The Conquering Tide
Page 83
U.S. losses in, 353–55, 360, 365–66, 367–68
U.S. naval and air bombardment in, 342, 355, 356–57, 364–65, 368
Tarawa Atoll, 319, 320, 322, 325, 389
Japanese troop strength on, 335
see also Betio Island
Tasimboko, 105
Task Force 16, 33
Task Force 17, 107–8
Task Force 18, 107–8
Task Force 39, 236–37
Task Force 42, 264, 280
Task Force 50, 341, 368, 373
Japanese night attacks on, 371
in Kwajalein raid, see Kwajalein Atoll, U.S. carrier raid on
Task Force 51, 229–30, 457, 458
Task Force 58, 388–89, 398, 438, 439, 446, 457–58, 461–63, 464–65, 469, 472–78, 487, 489, 492–93, 494, 497
in Eniwetok battle, 399
in Kwajalein battle, 386–87
Mitscher appointed commander of, 383
size of, 386
in Truk raid, 403–4, 405–14, 409, 441
Task Force 61, 33, 146
in Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, 148–54
in Battle of the Eastern Solomons, 77–78
in Guadalcanal campaign, 20, 23–24, 37, 43, 51, 57–60, 61–62
KA-Go counteroffensive against, 68–69, 75–83
in Solomons offensive, 107–8, 111–12
Task Force 62, 56
in Guadalcanal campaign, 20–21, 23–24, 43, 52–53, 60, 61, 107, 132–33
Task Force 64, 160
Task Force 67, 177
Task Force KING, 160
Task Force LOVE, 168
Task Group 50.1, 368, 369, 376
Task Group 50.2, 363, 373, 376
Task Group 50.3, 369, 399
Task Group 51.11, 399
Task Group 58.1, 463–64, 472–73
Task Group 58.2, 412
Task Group 58.3, 389–90, 477
Task Group 58.4, 399, 463, 478
Task Group 58.7, 478
Task Group 62.6:
in Battle of Savo Island, 44–51
in Guadalcanal campaign, 20, 42–43
Tassafaronga Point, Guadalcanal, 141, 156, 172, 174, 177, 185
Tavurvur volcano, 29
Tawi Tawi, Philippines, 405, 449, 453, 455, 456
Taylor, 234
Tenaru plantation, 64
Tenaru River, 26, 28, 35, 64, 65, 71, 72, 121
Tenaru River, Battle of, 73–76, 104
Tennessee, USS, 292, 392
Tenryu, 41, 46
Tenshin, 187
Teruzuku, 179
Thach, Jimmy, 476–77
Theobald, Robert A., 226, 227
Third Amphibious Force, U.S., 231, 240, 242
Third Fleet, Japanese, 420, 421, 423, 428, 447
air strength of, 419
Third Marine Amphibious Corps, 511
3rd Marine Division, 236, 457, 512
Third Special Base Defense Force, Japanese, 345
37th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, 236
Thirty-Eighth Division, Japanese, 184
Thomas, Gerald C., 104
339th Fighter Squadron (USAAF), 205
Thresher, USS (SS-200), 253, 281
Time, 97, 414
Tinian Island, 307, 436, 437, 438, 452, 459, 464, 511, 513
Tobruk, British surrender of, 97
Togo, Heihachiro, 208, 415, 417, 472
Tojo, Hideki, 114, 180, 182, 418, 422, 530, 531
consolidation of power by, 422–23
fall from power of, 532–35
Hirohito and, 422–23
Tokitsukaze, 76
Tokyo, 514
contrast of old and new in, 113
Tokyo Express, 133, 136, 155, 174
Tomlinson, W. J., 214
Tone, 69, 76
Tonga, 11
Tonoas Island, 403
TORCH, Operation, 97, 158, 308, 328
Torokina, 238
torpedoes, 251–52, 281
Japanese Long Lance, 42, 45, 77, 233, 235, 451
magnetic detonators for, 255, 256, 277, 279, 280
Mark 14, 281, 283
Mark 18, 284
mechanical failures of, 255–56, 277, 278–79, 280–82
Torpedo Junction, 108, 109–11
Towers, John Henry, 314, 323–24, 342, 383, 440, 477
background of, 323
GALVANIC and, 325
Nimitz and, 435
Spruance’s conflict with, 325
Toyoda, Soemu, 447, 449, 454, 455, 456, 488, 531, 533
Toyo Keizai, 532
Transport Group XRAY, 24, 33, 49, 50
Transport Group YOKE, 24, 49, 50
Treasure Island, San Francisco, 246
Treasury Islands, 236, 238
Tregaskis, Richard, 24, 39, 49–50, 97
Trigger, USS, 279
Trinidad, 330
Tripartite Pact, 118, 533
Trobriand Islands, 222
Truk Atoll, 69, 75, 76, 116, 120, 121, 122, 138, 181, 182, 201, 206, 224, 237, 242, 401, 418
geography of, 403
Japanese base at, 436
as Japanese fleet’s major Southern anchorage, 403
Japanese troops on, 405
lack of U.S. intelligence on, 404
mediocre facilities on, 404–5
U.S. air raid on, 242
U.S. submarine patrols around, 257, 260, 277
Truk Atoll, carrier raid on, 399, 403–14, 409, 441
dogfights in, 406, 409–10
Japanese caught off-guard in, 406–7
Japanese reporting of, 421–22
rescue of downed air crews in, 410
symbolic importance of, 413
Trumbull, Robert, 291
Truth, 215
Tsushima Strait, Battle of, 415, 470, 472, 536
Tuananbogo Island, 36–37
Tucker, Joe, 331
Tulagi Harbor, 178, 179
Tulagi Island, xix, xxiii, 12, 13, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 42, 49, 61, 75, 77, 167, 168, 178, 179
