by Ian W. Toll
86. Entry dated May 22, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 29.
87. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, p. 392.
Chapter Eight
1. Special Service Division, Instructions for American Servicemen in Australia.
2. Leckie, Helmet for My Pillow, p. 140.
3. Ibid., p. 144.
4. Alex Haley, “The Most Unforgettable Character I’ve Ever Met,” in Shenk, ed., Authors at War, p. 127.
5. Keresey, PT 105, p. 131.
6. Entry dated October 24, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 58.
7. Ralph, They Passed This Way, p. 158.
8. “ ‘Shocking’ Street Scenes at Night.”
9. Lake, “Desire for a Yank,” p. 623.
10. Courier-Mail, October 29, 1942, p. 4.
11. “Hey! You Diggers! He Came, He Saw, He Conquered,” Wolfson Collection of Decorative and Propaganda Arts.
12. Truth (Brisbane), June 14, 1942.
13. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 286.
14. Perry, Most Dangerous Man in America, p. 192.
15. Thomas C. Kinkaid, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 429, Vol. 1, pp. 250–51.
16. Ibid., p. 254.
17. Schaller, Douglas MacArthur, p. 72.
18. Childs, I Write from Washington, p. 251.
19. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 327.
20. COMINCH to CINCPAC, March 27, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 534.
21. “CINCPAC Conference in Argonne,” September 28, 1942, p. 1, in Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.
22. Halsey and Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story, pp. 154–55.
23. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 173–74.
24. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 329.
25. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 338.
26. Reiji Masuda, account in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 302.
27. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 206.
28. Radike, Across the Dark Islands, p. 135.
29. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 169.
30. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 315.
31. U.S.S. Dunlap Action Report, August 18, 1943, enclosure (A), 18: DD384/A16-3 Serial 012, in NARA, RG 38.
32. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 179.
33. Mimeo Secret Outline Plan, pp. 241–43, “Outline Plan for Opns of the SWPA, 1944,” Reno III: General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area, October 20, 1943, online at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-W.html (accessed November 3, 2014).
34. Ibid.
35. Entry dated November 2, 1943, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 65.
36. Fitzhugh Lee, oral history, in Wooldbridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 111.
37. Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, p. 301.
38. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, pp. 222–23.
39. Ibid., p. 225.
40. Ibid., p. 224.
41. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 338.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 315.
43. Ibid., pp. 313–14.
44. “Narrative by Lieut. Graham C. Bonnell, US Navy,” recorded January 25, 1944, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 1.
45. Ibid.
Chapter Nine
1. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 216.
2. Mason, Rendezvous with Destiny, p. 93.
3. Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., Homefront, p. 35.
4. Archibald, Wartime Shipyard, p. 17.
5. Ibid., p. 192.
6. Ibid., p. 193.
7. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 39.
8. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 22.
9. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 74.
10. COMINCH to CINCPAC, February 22, 1942, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 1, p. 252.
11. Alan Polhemus, interview at the Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, PA, October 17, 2000. Transcript in the museum archives.
12. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 43.
13. Ibid., p. 43.
14. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of First War Patrol,” entry dated October 5, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 9.
15. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 41.
16. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 61.
17. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 45.
18. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 185.
19. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 51.
20. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 17.
21. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of First War Patrol,” entry dated November 8, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 27.
22. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 76.
23. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 17.
24. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 81.
25. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 52.
26. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 26.
27. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 82.
28. Ibid., p. 83.
29. Ibid., p. 94.
30. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 49.
31. Admiral James Fife Jr., “U.S.S. Wahoo, Second War Patrol, Comments on,” December 28, 1942, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 43.
32. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 72.
33. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 117.
34. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 76.
35. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 51.
36. Quoted in O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 121.
37. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 54.
38. Ibid., p. 59.
39. Ibid., p. 60.
40. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 81.
41. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 138.
42. Ibid., p. 177.
43. Ibid., p. 138.
44. Ibid., p. 139.
45. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 81.
46. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 139.
47. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 82.
48. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 143.
49. Ibid., p. 148.
50. Ibid., p. 150.
51. Ibid., p. 153.
52. Ibid.
53. Grider and Sims, War Fish, p. 73.
54. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 100.
55. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 154.
56. U.S.S. Wahoo, “Report of Third War Patrol,” entry dated January 26, 1943, in McDaniel, ed., U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), p. 51.
57. O’Kane, Wahoo, p. 160.
58. Ibid., pp. 161–62.
59. Ibid., p. 163.
60. Ibid., p. 164.
61. Ibid., p. 166.
62. Ibid., p. 168.
63. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, p. 119.
64. O’Kane, Wahoo, pp. 161–62.
65. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 341.
66. Ibid., p. 879.
67. Edward L. Beach, “Culpable Negligence,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 70.
68. R. W. Christie to Samuel Eliot Morison, February 11, 1949, Samuel Eliot Morison Papers, Coll/606, Box 24.
69. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 391.
70. Ibid, p. 414.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 403.
73. Ibid., p. 404.
74. Atsushi Oi, “Why Japan’s Antisubmarine Warfare Failed,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 410.
75. Reiji Masuda account in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 304.
76. Ibid., p. 303.
77. For example, see Yuji Nishihama’s letter (undated) to the editor of the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, pp. 139–40.
78. JANAC, “Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes,” February 1947, Chronological List of Japanese Merchant Vessel Losses, pp. 29–99. The total in November 1943 was 70 ships with aggregate tonnage of 320,807, the great majority credited to submarines.
79. Navy Department Intelligence Report, “Japan Merchant Marine Losses,” December 15, 1943, Seri
al P1 23–41, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 160, MR 400, “Jap Reference Folder, 1942–1945.”
80. USSBS, Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, Appendix Table C-50, “Japanese Imports, Production, and Inventories of Crude Oil,” p. 135.
81. JANAC, “Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes,” February 1947, Table 1: “Summaries of Japanese Shipping Losses,” p. vi.
82. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 235.
Chapter Ten
1. Wallin, “Rejuvenation at Pearl Harbor,” p. 1536.
2. Downes, “How a War Was Won and a City Vanished at Pearl Harbor.”
3. Raymer, Descent into Darkness, p. 4.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Wallin, “Rejuvenation at Pearl Harbor,” p. 1535.
6. Trumbull, “Repair: VI.”
7. Department of the Navy, Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, Vol. 2, p. 130.
8. Trumbull, “Repair: IV.”
9. Mason, Battleship Sailor, p. 21.
10. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 160.
11. Wilson, “Soldier and a Jukebox.”
12. Brown, Hawaii Goes to War, 92.
13. Richardson, Reflections of Pearl Harbor, p. 41.
14. “Honolulu: Island Boomtown.”
15. Ibid.
16. Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 105.
17. Jean O’Hara’s unpublished memoir, cited in ibid., p. 112.
18. Michael Bak Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1988.
19. Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 55.
20. Ibid., p. 33.
21. Wilson, “War Workers as a Social Group.”
22. “Interracial Marriage in Hawaii.”
23. “Honolulu: Island Boomtown.”
24. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 149.
25. Lt. Robert C. Ruark, USNR, “Ho-Hum in Hawaii,” Liberty, April 21, 1945, quoted in Bailey and Farber, First Strange Place, p. 59.
26. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 16.
27. Ibid., p. 43.
28. Ralph C. Parker, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 507, p. 128.
29. Ibid., p. 131.
30. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 11.
31. Thomas H. Dyer, USNI Oral History Program, 1986, pp. 282–84.
32. Brown, Hawaii Goes to War, p. 97.
33. Arlen, “Year in Retrospect.”
34. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 1, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
35. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 415.
36. Ibid., p. 399.
37. Ibid., pp. 418–19.
38. James S. Russell, CCOH Aviation Project, 1960, Part 4, Part 1.
39. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 416.
40. James S. Russell, CCOH Aviation Project, 1960, Part 4, Part 1, p. 21.
41. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, pp. 107–8.
42. War Production Board, “Official Munitions Report of the U.S.,” No. 21, December 1, 1943, “Airplanes by Plants,” Harry L. Hopkins Papers.
43. Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 103.
