193, 229, 328, 397, 414
as image for items associatively grouped in
biography 163, 186
memory 78, 143
De causa Dei 163
of marginal comments 240, 265–267
De memoria artificiale see separate main heading
see also Thomas Aquinas, Catena aurea
mathematical works 163
cathedral, Gothic, as form of literature 274–275
see also locus; memory-images; Zodiac
Catherine of Cleves, Book of Hours 318
brain, and memory, ancient/medieval theory 59,
Cato, M. Porcius ‘‘the Elder,’’ Distichs 121, 222
61, 65, 69, 386
Caxton, William 179
brevity, memorial principle of 98, 146, 214–215,
cedula 411
309, 397
cella/cellula 40, 41–42, 45, 268
Hugh of St. Victor on 98, 104–105, 343
character, medieval notion of 224, 431
see also divisio
memory considered prerequisite for 222, 226
Bruno, Giordano 331
charity
Bruns, Gerald L. 17, 375–376, 377
Holcot’s picture of 293
building metaphors 118, 217, 294, 409
metaphorical representation 415–416
in Biblical exegeses 384
Charlemagne, Alcuin’s advice to 179–180, 184
bull, as memory image
see Zodiac
Charmadas 110
Bundy, Murray Wright 386
Chaucer, Geoffrey 29, 59, 61, 239, 330, 384
Burnyeat, Myles 70, 390
The Book of the Duchess 227
Buttimer, C. H. 398
The Franklin’s Tale 223, 225
The House of Fame 20, 211, 279–280
Caedmon, Bede’s account of 206–207
The Legend of Good Women 264
Calboli-Montefusco, Lucia 399
The Pardoner’s Tale 49, 330–331
calculation, memory as 22
The Prioress’s Tale 453
calendar, images of 159–160, 302, 324
reworking and revision of texts 242–243
see also months
The Second Nun’s Tale 444
Callus, D. A. 146–147
The Summoner’s Tale 23, 61, 207
Camillo, Giulio 331
Troilus and Criseyde 264, 422–423, 440
canon law 127, 265
use of words and images associated with
see also Decretals
memory 40, 41, 49
Canon Tables 174, 323, 414
The Wife of Bath’s Tale 235
see also Eusebius
Chenu, M. D. 6
Canticles 427–428
‘‘Cherub’’ (picture-diagram) 333, 454
Caplan, Harry 90, 175, 417
chess game, allegorical treatment of 179
Carolingian
chi (Greek letter)
florilegia 430 (see also Hrabanus Maurus)
chi-rho page in Book of Kells 337
manuscripts 125, 403
in Hugh of St. Victor’s description of Ark
religious art 417–418
diagram 295, 447
scrinia 47
China xii–xiii, 453
‘‘carpet-pages’’ 333–335
Christ, genealogy of 328–329
Carruthers, Mary
Chronicle (Hugh of St. Victor) (especially
The Craft of Thought ix, 56, 294, 434, Preface, ‘‘De tribus maximis circumstantiis
453–454
gestorum") xiii–xiv, 100–106, 117–118, 129, (with Jan Ziolkowski), The Medieval Craft of
143, 148, 172, 205–206, 259, 329, 339–344, Memory ix, 374, 453–454
396–397, 455
General index
501
lay-out 117 –118, 265–267, 329
of Quintilian 243, 248, 253
manuscripts 100–101, 455
see also vis cogitativa
sources/influences 101, 401
coins
target audience 100, 102–103, 121
as manuscript decoration 318–323
on the three levels of Biblical exegesis
210
as metaphor for memory see
sacculus;
vocabulary 455
treasure-house
Chrysostom, St. John
6
cola
‘‘chunking’ (neuropsychological term)
105, 397
as memorial unit 114, 121, 141
Cicero, M. Tullius
xiv, 21 –22
, 93 , 117 , 203
, 218 ,
text divided into 102, 122, 310
224, 225, 370
Coleman, Janet 435
advice on composition and oratory
9
3, 115, 255
,
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 4
257, 396
collatio/collectio/colligere 42, 217
at tr ib ut io n o
R h f
e torica ad Herennium
to 16, 394
Augustine on 245–246
De inventione 89, 398
definitions 244–246, 250, 269
De oratore (on architectural mnemonic)
25–26,
Hugh of St. Victor’s understanding of 250, 258
32, 89, 91–92, 180, 375–376
Isidore’s understanding of 258, 450
influence on Albertus Magnus
177
see also ‘‘gathering’
influence on other scholars
101, 107, 115, 142,
color(s)
163 , 183
as memory aid 10, 167, 168
influence on Thomas Aquinas
8 1–82, 84, 393
symbolism see under
Libellus de formatione
medieval study/commentaries 153–154 , 412
arche
Partitiones oratoriae 18
Columella, Junius Moderatus,
De re rustica
42
on prudence 81 –82, 83, 84, 87 –88, 191
columna
Topica 33, 190, 379
columnar format as mnemonic device 117–118,
use of seal-in-wax metaphor
2 5–26, 32
157–159, 162–163
vernacular translations 419
term used for bookcase 151–152
Verrines 92
see also intercolumnia
see also locus; memory-images
Comestor, Peter, Historia scholastica 328
‘‘Ciceronians’ 155, 194
commata, division of text into 102, 121, 122,
Cimber (Roman actor), mnemonic image of
141, 310
175 –176
common memory see public memory
Cistercians
common sense see
sensus communis
art style 310
commonplace 40, 161, 227
bestiaries in libraries of
159 –160, 413 , 449
moral nature of 218, 222
citational conventions 118 –131
notion of memory-place as 224–226
in Carolingian manuscripts
125
compass, points of, symbolic significance
modern vs. medieval 128
300–301, 448
see also Bible; Jerome; Psalms
composition 234, 379
Clanchy, M. T.
