Lion of Liberty
Page 31
17 From Henry manuscript, in Tyler, 85.
18 Henry I:87.
19 Randolph, 168-169.
20 Reverend William Robinson to the Bishop of London, August 12, 1765, Tyler, 87.
21 Tyler, 85.
22 Maryland Gazette, July 4, 1765.
23 Letter from Fauquier, November 3, 1765, in Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot . . . , 184.
24 Tyler, 82.
25 Henry, II:305-309.
26 Henry Lawrence Gipson, The Coming of the Revolution, 1763-1775 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954), 100.
27 Unger, John Hancock, 31.
28 Henry, I:100.
Chapter 4. We Are Slaves!
1 John Hancock to Jonathan Bernard, October 14, 1765, in Unger, John Hancock , 98.
2 George Washington to Francis Dandridge, September 20, 1765, W. W. Abbott and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, 1748-August 1755 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983-1995, 10 vols.), 7:395-396.
3 Unger, John Hancock, 106.
4 From the original Henry manuscript, quoted in Henry, I:116.
5 George Washington to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786, W. W. Abbott, ed., The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992-1997, 6 vols.), 4:15-17.
6 Patrick Henry to Robert Pleasants, January 18, 1773, in Meade, Patriot . . . , 299-300.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Henry, I:117-118, citing Robert B. Semple’s “History of Baptists in Virginia.”
10 Ibid., I:119, citing Spencer Roane.
11 Ibid., I:125-127.
12 Morgan, 116, citing Nathaniel Pope, Henry’s intimate.
13 Henry, I:123-124.
14 William Wirt, The Life of Patrick Henry (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860), 94.
15 John Hancock to William Reeve, September 3, 1767, in Unger, John Hancock , 113.
16 George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, July 20, 1774, PGW Colonial, 10:128- 131.
17 For the complete text of Dickinson’s Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, see Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson (1895), 307-406.
18 JHB, 1766-1769, 170.
19 Unger, John Hancock, 121.
20 William Nelson, York, to John Norton, London, November 14, 1768, in Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot . . . , 266.
21 Ford, Jefferson, X:340-341.
22 Thomas Jefferson in conversation with Daniel Webster, 1824, ibid., IX:327- 328
23 JHB, 1766-1769, 218, as cited in Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot . . . , 270.
24 Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976-1979, 6 vols.), 3:xiii-xiv.
25 James Curtis Ballagh, The Letters of Richard Henry Lee (New York, 1911- 1914, 2 vols.), I:37.
Chapter 5. To Recover Our Just Rights
1 Virginia Gazette, March 8, 1770, reprinted from the London Public Ledger. See also Letters of Junius (Boston, 1827).
2 Boston Gazette, cited in Unger, John Hancock, 140.
3 Charles F. Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1850-1856, 10 vols.), I:349-350.
4 Ibid., II:229-230.
5 Unger, John Hancock, 144.
6 Morgan, 245-246.
7 Ibid., 242.
8 Ibid.
9 Dr. Thomas Hinde, as reported, written, and published by his son in 1843, in Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot ..., 281.
10 Nelly C. Preston, Paths of Glory (pamphlet, Richmond, VA, 1961), 101-103, cited in Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry: Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969), 15-16.
11 Henry, I:151.
12 William and Mary Quarterly, ser. 2, 1921, 107-109, cited in Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot . . . , 297-298.
13 Boston Town Records, 93, cited in William M. Fowler, Jr., The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1980), 148.
14 Boston Town Records, 95-108, in Fowler, 149.
15 Boston Gazette, January 11, 1773.
16 Adams, Works . . . , II:310-314.
17 Henry I:160-161.
18 Tryon to Lord Dartmouth, January 3, 1774, in Unger, John Hancock, 172. A British colonial administrator of North Carolina from 1765 to 1771, where he crushed the Regulators’ revolt of 1771, Tryon was governor of New York from 1771 to 1778.
19 Edmund Burke, First Speech on the Conciliation with America and American Taxation before Parliament, April 19, 1774, as cited in John Bartlett, Justin Kaplan, eds., Familiar Quotations (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 16th ed., 1992), 331.
20 Ford, Writings, I:9-10.
21 Samuel Adams to Richard Henry Lee, April 10, 1773, and New Hampshire Gazette, June 18, 1773, in Henry, I:167-168.
Chapter 6. We Must Fight!
1 Henry, I:164.
2 George Mason to Martin Cockburn, May 26, 1773, in Morgan, 140.
3 Virginia Gazette, July 28, 1774.
4 Henry, I:193.
5 Ibid., I:198.
6 Ibid., I:213.
7 Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington. Completed by John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957, 7 vols.), III:383.
