A Ton of Crap
Page 23
The number on the left is the same thing as saying 8!, and the number on the right is how many number places you will go. So that really means 8 × 7 × 6 = 336.
ISAAC NEWTON
The Spectrum of Colors Sir Isaac Newton also discovered that white light is made up of the variety of colors in the spectrum. With a prism, he separated the light into the spectrum, and then using another prism, he rejoined the colors to create white light. He theorized light was made up of particles, but to explain refraction, he associated the property of light with waves.
JAPANESE
Useful Japanese Phrases Here are some useful phrases to use when traveling in Japan. Note, these are spelled out phonetically.
Hello/Good morning. Konnichiwa.
How are you? O genki desu ka?
Pleased to meet you. Hajimemashite.
Good morning. Ohayō gozaimasu.
Good evening. Konbanwa.
Excuse me. Sumimasen.
How much is this? Ikura desu ka?
Thank you. Dōmo.
Where’s the toilet? Benjo wa doko desu ka?
Goodbye. Sayōnara.
LESSON 21 QUIZ
During the initial arrests prior to the witch trials, who confessed that the Devil had visited her?
Sarah Good
The Parris’s slave, Tituba
Sarah Osborne
Bridget Bishop
How many people were killed as a result of the Salem witch trials?
11
9
19
21
Which of the following is the recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem?
Rhythm
Meter
Sonnet
Polynomial
Which of the following must be fourteen lines and written in iambic pentameter, using one of the various rhyme schemes?
Sonnets
Epic poetry
Narrative poetry
Stanzas
What does 8P3 equal?
24
512
6,561
336
Solve: x2 + 6x + 8
(x + 2) (x + 2)
(x + 4) (x + 2)
(x + 4) (x + 4)
(x) (x + 8)
Which law states that for every force, there is an opposite and equal force?
Newton’s first law of motion
Newton’s second law of motion
Newton’s third law of motion
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
Which law states that objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion stay in a straight line at a constant speed, unless an unbalanced force acts on it?
Newton’s first law of motion
Newton’s second law of motion
Newton’s third law of motion
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
Teineigo, sonkeigo, and kenjˉogo are examples of:
Eastern dialects
Western dialects
Monophthongs
Politeness
Which of the following is true?
There are only five vowels in Japanese
Most of the syllables in Japanese end with a vowel sound
Japanese has a pitched accent
All of the above
ANSWER KEY: b, c, b, a, d, b, c, a, d, d
Lesson 22
HISTORY: Gandhi
Gandhi’s Early Life, Gandhi in South Africa, Spiritual Development and Departure from South Africa, Nonviolent Civil Disobedience,
The Dandi March, Quit India
LANGUAGE ARTS: Horror
Gothic Horror, Robert Louis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, Mary Shelley, H. P. Lovecraft, Stephen King
MATH: Calculus
What Is Calculus?, Derivatives, Rules of Differentiation, Limits, Maxima and Minima, Integration
SCIENCE: Quantum Mechanics
What Is Quantum Mechanics?, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, Black Body Radiation, Bohr’s Model, Schrödinger’s Cat, The Photoelectric Effect
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Mandarin
The Origins, Old Mandarin, The Language Becomes Standardized, Differences in Phonology, Dialects, Useful Mandarin Phrases
LESSON 22A
GANDHI
Gandhi’s Early Life Mohandas Gandhi was born in a town north of Bombay on October 2, 1869. At thirteen years old, he was married under an arranged marriage. Though he wished to study medicine, this went against his caste, and his father urged him to study law. In September 1888, Gandhi went to England to study law. When he finished his studies, he returned to Bombay and Rajkot to practice law and briefly served as a lawyer for the prince of Porbandar.
HORROR
Gothic Horror Gothic fiction is one of the most famous genres of horror fiction. It began with Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto, A Gothic Story of 1765, and became incredibly popular during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Gothic fiction combined elements of horror, romance, and emotionalism, with an emphasis on atmosphere. Gothic fiction also focused on monsters, and it is from this genre that some of the most famous horror books ever written are descended.
CALCULUS
What Is Calculus? Calculus is the study of change over time through using advanced forms of geometry and algebra, and it has many real-world applications. It provides the framework to understanding why things change, how to model things, and learning how to predict change in models. Calculus deals with the concept of infinity. If something is always changing, that means it is changing infinitely.
QUANTUM MECHANICS
What Is Quantum Mechanics? Quantum mechanics is the study of particles at the atomic and subatomic level — such as protons, electrons, photons, and atoms — and their movements. According to quantum mechanics, particles at such microscopic levels behave counterintuitively. There are major differences between quantum mechanics and Newton’s laws, including the notion that a particle can only have one value for its energy, and only the probability of a particle’s location can be determined.