36, 380
aids to 106–110, 186, 251, 252
Clark, F. 382–383
attempts to stimulate 243, 248–249
Clark, J. W.
42
as collation of methods/sources 246
classification schemes 340–344
as complement to divisio 107–109, 110, 153, 234, see al
so Grosseteste; indexing systems
310, 332, 398
clerks 201
as essentially memorial activity 219, 237
codex
imagines rerum as ‘‘sites’’ for 185, 186, 254
and metaphors for memory
see seal-in-wax
invention stage 241, 243–258
metaphor
John of Garland’s assumptions concerning
mnemonic value of always using same codes
156–157
100, 117–118, 157, 310
metaphors for 206–207, 217
see also Quintilian; wax tablets
methods, relationship with levels of style 251,
Codex Alexandrinus 323, 451
254–255
coding theory 372–373
nature of res in process 235, 241
cogitatio, conceptions of 39, 68, 243–249, 250
physical accompaniments 248, 437
of Anselm 246–247
post-invention stage 241
of Augustine 245–246
relationship of reading to 273
502
General index
composition (cont.)
compositional structure 259
revision stage (shaping of
res into dictamen)
digression on arbor sapientiae 258–260, 296, 439
241 , 250
, 252–253, 261
extempore nature 259–260
‘‘scissors-and-paste’ method 198, 421
genesis (in conversation)
257–258, 263
scribal fair copy see
exemplar
inaccuracy of citation
115–116
stages of evolution
240–243, 244–246, 260
–263
relationship with Libellus de formatione arche
see also Anselm; Augustine; Cicero;
dictamen;
294, 296, 298
Hugh of St. Victor; improvisation;
title 385, 400–401
Quintilian; Thomas Aquinas
see also Libellus de formatione arche
concentration
De Clercq, Carlo
303, 306, 307
and composition 7 , 247, 252
De Hamel, C. F. R.
265, 336
and mnemonics 7 –8, 9, 62, 75, 215, 216
De Lisle, Robert, Psalter of
332–333, 452–453
concordances 143–152
De memoria artificiale adquirenda
(Bradwardine)
see also Bible; Dominicans
163 –172, 361–368 , 406
consuetudo see habit
compared/contrasted with Rhetorica ad
cookbook, fifteenth-century 49
Herennium 156, 164 –165, 166 , 170
coops, memory as set of
38 , 323
discussion of memory for words (‘‘memory by
Cope, E. M.
379
syllables’ / memoria orationis) 151, 169 –171,
‘‘copiousness,’ definitional 30, 199–200 , 226, 227
185–186, 315, 365– 368
Copland, Robert 409, 456–457
examples of technique
169 –170
copying, professional see scribes
extreme nature of images
166 –167 , 168–172
copyright see plagiarism
humor 169, 170 , 171 –172
Cornelia (wife of Pompey), as model for Heloise on imagines 166 , 299, 327
223 , 225
–226, 431
influences/sources 164– 165
Cornford, F. M.
374
on loci 164– 166
Cornificius 394
manuscripts 163– 164, 190, 414
cosmology, of Hugh of St. Victor
294, 302
and memory for things
166–167 , 286–287,
Courcelle, Pierre 112
363–365
cow, Bradwardine’s pun on dialect pronunciation
university-level target audience
163
of 169
use of bilingual puns
169 , 171 , 413 , 457
Crassus, M. Licinius, treatment in
De oratore 93
De Wit, Pamela
444
creativity, nature of
1–4
death
Crispin, Gilbert, abbot of Westminster
275, 276
belief that sensory memory does not survive
73
cross-referencing systems 135, 217
metaphors for 161–162
Crusades 198, 421
decoration (book/manuscript) 265, 309–337
Cuerden Psalter 285–287, 452
incomplete 413
cultural values see ‘‘modality’
influence on/of mnemotechniques 309, 315
Cyril of Alexandria
198
as integral to text 303–304
practical use 336
d’Arezzo, Guido see Guido d’Arezzo
scribe as book’s decorator 280–281
D’ Avray, D. L.