8 Benjamin Franklin to James Parker, March 20, 1750, Leonard W. Labaree, et al., Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959-[in progress], 38 vols. to date), IV:117-121.
9 Henry, I:219.
10 Ibid., I:221.
11 Ibid., I:223.
12 Adams, Works, IX:347.
13 Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was born to and married into wealth. An attorney and later a justice on the court in Bordeaux called le Parlement, he began writing in his early thirties, publishing the popular Lettres persanes, a satire of Parisian life and mockery of the reign of Louis XIV, as seen through the eyes of two Persian travelers. After selling his government post, he traveled extensively from court to court and emerged as a renowned political philosopher and historian, publishing his De la monarchie universelle en Europe (1734, “On the Universal Monarchies in Europe”), Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur decadence (1734, Consideration of the causes of the greatness and decadence of the Romans), and the landmark French work of political science of the Enlightenment, De l’esprit des lois, ou du rapport que les lois doivent avoir avec la constitution de chaque gouvernement, les moeurs, le climat, la religion, le commerce, etc. (1748, The Spirit of Laws, translated by Thomas Nugent, 2 vols., 1750).
14 Henry, I:234.
15 Ibid.
16 Roger Atkinson to Samuel Pleasants, in Henry, I:197.
17 Henry, I:236.
18 Meade, Patrick Henry, Patriot . . . , 333-334.
19 Patrick Henry to Samuel Overton (no date), Wirt, Henry, 111.
Chapter 7. “Give Me Liberty . . . ”
1 Letter from Charles Dabney, in Henry, I:180.
2 Edmund Burke, Second Speech on Conciliation with America, The Thirteen Resolutions, March 12, 1775, in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 331.
3 Robert Douthat Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969), 3.
4 Randolph, History . . . , 212.
5 Henry, I:257-258.
6 Ibid.
7 Randolph, History . . . , 260.
8 Henry, I:267-268, citing the description of “an old Baptist clergyman who was one of the auditory.”
9 Ibid., I:262-264.
10 Ibid., 266. (Author’s note: No actual transcript of Henry’s speech exists, and the words shown here represent a reconstruction by Henry’s first biographer William Wirt, who extrapolated its contents from recollections—forty years after the event—by those present at St. Paul’s, including Judge John Tyler, an intimate of Henry’s, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, and Judge St.
George Tucker, among others. Hardly a friend of Henry, Jefferson did not alter a word in Wirt’s reconstruction of the speech and reiterated his appraisal of Henry as the greatest orator in history. As I stated previously, I believe that word for word accuracy is less important than an accurate presentation of Henry’s meaning, his passion, and his eloquence.)
11 Tyler, 146-149, citing manuscript of John Roane, who heard the speech.
12 Unger, John Hancock, 191.
13 G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owens, eds., The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1771-1782 (Naval Records Society Publications, 1932-1938), I:61, cited in Unger, John Hancock, 195.
14 Percy to Edward Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles K. Bolton, ed., Letters of Hugh Earl Percy . . . 1774-1776, cited in Knollenberg, Growth, 195.
15 Essex Gazette, April 25, 1775, Boston Public Library.
16 Henry, I:200.
17 Ibid., I:202.
18 Ibid., I:280.
19 Ibid., I:280.
20 Hayes, 79.
21 Tyler, 167.
Chapter 8. “Don’t Tread on Me”
1 Tyler, 185.
2 Ibid.
3 George Washington to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, February 26-March 9, 1776, W. W. Abbott, ed., The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985-in progress, 19 vols. to date) [hereafter PGW Rev.], 3:369-379.
4 Virginia Gazette, March 1, 1776.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Henry, I:349-350.
8 Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (2 vols., Geneva, 1748), as cited in John P. Kaminski and Richard Leffler, eds., Federalists and Antifederalists: The Debate Over the Ratification of the Constitution (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 1989, 1998), 9-10.
9 John Adams, Thoughts on Government (Philadelphia: John Dunlop, 1776).
10 Patrick Henry to John Adams, May 20, 1776, in Henry, I:410-412.
11 John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 8, 1776, ibid., I:414-416.
12 Randolph, 255-256.
13 Max Farrand, The Fathers of the Constitution: A Chronicle of the Establishment of the Union (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921), 45.
14 Henry, I:349-350.
15 Richard D. Morris, Encyclopedia of American History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), 91, 98.
16 Tyler, 271.
17 Henry, I:453-454.
18 Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary, 168.
19 Kips Bay is near present-day 34th Street on the east side of Manhattan Island; Harlem Heights stretched from present day 110th Street to 125th Street, on the west side of Manhattan, where Columbia University now stands.