MANDARIN
The Origins There are many variations in the Chinese language. Mandarin is spoken in southwestern and northern China and is a Sino-Tibetan language. It began as the language of the courts starting in the Ming Dynasty, with the dialect of Beijing being very influential. By the seventeenth century, schools were set up to teach the Beijing style, and this dialect was established as the national language in 1909. The Beijing style continued to be the national language when the Republic of China came to power and there was a greater need for a common language.
LESSON 22B
GANDHI
Gandhi in South Africa In 1893, Gandhi was offered a job in South Africa. While traveling in the first-class compartment in a train, a white man asked him to leave. It was then that Gandhi decided he would work on eradicating prejudice based on race, and launched a campaign to improve the legal status of Indians in South Africa. In 1896, Gandhi made a return trip home to bring his wife and children to South Africa. As he informed others about what Indians faced in Africa, news of his work began to spread. Upon returning to South Africa, an angry mob formed, with the intention of lynching Gandhi.
HORROR
Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson wrote many famous books. One of his most famous works was a horror novella by the name of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, published in 1886. The book, which tells the tale of a doctor who takes a new drug he had been testing and turns into a horrible monster, deals with the dual nature of humanity, the human capacity for good and evil.
CALCULUS
Derivatives The derivative is one of the core concepts used in calculus. In calculus, derivatives are represented in two ways. In geometric terms, derivatives are the slope of a line. The other way to show a derivative is physically, in which it is the rate of change. In a straight line, the slope indicates the speed at which the function changes. With a curved line, however, the slope changes, and this is where derivativ
es are used.
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle One of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics is Heisenburg’s uncertainty principle. German physicist Werner Heisenberg came to the conclusion that every part of observing particles actually affects particles. Even the light that is shone to help physicists see affects how the particles react and change velocity. To understand a particle, it has to be measured, but measuring it affects it. To make up for this, quantum physicists have to create thought experiments that prove or disprove the interpretations of quantum theory.
MANDARIN
Old Mandarin From 960 to 1127 b.c., Emperor Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty conquered the lands that we now know as China. When the Northern Song Dynasty came to an end, what is referred to as Old Mandarin, a new common speech, developed. Literature and art flourished during this time, and were written in this vernacular form. Much of the grammatical elements, rules, and syntax are retained in the Mandarin spoken today.
LESSON 22C
GANDHI
Spiritual Development and Departure from South Africa Gandhi began doing unpaid, menial work for castes outside of his own, and began to live a simpler life. He began fasting, and in 1906, took a vow of celibacy and began living a life of voluntary poverty. He developed Satyagraha, a concept of the pursuit of truth. In 1907, Gandhi was imprisoned after he urged the Indians of South Africa to defy a law in which Indians had to register and be fingerprinted. He was soon released, and following the work of Leo Tolstoy, he created the Tolstoy Farm, a commonwealth of civil resisters. Before leaving South Africa, Gandhi was also responsible for a law that declared that Indian marriages were valid, and an abolition of taxes placed on former Indian indentured servants.
HORROR
Bram Stoker Bram Stoker is responsible for introducing one of the most famous horror creatures of all time: Count Dracula. Vampire novels had been around before Stoker’s Dracula of 1872; however, none has left as much of an impact as Stoker’s gothic novel. The book follows Jonathan Harker, who travels to Transylvania to help Count Dracula with a real estate transaction and soon witnesses the horrors of the famous vampire. The book touches on sexuality, religion, and superstition, and introduces the world to famous characters like Van Helsing.
CALCULUS
Rules of Differentiation Differentiation is the process of finding the derivatives. There are several rules of differentiation. Among these rules are the constant rule, which states if F(x) = C, then F’(x) = 0 (for example, if F(x) = 5, then F’(x) = 0) and the power rule, which states F(x) = nxn–1, where n equals the exponent. For example, if F(x) = X4, then F’(x) = 4X3.
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Black Body Radiation A black body is the idea of something that absorbs the radiation from all of the wavelengths falling on it. It is the perfect absorber and it appears black because it does not reflect light at normal temperatures. According to Prévost’s theory of exchanges, not only is the black body the best absorber of radiation, but it is also the best emitter of radiation. A black body that is hotter will emit radiation with shorter wavelengths, and will appear blue at a higher temperature, and red at a lower temperature.
MANDARIN
The Language Becomes Standardized Even when the Qing Dynasty fell and the Republic of China came to power, Mandarin remained the official language. When the People’s Republic of China came to power in 1949, the effort to make Mandarin the national language continued, and the Beijing dialect became the official language, now known as Standard Chinese. Mandarin is the official language used in the media and in education. Though Taiwan and some of mainland China (such as Hong Kong) still speak Cantonese, Mandarin is spoken fluently as well. Officially, there are two types of Mandarin, one that the PRC government refers to, and one that the ROC government refers to.