food supplies of, 61
Japanese bombing of, xxi, xxiv, xxvi
Japanese invasion of, xxvi, 29, 66
U.S. airstrikes on, xxvi–xxvii
U.S. landings on, 26, 29, 35–36
Tunny, USS, 452
Turner, Richmond Kelly, 22, 23, 125, 195, 231, 326, 333, 334, 361, 456, 458, 460–61, 465, 470, 474, 475, 497, 500, 510, 511
in Battle of Savo Island, 43–44, 51, 53, 55, 56
combative personality of, 20–21
as commander of Fifth Fleet amphibious fleet, 317
Fletcher’s withdrawal criticized by, 57–58
in GALVANIC chain-of-command dispute, 318–19
in Guadalcanal campaign, 26, 30–31, 38, 39–40, 49, 60, 61, 103, 107, 126–27, 132, 133–34, 146, 160
H. Smith and, 318, 339–40, 433–34
Kwajalein landing opposed by, 384
and lessons of Tarawa battle, 363
on pilot fatigue, 137
Twelfth Naval District, 246
20th Bomber Command, 438
Twentieth Air Force, 438
21st Bomber Command, 438
22nd Marine Regiment, 399
27th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, 183, 434, 457, 458, 467, 468, 498–99, 505, 510
Twenty-Fifth Air Flotilla, Japanese, 29, 40, 68, 238
Twenty-Sixth Air Flotilla, Japanese, 419
Twining, Merrill B., 19, 25, 36, 71, 102, 104, 139, 141, 142
222nd Regiment, Japanese, 454
U-boats, in merchant shipping attacks, 253, 278
Ugaki, Matome, 116, 122, 146, 147, 180–81, 182, 201, 202, 454, 455, 456, 469–71, 473, 492, 535
and death of Yamamoto, 205–6
diary of, 120
Guadalcanal strategy of, 120–21
pessimistic diary entries of, 450–51
on possible withdrawal from Guadalcanal, 179–80
Ultra (decrypted Japanese radio messages), 62
“Umi Y
ukara” (Across the Sea), 3
Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs), 464
United Press, 97
United States:
internationalism in, 88
isolationism in, 87, 88
U.S. Naval Institute, xv
USO tours, 192, 520
Utah, USS, 289, 300
“Valley of Hell,” 503
Vandegrift, Alexander Arthur, 12, 102, 103, 167, 174, 183, 199, 236, 365, 434, 513, 514
Clemens and, 66–67
Fletcher’s withdrawal criticized by, 57–58
on Japanese refusal to surrender, 74
Nimitz’s meeting with, 129–31
on psychological effects of heavy bombardment, 139
reporters encouraged by, 98
Solomons offensive and, 15–16
on Tarawa battle, 366
Vandegrift, Alexander Arthur, in Guadalcanal campaign, 17–18, 22–23, 26, 34–35, 39, 40, 43, 49, 53, 71, 75, 83, 146, 159, 317
food supplies as concern of, 61
morale issues and, 65
perimeter defenses and, 64–65, 72, 104, 141, 147
Point Cruz offensive ordered by, 155
reinforcements requested by, 133–34
retreat contemplated by, 142
Vanguard Force, Japanese, 69, 77
Vella Gulf, Battle of, 234
Vella Lavella, 238
U.S. assault on, 234–35
Versailles, Treaty of, 506
Vila Airfield, Kolombangara, 232, 233
Vincennes, USS, 27, 46, 48–49, 50
Vincent, Harry, 50
Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 5
Vitiaz Strait, 239–40, 267
Vollinger, John, 192
Vouza, Jacob C., 72, 74
Vraciu, Alex, 101, 357, 406, 462–63, 479, 483, 484, 492
Vungana, Guadalcanal, xxix
Wahoo, USS (SS-238), 250–51, 276–77
in attack on Japanese submarine I-2, 263–64
destroyer sunk by, 270–71
equator-crossing ceremony on, 272
in failed attack on Chiyoda, 257–58
first kill of, 262
first patrol of, 257–59, 260, 275
four-ship Japanese convoy sunk by, 272–75
Japanese troop transport sunk by, 273–75
landing of, 252
mechanical problems of, 258
Morton appointed commander of, 266–67
second patrol of, 261–62, 265, 275
third patrol of, 267–76, 275
torpedoes of, 251–52
in Wewak harbor attack, 268–71
Wahoo Daily Gazette, 261
Wakefield, USS, 15
Wake Island, 7, 132, 141, 314, 453
Walke, USS, 169
Walker, Frank R., 234–35
Waller, Raoul, 329, 332
“Waltzing Matilda,” 212
Wamai River, 206
War Department, U.S., 209
Pentagon building of, 89–90
War Without Mercy (Dower), 507
“Washing Machine Charlie” (Japanese float plane patrol), 63, 72, 98–99, 139, 353
Washington, D.C.:
Allied conference in (1942), 95
Allied conference in (1943), 312
temporary government buildings in, 89
wartime population explosion in, 88–90
Washington, USS, 56, 160
in Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 168–69, 170–72
Washington Post, 86
Wasp, USS, 17, 20, 25–26, 33, 37, 59, 76, 107, 111, 484
sinking of, 109–11, 124
WATCHTOWER, Operation, see Guadalcanal campaign
Watson, Thomas E., 399, 400
Webb, W. B. “Spider,” 487
Wehrmacht, 11, 94
Wellington, New Zealand, 12, 15, 17, 19
Wendy Point, 393
West Point, see Military Academy, U.S.