405
see also animals; manuscripts; marginalia;
Damasus, Pope 228, 432
painted figures; tituli
Daniel (Biblical character), dream of bear
16
1–162
decorum, principle of 29, 30
Dante Alighieri 124, 228, 239, 249
Decretals 208
conception of memory
73, 371
Bolognese manuscript (fifteenth century) 107
The Divine Comedy
427
citational style 127
Inferno, Paolo/Francesca episode
230–233, 433
Gregorian 269, 441
Inferno, Shereshevski’s memorizing of
96 , 159
Smithfield, manuscript decoration 315, 451
Paradiso 73, 391
Deferrari, R. J. 255, 256
use of memory-as-book metaphor
1
8, 33
Democritus 352
La vita nuova
278–279, 371
Demosthenes 429
De archa Noe
(Hugh of St. Victor)
53 –55,
Derrida, Jacques 17, 379
202 –203, 257–260, 263, 332
, 333, 382,
desire 230–231, 427
427–428, 439
relationship to memoria 211, 249
collatio 258
Despres, Denise 291
General index
503
detail, mnemonic value of
7 7
as study trope
106 –107
diagrams, medieval 309, 324, 406, 418
,
value in composition of sermons
11
4–115,
452–453, 454
131–133 , 254, 405
circular 307
see also Bible; brevity; Quintilian
full-page drawings as
325–327
‘‘domestication’ see ‘‘familiarization’
function 332
Dominicans 419
Hugh de Fouilloy’s
De columba et accipitre
concordance 193, 405
294, 304
mnemonic schemes 128 –129, 155,161–162 , Hugh of St. Victor’s Ark-diagram
294–302,
193, 315 , 405
307, 324–325
pictured in Cuerden Psalter
285
indeterminacy of meaning
336–337
Dondaine, Antoine 4, 7 , 8, 421
open-endedness 336
dove(s) 305– 307
pictorial 293–294
dove-co
te 41
purpose 296–297
see also Hugh de Fouilloy; Noah
tree 328, 329, 453
Draaisma, Douwe 380
wheel 303– 304, 307, 329–331 (see
also rota
dream-images 73–75
Virgili)
‘‘drolleries,’ in manuscript margins
see marginalia
see also education; medical theory of memory drunkenness, advice against 61, 180, 388
dialectic 190 –192, 419
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur 117
Dialexeis (anon.) 32, 110, 274, 378
Duns Scotus, John 435
dicta et facta memorabilia / dictiones
9
–10, 89
Durrow, Book of 47–49, 145, 333, 335, 410, 454
role in formation of character / morality
dwarfs, poor memory of 60, 387
223–224 , 226
dictamen (‘‘draft’ stage of composition)
241 , 258,
Eadmer, Life of Anselm 242–243, 246–247, 250,
261, 264
257, 260–263
process of formation
250
Eadwine Psalter 282
revisions 255, 264
‘‘eating the book,’ metaphor
see books
see also ars dictaminis
Eco, Umberto 450
dictare, meaning of, in compositional process
education, medieval
242– 243
elementary reading texts 222, 431
Diderot, Denis 192
Hugh of St. Victor’s aphorism on value 101,
diet, relationship with memory
61, 315 , 388
325, 342–343
digestion–rumination metaphor
Hugh of St. Victor’s Ark, as organizing
Biblical grazing motif
215, 428
metaphor 54–55, 294
for reading/meditation and composition
learning of elementary mnemotechniques 138,
205–211, 238, 240, 272, 273, 424, 425, 428
140–141, 221–222, 408
see also stomach–memory metaphor
memoria as basic practice of x, 1, 134, 184, 195,
digital mnemonic 99
196, 197–198
DiLorenzo, Raymond D.
179
moral component 89
Diogenes Laertius 80
range of mnemotechniques 16–17
distancia (distance of viewer from background in
role of diagrams 328, 332
memory-place) 166
role of memorization 8, 112–113
see also intervallum
see also ‘‘rote’ memory
distinctio(nes) 147, 158, 405
Edward III of England 44, 163
collections 158–159
Egypt, ancient 379–380
distinguere 413 , 433– 434
see also Thammuz
divisio (division of text into short segments
eiko¯n(es) 19, 27
for memorizing) 8, 125, 153, 183, 217 , 328, Einstein, Albert, qualities of genius 2–4
332, 398
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. 371–372
Hugh of St. Victor’s advice on
98 , 102,
Eiximinis, Francesc 405
104 –105, 217, 234, 281
ekmag¯eion 24–25
Julius Victor on
109
‘‘embodiment’’ of knowledge, notion of 69,
The Book of Memory Page 88