LESSON 22D
GANDHI
Nonviolent Civil Disobedience In January of 1915, Gandhi returned to India and was now known as Mahatma, meaning “great soul.” The Rowlatt Acts of 1919, which allowed the British to try political cases without juries and allowed for the internment of suspects without a trial, enraged the people of India, and Gandhi called for a strike (though it was eventually called off due to violence toward the English). Following this, the Amritsar Massacre occurred, in which on a high holy day, the British began firing on unarmed men, women, and children, killing from 300 to 1,500 people. After the Amritsar Massacre, Gandhi began a noncooperation movement, urging the people to boycott, resign from employment by the British, and refuse to pay taxes.
HORROR
Mary Shelley In 1818, Mary Shelley brought to life a monster that is still one of the most well-known creatures to this day with her book, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Frankenstein infuses elements of gothic horror and romance, and is one of the earliest forms of science fiction. Shelley began the book at eighteen years of age as a bet with other writers about who could write the better horror novel. Three years later, the tale of Dr. Frankenstein’s monster was published.
CALCULUS
Limits Limits are the intended height of a particular function. The formula for limits looks like this:
lim f(x) = n
x → c
Limits deal with the process of moving up the graph, and are not concerned with the value of c. For example, if f(x) = x2, we know that x = 2, we can just plug it into the formula to figure out the answer and arrive at c. What limits do is figure out where the line is as it moves to the constant.
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Bohr’s Model The Bohr Model of the atom was modified from the Rutherford Model by Niels Bohr in 1915. The model features negatively charged electrons orbiting around a positively charged nucleus. According to the Bohr Model, the orbits of the electrons have a specific size and energy; energy is related to the orbit’s size, with the lowest energy in the smaller orbit; and when electrons move from orbit to orbit, radiation is emitted or absorbed. There are several problems with this model, such as not taking Heisenburg’s uncertainty principle into account, and it doesn’t predict the intensities of the spectral lines.
MANDARIN
Differences in Phonology Mandarin is known as a stress-timed language. What this means is that syllables, as in English, can last for different lengths of time, but there is still a constant amount of time between the stressed syllables. Mandarin differs from other Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Min Nan for this very reason. Cantonese and Min Nan are known as syllable-timed languages, where each syllable takes the same amount of time.
LESSON 22E
GANDHI
The Dandi March After six years in prison, Gandhi took part in his most famous act of nonviolent civil disobedience: the Dandi March. The march was 240 miles in protest of British taxes on salt. In Dandi, Gandhi and the protesters made their own salt from the seawater, breaking the law. The march lasted twenty-four days and over 60,000 people were imprisoned.
HORROR
H. P. Lovecraft H. P. Lovecraft is not as well known as Mary Shelley or Bram Stoker, but he has become a cult figure, often compared to the likes of Edgar Allan Poe. He is most widely known for his “Cthulhu Mythos,” a shared literary universe about which he and fellow authors wrote horror stories. One of his most well-known books was The Call of Cthulhu.
CALCULUS
Maxima and Minima Maxima and minima (known as extrema) are the largest and smallest values a function has within a specific area (local), or as a whole (global or absolute). Local maximum is the height at a point that is greater than or equal to any other points in the interval. The formula for local maximum is f(a) ≥ f(x). Local minimum is the opposite, with a formula of: f(a) ≤ f(x).
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Schrödinger’s Cat One of the most famous paradoxes found in quantum theory was created by Erwin Schrödinger. He proposed a theoretical experiment where a cat is placed into a steel box with a vial of a radioactive substance, hydrocyanic acid. If even one atom decays, the vial
will break, and the cat will be dead. The observer, however, does not know whether the cat will be dead or alive until opening the box, and in calculations, the cat has to be considered both dead and alive. This is called quantum indeterminacy, and it means there aren’t any outcomes until a measurement is observed.
MANDARIN
Dialects Mandarin is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and due to China’s size and population, there are many Mandarin dialects spoken. The dialects include the Northeastern dialect, the Southwestern dialect, the Beijing dialect (which Standard Chinese is based on), the Zhongyuan dialect, and the Ji-Lu dialect. Almost all of the cities in China have their own variation on Mandarin.
LESSON 22F
GANDHI
Quit India As World War II began to encroach, Gandhi declared that India would not help the British in a war for independence when they themselves were not granted that freedom. Gandhi’s demands for independence grew, and he drafted Quit India, a resolution that would make the British exit India. Gandhi’s actions were met with great support by the Indian protesters, and great oppression by the British. Thousands were killed, and Gandhi and the Congress were imprisoned. Though Quit India didn’t achieve its goal, it left a dramatic impact. Shortly after the end of World War II, British control over India was to end.