West Virginia, USS, 291, 292
Wewak, New Guinea, 267
Wahoo’s attack on, 268–71
White House:
Map Room in, 93–94, 95
Oval Study in, 92
Widdy, Charles, 18, 66
Widhelm, William J. “Gus,” 150
William Ward Burrows, 103
Willkie, Wendell, 88, 94
Wilson, Woodrow, 91
Withers, Thomas, Jr., 254, 255, 256, 278
Wolfert, Ira, 97
Woodlark Island, 222, 239
Works Progress Administration, 88
World War I, 253
FDR and, 91
German-Soviet peace treaty in, 95
World War II:
calls for second European front in, 94–95
eastern front in, 11, 94, 96, 308–9, 530
expansion of federal bureaucracy in, 88–89
expansion of presidential power in, 88
Normandy invasion in, 530
see also Pacific War
Wotje Atoll, 379, 384, 385
strike on, 380
Wright, Carleton, 177–78
Yamada, Sadayoshi, 30
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 108, 122, 146, 147, 154, 185, 187, 188, 195, 201–2, 403, 415, 416
death of, 203–6, 207, 446
funeral of, 207–8
Guadalcanal campaign, and, 204
KA-Go offensive of, 68–69, 75–83
luxurious lifestyle of, 116–17
Midway battle and, 119
Operation I-Go and, 202–3
Pearl Harbor attack and, 117, 118–19
political career of, 117–18
strategic failures of, 204
war with U.S. opposed by, 118, 202
Yamato, 76, 116, 119–20, 121, 147, 156, 416, 450, 452, 455, 471
Yamato Damashi (Japanese fighting spirit), 444
Yamauchi, Takeo, 503, 507
Yamazaki, Yasuyo, 230
Yank, 98
Yano Battalion, Japanese, 183, 184
Yarbrough, Tom, 97
Yarnell, Harry E., 435
Yasukuni Shrine, 114
Yokaren pilot training program, 430, 431–32
Yokoi, Shoichi, 521–22
Yokosuka D4Y Suisei (“Judy”), 427–28
Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal, 428
Yomiuri, 529
Yonai, Mitsumasa, 208, 533, 534, 535, 536
Yorktown, USS (CV-5), xxvii, 7, 59, 326
Yorktown, USS (CV-10), 301, 323, 326, 339, 341, 368, 370, 371–72, 373, 377, 379, 381–82, 388, 404, 405, 478
in arrival at Pearl Harbor, 332
commissioning period of, 328–30
FM-1 Wildcat crash on, 372–73
sea trials of, 330
Young, Cassin, 161, 164
“Young Turks,” 324, 326
Yubari, 41, 46, 453
Yugumo, 234
Yunagi, 41
Yura, 147
Z, Operation, 368, 418
Zen-Gen Sakusen (attrition operations), 41–42
“Zero” (A6M) fighters, xxii, 187, 303
alterations to, 425
in Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, 149–50
in dogfights with U.S. fighters, 31–34, 100–101
as obsolete, 424
strafing by, 101–2, 135
Zuiho, 149, 419
Zuikaku, 69, 82, 147, 149, 405, 419, 423, 428, 473, 486, 490–91
Zurlinden, Pete, 465
ALSO BY IAN W. TOLL
Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942
Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy
The Conquering Tide
Copyright © 2015 by Ian W. Toll
All rights reserved
First Edition
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book,
write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases,
>
please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com
or 800-233-4830
Production manager: Anna Oler
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Toll, Ian W.
The conquering tide : war in the Pacific Islands, 1942/1944 /
Ian W. Toll. — First edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-08064-3 (hardcover)
1. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Pacific Area. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Naval
operations, American. 3. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations, Japanese. I. Title.
D767.T64 2015
940.54'26—dc23
2015009591
ISBN 978-0-393-24820-3 (e-book)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT