Feminism In the 1960s, a second wave of feminism swept the nation. In 1963, Betty Friedan published a book called The Feminine Mystique that became wildly popular. The book criticized the constricted roles women took as mother and housekeeper. Feminists began looking at the treatment of women in relation to sex, history, and education. Feminist organizations such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) advocated for equal opportunity in the workplace and the right to an abortion (which would pave the way for Roe v. Wade).
NONFICTION
The Education of Henry Adams The Education of Henry Adams is a very interesting book. Henry Adams, the great-grandson of John Adams and grandson of John Quincy Adams, wrote the book himself; however, it is written in the third person. The book describes Adams’s early life growing up in Boston, and events in his life such as his introduction to the world of the South and the horrors of slavery. Adams goes into detail about his education at Harvard, and as he discusses his life, he discusses the realization that his formal education did not prepare him for the world at large.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
Faltings’s Theorem Gerd Faltings was born in 1954, and in 1983, his work with the Mordell conjecture (created in 1922 by Louis Mordell) became very important in understanding Fermat’s last theorem. The Faltings theorem actually paved the way for the solution to the problem. Faltings proved that if the value of n is greater than 2, there is a limited number of coprime integers that can be x, y, and z in Fermat’s last theorem.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Dark Reaction The light-independent process (or dark reaction) occurs in the stromata of chloroplasts and takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turns it into glucose with the ATP and NADPH2 from the light-dependent process. For this process to occur, light is not necessary and no matter how much light is available, the process can continue. A 5-carbon sugar is combined with carbon dioxide, creating a 6-carbon sugar. This sugar is then broken into fructose and glucose, which sucrose is made of.
FILIPINO
Filipino Today The Philippines consists of 7,107 islands, with a population of around 70 million, and there are over 100 different native languages that each have their own dialects. Some of these dialects and languages are mutually intelligible, while others are not. Tagalog was chosen to be the base for the official language because it is the native language for around 25 percent of the population, the largest percentage of speakers in the Philippines. Today, Filipino and English are the languages taught in schools.
LESSON 31F
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
Hippies The hippie movement emerged from the Beat Generation of the 1950s, which was a group of writers (such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac) who had a bohemian lifestyle involving sexual liberation and the use of drugs. The Beat Generation was centered in New York, and several of the people associated with the movement moved to San Francisco, starting the hippie movement. Music, art, drugs, expressing love, political commentary, and protesting were critical elements to the hippie lifestyle. One of the most famous events to come out of the hippie movement was the Woodstock music festival in 1969.
NONFICTION
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil John Berendt’s Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is the true story of a murder trial in Savannah, Georgia, in 1981. Similar to Capote’s In Cold Blood, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is more like a novel than just an account of events. The crime, however, only sets the scene for what the book’s true focus is. The book is the story of a town, Savannah, and its rich history and the quirky and colorful residents that live there.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
Andrew Wiles Fermat’s last theorem was finally proved in 1994 by English mathematician Andrew Wiles, who worked at Princeton. Wiles worked in private for seven years, without ever informing any of his colleagues of the work he was doing on Fermat’s last theorem. In 1993, Wiles gave three lectures at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge, England. On the last day, Wiles wrote out his work on the chalkboard and ended with Fermat’s last theorem. He was met with great applause. Under a peer review, some errors were found in his work, but after a year, Wiles, with the help of Richard Taylor, was able to fix the errors and prove Fermat’s last theorem.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The Carbon Cycle As animals produce carbon dioxide from breathing, plants take in the carbon dioxide and use it to make organic nutrients. The plants are then eaten by an animal (transferring the carbon), and then that animal is eaten by another animal (once again transferring the carbon). When plants and animals die and their bodies start to decay, carbon enters the ground. Some of that carbon will be buried and eventually turn into fossil fuel. As humans use fossil fuels, carbon is released into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide gas. The carbon then travels from the atmosphere into the oceans and other bodies of water.
FILIPINO
Useful Filipino Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to the Philippines:
Hello. Mabuhay.
Good morning. Magandang umaga.
Good afternoon. Magandang hapon.
Good night. Magandang gabii.
How are you? Kumasta?
Yes. Oo. No. Hindi.
Thank you. Salamat.
Excuse me. Mawaláng-galang na nga hô.
I don’t understand. Naiintindihan ko hô.
Do you speak English? Marunong ba kayong mag-Ingglés?
How much? Magkano?
Where is the bathroom? Nasaan ang banyo?
Do you understand? Naiintindihan ba ninyo?
What’s your name? Anóng pangalan ninyó?
Goodbye. Paalam na hô.
LESSON 31 QUIZ
The work of the National Organization for Women paved the way for:
The Beat Generation
The Jim Crow laws
Brown v. Board of Education
Roe v. Wade
Levittown was the first example of:
A women’s organization advocating equal opportunities in the workplace
A suburb
A civil rights protest
A civil rights march
Who wrote A People’s History of the United States?
John Berendt
Howard Zinn
Truman Capote
Henry Adams
In Cold Blood is notable for being the first:
Book about a crime
Nonfiction book
Nonfiction crime novel
Book that proved the innocence of the suspects
Who first showed that for exponents that were prime numbers and less than 100, there were no solutions that were prime to the exponent?
Sophie Germain
Andrew Wiles
Louis Mordell
Gerd Faltings
Ernst Kummer’s most significant contribution was the notion of:
Prime numbers
Ideal numbers
Coprime integers
Exponents
In the formula 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6(CH2O) + 6O2, what does 6(CH2O) represent?
Sugar and oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sucrose
What are the two products that come out of light reactions?
ATP and carbon monoxide
ATP and carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and NADPH2
ATP and NADPH2
Prior to the Spanish conquest, Tagalog was written in:
Abakada
Baybayin
Paalam
The Latin alphabet
What percentage of the Filipino language is either Spanish words or words derived from Spanish?
30 percent
40 percent
50 percent
60 percent
ANSWER KEY: d, b, b, c, a, b, a, d, b, b
Lesson 32
HISTORY: Landing
on the Moon
Apollo 1, Apollo 7, Apollo 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 10, Apollo 11<
br />
LANGUAGE ARTS: William Shakespeare
Shakespeare’s Early Life, His Work, Shakespeare’s Writing Style, The Globe Theatre, Shakespeare’s Sexuality, Authorship Controversy
MATH: Pascal’s Triangle
About Blaise Pascal, Before Pascal, What Is Pascal’s Triangle, Patterns and Properties, Formula for Pascal’s Triangle, Fibonacci Sequence
SCIENCE: Early Humans
Lucy, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens, Neanderthals, Homo Sapiens Sapiens
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Swahili
The Origins, Influence of Other Languages, Spread of Swahili, The Written Language, Swahili Today, Useful Swahili Phrases
LESSON 32A
LANDING ON THE MOON
Apollo 1 The Cold War led the United States and the Soviet Union toward a new frontier: space. The Apollo program was created with the specific intention of having a man land on the moon. On January 27, 1967, the launch and flight crew of Apollo 1 were conducting a simulation a month before their intended launch. The day was met with problems and delays, and at 6:30 p.m., a spark ignited inside the spacecraft, and the closed compartment was engulfed in flames. The three astronauts in the spacecraft died of asphyxiation. The cause of the spark is still unknown; however, the flammable materials within the spacecraft, combined with an oxygen-rich atmosphere and exposed wiring, were a recipe for disaster. The fire led to several changes in procedures and management for the rest of the program.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Shakespeare’s Early Life William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616 in England. Very little is known of his childhood, including the date of his actual birth. Shakespeare did not attend university when he got older, which was reserved for the wealthy, and by the time he was eighteen years old in 1582, he was married. By 1589, Shakespeare, who was living in London to pursue acting and playwriting, had begun writing his first play, Henry VI, Part I. By 1590, Shakespeare had become a popular playwright, and in 1593, his poem Venus and Adonis was published and achieved great success. From 1594 until his death, Shakespeare was associated with a theater troupe called the King’s Men.
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
About Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal was a French scientist, inventor, physicist, and mathematician who lived from 1623 to 1662. Pascal invented many things, including the wristwatch and an early form of the calculator. Pascal was a child prodigy, and at a very early age made important discoveries relating to fluids. When he was only eighteen years old, Pascal invented the Pascaline, a calculator based on a numerical wheel that featured eight dials that could be added up and used a base of ten. Though Pascal did not create Pascal’s triangle, in 1653, Blaise Pascal understood the significance of the patterns of the triangle, and it is named in his honor.
EARLY HUMANS
Lucy In 1974, a nearly complete skeleton (a total of forty-seven bones) was found in Ethiopia. This skeleton has been named Lucy, and it was an absolutely incredible discovery. Lucy, who was named after the Beatles’ “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds,” lived around 3.18 million years ago, was an Australopithecus afarensis. She is the oldest known humanlike hominid that proved to be bipedal, meaning with the ability to stand up. Lucy stood four feet tall and weighed only 50 pounds, and it is believed that she died by falling into a river or lake and drowning.
SWAHILI
The Origins Swahili is a Bantu language, a branch of languages in the Niger-Congo family. The language developed as a result of Arab and Persian people moving to the East African coast from a.d. 500 to 1000, and the language is a blend of Bantu, Arab, and Persian, along with other influences such as English, Portuguese, and German. While the grammar is associated with Bantu, much of the vocabulary is associated with the other languages. The word Swahili actually means “the coast” in Arabic. In Swahili, the word for the language is Kiswahili, and speakers of Kiswahili are known as Waswahilis.
