twenty-five barons who would have the power to overcome the rule of the king at any time
Guaranteed liberties of the English Church
The Magna Carta had a great influence in the creation of:
The Bill of Rights
The U.S. Constitution
The Declaration of Independence
All of the above
Methods used for speed reading include:
Subvocalized reading
Meta guiding
Skimming
B and C
What is the difference between lexical and sublexical reading?
Lexical involves components of sound, whereas sublexical involves learning the sounds of each symbol.
Lexical is based on phonics and sublexical is not.
Sublexical uses Rapid Automatized Naming and lexical uses phonics.
Lexical uses skimming and sublexical doesn’t.
What is 400 in scientific notation?
40 × 100
4 × 10-2
4 × 102
40 × 102
What is 6.4 × 10-3 in decimal
notation?
6400
-6400
0.0064
0.064
What is a bolus?
The gastric juices in the stomach
The enzymes in the saliva
The waste product created in the liver
Food that has been broken down into
a mushy substance and ready to be
swallowed
One of the roles of the gastric juices in the stomach is to:
Kill any bacteria in the food
Absorb nutrients
Turn the food into bile
Absorb bile
What type of language is Polish?
A Romance Language
A West Slavonic Language
An East Slavonic Language
A North Slavonic Language
How do you say “Where is the
toilet?” in Polish?
Gdzie jest toaleta?
Po ile to jest?
Ile to kosztuje?
None of the above
ANSWER KEY: c, d, d, a, c, c, d, a, b, a
Lesson 7
HISTORY: The Reformation
Power of the Church, Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, The Reformation Spreads Throughout the Land,
John Calvin, The Day of Placards, The Counter-Reformation
LANGUAGE ARTS: Writing
Logographies, Syllabaries, Left-Handedness, Right-Handedness, Cross-Dominance, Ambidexterity
MATH: Operations
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Squaring and the Square Root, Factorials
SCIENCE: Tissues
What Is Tissue?, Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Organs
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Russian
The Origins, Cyrillic, Peter the Great Reforms the Language, A Need to Change the Language, The Soviet Union’s Spelling Reform of 1918, Useful Russian Phrases
LESSON 7A
THE REFORMATION
Power of the Church By the beginning of the sixteenth century, Roman Catholicism was the only religion in Western Europe. The Church believed that it alone had the power to interpret the Bible. However, with the Renaissance and the invention of the printing press, people started believing the Church had too much control. In the fourteenth century, a man named John Wycliffe became the first to translate the Bible from Latin into English. This idea was soon picked up by Jan Hus of Bohemia, who began preaching his own sermons.
WRITING
Logographies Today, the main logographic systems of writing are found in Chinese and Japanese languages. Logograms are written characters or symbols that represent a word. One major disadvantage to a system like this is the amount of characters one has to know and how long it would take to learn so many words. For this reason, there are no languages that are fully logographic, and they all have some phonetic components.
OPERATIONS
Addition Addition is literally the process of adding, or combining, one thing to another thing. So in the problem 3 + 6, you are adding or combining the two numbers together, leaving you with an end result of 9. The plus sign (+) is actually derived from an abbreviation of the Latin word et, which means “and.” The plus sign first appeared in print in 1489 in Johannes Widmann’s Mercantile Arithmetic, or Behende und hubsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft.
TISSUES
What Is Tissue? In the body, specific cells group together to perform a certain specialized function, creating tissue. When many tissues group together to carry out a specific function, it becomes an organ. In animals, there are four types of tissue found in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
RUSSIAN
The Origins In the sixth century, the Slav people migrated from Old Poland and gradually occupied the Balkans. By the tenth century, Western, Southern, and Eastern Slavonic had emerged as three similar, yet distinct, language groups. Eastern Slavonic is a direct ancestor of what would become Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian. The languages shared many gramm
atical rules, and were able to share one written language (and only a written language), known as Old Slavonic.
LESSON 7B
THE REFORMATION
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses In 1517, Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, became fed up with the Church’s policies of selling indulgences and misleading people. Luther wrote a series of 95 theses against the practices of the Church (such as indulgences), as well as new ideas for a better religion (such as rejecting the authority of the pope). Luther nailed his 95 theses on the door of the church at Wittenberg.
WRITING
Syllabaries A syllabary is a set of written characters or symbols (known as syllabograms) that represent syllables. These syllables are then used to make words. A syllabogram is either made up of a consonant with a vowel, or a vowel on its own. The syllabary writing system is used when writing languages that originally had no written form, such as Cherokee, and it is also found in Japanese.