129
noise, as mnemonic enemy
9 5, 214, 249, 428
individually fashioned systems preferable to
Nora, Pierre x
ready-made 80, 97 , 98
Norden, Eduard 213
moral aspect see under ethics
Nordenfalk, Carl 281, 414
physiological basis see under memory-images
Norman, Donald A.
26, 86, 378–379
see also alphabet; architectural mnemonic;
ars
notae/notulae 110, 135 –143, 184
memorativa; divisio; ‘‘heuristic’ systems;
individually fashioned preferable to ready-
numbers
made 136
mnemonists see Japanese memory artist; memory
Isidore’s definition 139– 140, 142
feats; Shereshevski
of John of Garland
158–159
‘‘modality’ of medieval culture,
memoria as 16
Martianus Capella’s advice on
183
monasteries
mental 135–136
behavioral/educational traditions 56 , 154 –155, nota imperative in manuscript margin
136 , 161,
399, 423, 453–454 (see
also prayer; reading)
289, 310, 314
rules 112, 125 (see
also Benedict; Regula
Petrarch on 204
magistri)
Quintilian’s advice on
92, 135
see also libraries
Robert Grosseteste’s system
146 –148
money-pouch metaphor see
sacculus
see also notataria
Monica, St. 214
notaries, training of
see also lawyers
months of the year, mnemonic for
99
notataria 140 –143
morality see ethics
mnemonic value 142
Morton, John, Cardinal, rebus of
328, 333
Notopoulos, J. A.
379–380
mos 88
numbers/numerical grid 122, 131 , 407
Munich, William of Ockham at Franciscan
Bradwardine’s use of memory-images for
convent 196
170– 171, 368
Munk Olsen, B.
220
imposed on Scripture
106, 122–123,
murmur of meditation
92, 110, 183, 205
, 212, 331 ,
125–128 , 414
427–428, 445
memory schemes based on7 9–80 , 100 –106
as acompaniment to composition
245
problems of 128
see also voice-level; writing: vocalizing while
and sermon divisions
131–133 , 134 –135 , 256
Murray, Alexander 247–248
symbolic significance 300, 302
music, representation in visual terms
20–21
see also fives; Hugh of St. Victor;
linea;
see also solmization
numerology; Psalms
numerology 124, 126
Nagle, Thomas A.
387
Nussbaum, Martha 375, 387
narratives, bas-de-page pictorial see marginalia
natural memory 110, 183
‘‘oblivion’ xii
relationship between artificial and
87 –88, 97 ,
‘‘occasion,’ need to pay careful attention to, in
142, 164
memorizing 342– 343
negotia, Albertus Magnus’s use of word
99
Ockham see William of Ockham
Neoplatonism 15, 64, 184
–185, 377, 379–380, Ong, Walter 37
381–382, 453–454
orality/oral culture 379– 380
Augustine and 15, 375
oral transmission 12, 198–200, 201–202
influence on twelfth-century
‘‘oral’ vs . ‘‘written’ style, in composition
art 331
260, 440
rejection 71
see also literacy
512
General index
oratory
‘‘patch of new cloth on old garment,’ image
ex tempore see
improvisation
of 272
faults of 257, 272
pathos 85 –87
florilegia as aid for
220
patriarchs, mnemonic in
Libellus de formatione
methods of composition
185, 253
arche 299
need of vivid images
185, 186
Pauline Epistles see Bible
see also sermons
Paulinus of Nola
47 , 117, 124 –125
orchard metaphor 333
Peacock, Reginald, Donet 405
The Orchard of Consolation
see Speculum
Pearl poet 124
theologiae
pedagogy, medieval see education
The Orchard of Syon
333
penetralia (recesses) 423–424
order, as key to memory schemes
8– 9 , 79–80 ,
perception see senses
183–184, 185
peristereon 42–43
see also ‘‘scanning’’; starting-point
perspective see distancia
Origen 58 , 84, 144
Peter, Prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate
430
originalis, synonym for
auctor 236
Peter of Poitiers,
Genealogia 265–267, 328–329, originality 1 , 2 –3, 4
448 , 452
of text (in medieval sense)
236, 262–263
Peter of Ravenna
137, 150 , 190 , 419
ornatus/ornamentum, Hugh of St. Victor’s use
Fenix 143 , 407, 409, 456–457
of 455
version of alphabetical mnemonic
127, 137 –141,
otter eating salmon image (Book of Kells)
337
143 –144, 145 , 160, 161
‘‘overloading’ of memory
98
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca)
212, 216, 225,
see also brevity
272 –273, 423, 442
Ovid 84, 177
accounts of remarkable memories8 ,
Heroides 245
76 –77, 370
Oxford
analysis of reading
203–205, 211
Franciscan convent 146 , 411
compositional habits 264
University 154
interpretation of Cave of the Winds passage in
the Aeneid 209–210, 236– 237
Padua, University 187, 418
library 420
page see manuscripts (mnemonic value of page
reputation as authority on memory training
lay-out); pagina
8, 203
pagina 117
Rerum memorandarum libri
203, 217–218 , 228
paginator 117
and Richard de Bury
200, 422
see also voces paginarum
Secretum 203–204, 205, 209–210, 423, 426
painting, mental 75, 91–92
veneration for St. Augustine
203
with words see ‘‘word-pictures’
phantasm see memory-images
see also painture
Philippe de Thaon, Bestiary
159 –160
painture 277–278, 279–280, 281, 291, 293, Philo of Alexandria
; 51–53 , 144
314 , 444
philosophy, relationship with rhetoric
28
papal power, William of Ockham’s challenge
physiological theory of memory
see medical
to 197
theory of memory; memory-images
paraphrase see inaccuracy
‘‘Physiologus’ 160
parchment slips, transcribing of fair copy onto pictura(e)/"p icturi ng ’
155 , 160 , 186 , 274,
242 –243, 261– 262, 411
291– 293
Paris
pictura (imperative?) in manuscript margin
136
glossed books 265
as synonymous with writing
308
libraries 200
see also diagrams; Gregory I;
University 154, 173 , 187
memory-images: pictorial nature;
Parkes, Malcolm B.
278
painture; ‘‘word-pictures’
parole 277–278, 279–280, 291–292
Piers Plowman (Langland) 49, 232, 404
Pasquali, Giorgio 271
manuscript decorations 288–291, 445–446
passio, memorial phantasm as
85
manuscript variations 264, 446
see also pathos
pigeon-hole metaphor 37–38, 42–44 , 382
past see historical consciousness; time
see also dove
General index
513
pilgrims’ badges, as manuscript motif
323
incipit (opening phrase), mnemonic
plagiarism 271–273
importance 102, 103 , 127
modern/medieval attitudes to
262–263, 273, 440
memorizing xiii –xiv, 101–103, 106, 112, 123, 125, as poor memoria 271 –272, 273
222, 285, 340
Plato
(mis)quotation 116
doctrine of recollection
18, 29
numbering 124– 127, 403, 404
Laws 25
vernacular translations 402
metaphors for memory
19, 24–25, 37–38 , verse divisions 125–126
42–43 , 372
Psalters 121–122, 208, 281– 287
Phaedrus 18, 35–36, 139, 180, 211, 379–380, 381
picture-pages in 327
and relationship between writing and memory
as study books
282–283
18, 35–36, 139 , 375
variant wordings 282
Republic, composition 251
see also Cuerden Psalter; Eadwine Psalter;
Theaetetus 24–25, 37–38 , 42–43, 374
Herbert of Bosham; Rutland Psalter;
Platonism 40
Utrecht Psalter
see also Neoplatonism
psychoanalysis 227, 372–373, 398
‘‘Plena et perfecta’
(gloss on Rhetorica ad
psychologists, cognitive, interest in memory
19,
Herennium) 187, 191
378–379
Pliny the Elder (C. Plinius Secundus)
93
, 370
public memory 28, 229
poetry
entry of literary work into
234 (see also
composition 206
literature: socialization)
oral style 440
public speaking see oratory
see also verses, mnemonic
punctuation 141 , 142 , 232 –233, 433–434
polemical writing, composition of
197
manuscript decoration as subspecies of
2
80–281
Pompey the Great (Cn. Pompeius Magnus)
see also cola; commata; Quintilian
223, 431
puns see homophony
popes, listed in
Libellus de formatione arche
299
Porphyry, Isagoge 395
Quintilian(us), M. Fabius
92 –93, 180, 205, 218 , prayer
325, 408, 411, 414
Aquinas’s recourse to, during composition
3,
advice to orators
44, 109, 185, 208, 416, 444
248–249
and architectural mnemonic
89 , 92– 93, 143 , 153
monastic 56 , 247–248
and compositional process/methods 241, 243,
preaching see sermons
248, 250, 251–255, 256–257, 260, 437
pressmarks 412
defines hexis 86, 222, 394
Priscian 181 –182
doubt about utility of memory for words
prose, rhythms 141, 408
92–93, 98
prostitutes, Albertus Magnus’s reference to
178
on florilegia 221–222
prostration see composition: physical
influence on medieval scholars 107, 110, 183, 324
accompaniments
on learning the alphabet 140–141
Protagoras 218
and memory-images 67, 78, 309–310, 392, 438
prudence 81 –84, 393
metaphors for memory 25, 40, 47, 78, 324, 424
Albertus Magnus’s discussion of
on plagiarism 272, 273
87 –88, 345
and principle of divisio 92, 104, 125, 141, distinction between ‘‘know-how’ and
146, 310
82–83 , 88
on reading and meditation 92, 112, 276, 429
ethical character 82–83 , 172 , 237
recommends always using same codex (to aid
relationship with memoria 83–84 , 87 –89 , memorizing) 92
191, 219
recommends learning outstanding literary
three-eyed representation 238, 456
texts by heart 111
see also Cicero; Thomas Aquinas
and use of notae and key-words 92, 135–136
Psalms 121–122
‘‘quotation,’’ practice of 130–131, 233
divisional schemes and citational conventions
see also citational conventions
102, 123–127 ( see
also numbering below)
glossed format 267–268
rabbits, in bas-de-page pictorial narrative 315
images accompanying 282–287, 327
Rabelais, Franc¸ois 207
514 General index
Rackham, H. 91, 396
Regula magistri 51, 112, 208–209, 425
ram, memory-images of
174, 178, 416
Regula monachorum 207–208
Ramus, Peter / Ramism
37 , 192
‘‘remember,’ medieval use of verb
160 , 186
Rand, E. K.