44. Hynes, Flights of Passage, pp. 142–43.
45. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 215.
46. Herbert D. Riley account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 102.
47. War Production Board, “Official Munitions Report of the U.S.,” No. 21, December 1, 1943, “Airplanes by Plants,” p. 28, Harry L. Hopkins Papers.
48. “Extract of Notes by Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King for the J.C.S. Historical Section,” p. 2, Ernest J. King Papers.
49. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS]: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference, p. 549.
50. Ibid., p. 536.
51. Entry dated January 16, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 359.
52. Entry dated January 14, 1943, in ibid., p. 356.
53. Entry dated January 16, 1943, in ibid., p. 359.
54. Ibid., p. 360.
55. Excerpts to follow are drawn from Combined Chiefs of Staff minutes at Casablanca. U.S. Department of State, FRUS: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943. III. The Casablanca Conference, pp. 560–775.
56. Entry dated May 4, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 398.
57. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 93.
58. Ibid., p. 146.
59. Entry dated May 17, 1943, in Alanbrooke, War Diaries, p. 405.
60. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 369.
61. “Memorandum for the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” June 10, 1943, in NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 38, in file “Memos to General Marshall, 1942–1944.”
62. “War Department 4952-15,” June 14, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1604.
63. COMSOPAC to CINCPAC, June 25, 1943, in ibid., p. 1611.
64. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, pp. 3–4, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
65. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.
66. Spruance to RADM E. M. Eller, July 22, 1966, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 7.
67. King and Whitehall, Fleet Admiral King, p. 491 (footnote).
68. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 803.
69. Ibid., p. 805.
70. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 6, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
71. CINCPAC to COMSOPAC, June 26, 1943, William Frederick Halsey Papers, Box 15.
72. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, pp. 6–7, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
73. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 109.
74. Ibid., p. 110.
75. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 827.
76. Ibid., pp. 825–26.
77. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 618.
78. Stevenson and Calder, Island Landfalls, p. 47.
79. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.); Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, pp. 275–76.
80. “Report of Amphibious Operations for the Capture of the Gilbert Islands, from Cmdr. Fifth Amphibious Force to COMINCH,” December 4, 1943, Serial 00165, enclosure C, in USMC Archives, “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.
81. Ibid., p. 2.
82. Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 109.
83. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 256.
84. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 5, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
85. Towers to Forrestal, August 18, 1943, Spruance Papers, quoted in Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 255.
86. Spruance to Savvy Cooke, February 9, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.
87. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 257.
88. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 90.
89. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 1.
90. Ibid., p. 163.
91. Chief Petty Officer C. S. King account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 279.
92. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 161.
93. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2.
94. Clark, Carrier Admiral, p. 108.
95. Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7.
96. F
itzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 107.
97. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, pp. 112–13.
98. Ibid.
99. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 221.
100. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 417.
101. Ibid., pp. 412–13.
102. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 115.
103. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 223.
104. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 290.
105. Ibid., p. 297.
106. “Report of Operations, Galvanic,” Commanding General, 2nd MarDiv, from CO, CT-6. Ref: (a) Ltr CG, 2ndMarDiv, RMC CT/541, serial 002ND2 (Secret), dated November 11, 1943, in USMC Archives: “WWII, Tarawa and Makin, 1943,” Box 6.
107. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 286.
108. CINCPAC to COMINCH, June 20, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 3, p. 1607.
109. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 608.
110. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 120.
111. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 287.
112. “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Baker, p. 14, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.
113. “Corps Operation Plan Number 1–43,” Annex Able, p. 4, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.
114. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 830.
115. Ibid., p. 836.
116. Ibid., p. 834.
Chapter Eleven
1. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
2. Ray Gard quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 274.
3. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 831.
4. Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 175.
5. Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 132.
6. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
7. CINCPAC War Diary, November 15, 1943, Vol. 4, p. 1686.
8. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 274.
9. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 438.
10. For example, see Donald Duncan, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 678, Vol. 7, p. 426.
11. Truman J. Hedding account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, pp. 117–18.
12. Spruance to Professor Potter, March 3, 1955, on Naval Task Force organization in World War II, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 4.