LESSON 32B
LANDING ON THE MOON
Apollo 7 Apollo missions 4, 5, and 6 were successful unmanned flights. On October 11, 1968, Apollo 7 tested the manned command module in orbit for the first time. While in orbit, the crew of three practiced lunar-mission maneuvers. Not only was Apollo 7 the first manned Apollo flight, but it was also the first time a manned flight was broadcast on live television. The spacecraft was able to exit orbit and re-enter the atmosphere successfully, and the capsule was recovered in the Atlantic Ocean.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
His Work William Shakespeare wrote some of the world’s most famous comedies, tragedies, and histories, as well as sonnets and poems. The number of plays he wrote is still up for debate. The general consensus is that he wrote a total of thirty-seven plays; however, others believe that including possible lost works and collaborations, it’s really more like forty. He also wrote countless poems, including 154 sonnets and two long-form narrative poems. Shakespeare wrote sonnets all of his life, and a collection of them was published in 1609 by publisher Thomas Thorpe. Since Thorpe printed the sonnets without Shakespeare’s consent, it is believed that they were not intended to be published, but were actually private pieces.
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
Before Pascal The numbers found in Pascal’s triangle were well known before Blaise Pascal from the studies made by Indians in combinatorics and the study of figurative numbers by the Greeks. One of the first depictions of the numbers in the triangle is from commentary found in the tenth century of an Indian book that was written between the fifth and sixth centuries. Use of the triangle was also found in Persia at around the same time, with Persian mathematician, Al-Karaji, and later by Omar Khayyám. In fact, in Iran, it is referred to as the “Khayyam triangle.”
EARLY HUMANS
Homo Habilis The first real humans lived 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago in Africa and are called Homo habilis. The Homo habilis still had apelike features; however, they were taller and had larger brains than the Australopithecus afarensi. The most notable thing about Homo habilis is that this is the first time we see tool making, and thus, Homo habilis marks the beginning of the Stone Age, in which tools of stone were used by early mankind (Homo habilis means “handy man”). Homo habilis did not know how to make fire yet.
SWAHILI
Influence of Other Languages The largest and most obvious influences in Swahili are Persian and Arabic. In some cases, Arabic words just completely replaced Bantu words. For example, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 10 are all Bantu words, but the words for 6, 7, and 9 have been replaced with Arabic words. From 1500 to 1700, the coastal towns were controlled by the Portuguese, and several Portuguese words and customs (such as Swahili bull fighting) have remained. When the British and Germans colonized the East African coast later on, Swahili began incorporating those languages as well (such as the word baiskeli for “bicycle”).
LESSON 32C
LANDING ON THE MOON
Apollo 8 On December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 was launched. Close to three hours after the launch, translunar injection, in which the ship is maneuvered into a trajectory that will bring it to the Moon, occurred. After sixty-nine hours and eight minutes, the spacecraft entered elliptical lunar orbit; the first manned mission to do so. At a little over eighty-nine hours, on December 25, transearth injection occurred, setting the ship into the trajectory headed toward Earth. On December 27, the capsule landed in the Atlantic Ocean and the mission was a success.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Shakespeare’s Writing Style Shakespeare’s plays featured blank verse, a metrical pattern that consisted of lines of iambic pentameter that did not rhyme. When passages deviated within the plays, Shakespeare would use a different poetic form or simple prose. With one exception, his sonnets were written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare also invented words and phrases (of which there are at least 1,500 he made up). Among the many words he invented or made popular were assassination, bump, submerge, frugal, gnarled, dishearten, obscene, generous, and monumental.
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
What Is Pascal�
�s Triangle? Pascal’s triangle is a number pattern in the shape of a triangle that follows a very simple concept. You begin at the top with 1 and then move down the triangle. To get the next number, you just add the two numbers above it. For example:
The bold numbers show how Pascal’s triangle works. When the 1 and the 2 are added up, you get 3, which gets placed below those numbers.
EARLY HUMANS
Homo Erectus Homo erectus existed 1.89 million to 70,000 years ago. Homo erectus are the first humans to feature the body structure of modern humans, with shortened arms and elongated legs (however, their brains were 2∕3 the size of ours). This indicates that humans were no longer tree climbers but adapting to life on the ground, and could walk and perhaps even run. Homo erectus began to travel past Africa, migrating to other continents. Homo erectus were also the first to make and control fire, and were the earliest hunters.
SWAHILI
Spread of Swahili Swahili was the language of the people living on the East African coast for centuries. As interactions with countries around the Indian Ocean, such as Comoro or Madagascar, and trade and migration increased, the Swahili language spread. During the nineteenth century, the language spread to Tanzania, and it also made it to Rwanda, Uganda, Congo, Burundi, Central African Republic, Mozambique, and even as far as South Africa. Christian missionaries learned the language, and also helped spread it by translating the Gospel into Swahili.
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