84
Remigius of Auxerre
6, 109
reading
reminiscentia/reminiscence 56, 355, 391–392
active agency of reader
209–211, 230–231,
see also recollection
264–265, 337
Renaissance commentators, responses to
aloud 92, 112, 212
, 214 –215, 277, 291 (see also
medieval culture 238, 239
murmur; voice-level)
Renart fables 315
analyses 202–212
reportatio (written-up draft composition)
255
ancient reading habits
212–217
representation theory 275–277, 372, 375
as dialogue between two memories
res
211–212 (see also ‘‘hermeneutical’ :
definition 28
‘‘dialogue’ )
of literary text
235, 236�
�237, 241, 252–253, as essentially visual act2 0– 21
260–261
ethical nature 211, 226 –227 (see
also under
pictures as cues for
275, 308–309
ethics/morality)
relationship between word and
28 –31, 234–235
Greek and Latin verbs for
34
see also composition; memory for things
incomplete 231–233
( memoria ad res
)
learning 408
Li response du Bestiaire
(anon.) 277
mealtime 208–209, 258
retinere 115, 235
and memorizing 129, 136, 197
–198, 201–202
Revelations (Bible) 209, 300
monastic 112, 208–209, 237
rhetoric 13, 49–50
reading-seduction of Paolo and Francesca in
Alcuin’s dialogue with Charlemagne on
Dante’s Inferno 230
–233
memoria and 179
–180
Richard de Bury’s description of
44 –45
‘‘art’ of memory dissociated from study of
172 ,
silent 212–217 , 428
180–181, 190
see also Augustine; books;
ethics and 35–36 , 50 , 92–93 , 218 , 224–225
digestion–rumination metaphor;
handbooks of 122, 157
‘‘familiarization’’; Gregory I; Hugh of
medieval curriculum 186–187, 228, 237
St. Victor; illiteracy; Isidore of Seville;
memoria as part of
x, 8, 11,
15, 56, 107, 179
,
Jerome; lectio; literacy; Petrarch; Quintilian;
191 –192, 257, 378–379, 380, 456
texts; voice-level
relationship with philosophy
see under
reason and emotion, in composition
247–248
philosophy
rebus 274, 285 – 287 , 309
– 310 , 314– 315 , 328,
Roman 93 , 218, 228
333, 337
‘‘topics’ of 33
recitare/recitation
see also oratory
distinction between retinere and 115, 235
Rhetorica ad Herennium
xiii, 16 –17 , 21 , 129 , 254, 293
role in medieval education
110 , 141, 399–400
authorship 394
see also iteration; ‘‘rote’ memory
counsels against substituting memory schemes
recollection 75–81, 93, 97 –98
of others for one’s own
97 , 180
definitions 23–24, 29, 56, 79–81
description of architectural mnemonic3 2, 79,
distinction between ‘‘rote’ memory and
89 –93, 99–100 , 101, 315 , 331
22–23 (see also ‘‘rote’ memory)
discussion of ‘‘memory for things’ and
errors of 77 –78, 95, 335
‘‘memory for words’
91, 98, 110
as foundation of moral training
87 –89
and distinction between natural and artificial
metaphors for 323– 324
memory 88, 142
technological models 380
Italian and French translations
192,
see also accuracy; Albertus Magnus; Aristotle;
The Book of Memory Page 91