20 Freeman, George Washington, IV: 198.
21
22 George Washington to Patrick Henry, October 5, 1776, PGW Rev., 6:479-482.
23 Patrick Henry to the Governor of Cuba, October 18, 1777, Henry, III:103-104.
24 Patrick Henry to Richard Peters at the War Office, December 6, 1776, ibid., III:32.
25 Patrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, October 11, 1776, ibid., III:19.
26 Patrick Henry to John Hancock, March 28, 1777, ibid., III:48.
27 Patrick Henry to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, May 27, 1777, ibid., III:78.
28 Patrick Henry to William Preston, February 19, 1778, ibid., III:144-148.
29 Patrick Henry to the Virginia Delegates in Congress, June 20, 1777, ibid., III:83.
Chapter 9. Hastening to Ruin
1 Henry, I:505.
2 Ibid., II:148.
3 Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, October 27, 1808, in John P. Kaminski, The Quotable Jefferson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 164.
4 Henry, II:118.
5 Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 29, 1777, PGW Rev., 9:12-13.
6 Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, January 9, 1777, Henry, II:511-513.
7 Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, March 29, 1777, ibid., II:515-516.
8 Morgan, 319.
9 Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary, 167.
10 George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777, PGW Rev., 12:242-247.
11 George Washington to Horatio Gates, January 4, 1778, ibid., 13:138-140.
12 English-born General Horatio Gates; English-born General Charles Lee, and Irish-born soldier of fortune General Thomas Conway.
13 Unknown to Patrick Henry, January 12, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:610n-611n.
14 Patrick Henry to George Washington, February 20, 1778, ibid., 13:609
15 George Washington to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778, ibid., 13:328-329.
16 Ibid., March 28, 1778, 13:336-337.
17 Marquis de Lafayette to George Washington, February 19, 1778, ibid., 13:594-597.
18 George-Washington Lafayette [Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette], Mémoires, Correspondence et Manuscrits du Général Lafayette, publiés par sa famille (Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, Etc., Hauman, Cattoir et Compagnie, 2 vols., 1837), I:36-37.
19 George Washington to Patrick Henry, December 27, 1777, PGW Rev., 13:17-18.
20 Ibid., 9:12-13.
21 Patrick Henry to Committee of Congress, January 20, 1778, Henry, II:554- 557.
22 George Washington to Patrick Henry, February 19, 1778, PGW Rev., 13:591- 592.
23 Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, April 7, 1778, Henry, II:559-560.
24 Henry, II:562.
25 Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 72.
26 Henry, II:564.
Chapter 10. Obliged to Fly
1 Henry, II:565-566.
2 Ibid.
3 George Washington to Patrick Henry, September 13, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:600-601.
4 George Washington to Patrick Henry, November 3, 1778, ibid., 18:30-31.
5 Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, June 18, 1778, in Henry, II:564-565.
6 Captain John Wilson to Patrick Henry, May 20, 1778, Henry, III:169-170.
7 Benson Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 345.
8 George Washington Parke Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860), 220.
9 Mémoires . . . Lafayette, I:26.
10 George Washington to John Augustine Washington, July 4, 1778, PGW Rev., 16:25-26.
11 George Washington to Patrick Henry, July 4, 1778, ibid., 16:21-25.
12 Patrick Henry to George Rogers Clark, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:209-212.
13 Patrick Henry to Virginia delegation in Congress, Tyler, 258.
14 Patrick Henry to John Todd, December 12, 1778, Henry, III:212-216.
15 Patrick Henry to George Washington, March 13, 1779, ibid., III:229-231.
16 Henri Doniol, Histoire de la Participation de la France à l’Établissement des États-Unis d’Amérique (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1886, 5 vols.), III:243.
17 Ibid., III:266.
18 Ibid., III:43.
19 Ibid., III:67-68.
20 Two of Henry’s seventeen children died at an early age: Richard, born to Dolly in 1792, died at eighteen months, and Jane Robertson, the last born of Henry and Dolly’s children, lived only four days after her birth in 1798.
21 Doniol, Histoire, III:67-68.
22 Ibid., III:324.
23 Tyler, 282-283.
24 Boyd, Jefferson Papers, VI:204-205 (Meade, II:250)
25 Henry, II:143.
26 Randolph, 295-296.
27 “Yorktown Day” remains an official state holiday in Virginia.
28 Henry, II:151.
29 Boyd, Jefferson Papers, VI, 204-205.
30 Morgan, 311.
Chapter 11. A Belgian Hare
1 Johann David Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison (Philadelphia, 1911), cited in W. P. Cresson, James Monroe (Chapel Hill
: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 66.
2 William Short [citing Henry] to Thomas Jefferson, May 15, 1784, in Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary, 273.
3 Henry, II:226-227.
4 Ibid., II:191.
5 Ibid., II:193.
6 Ibid., II:193-196.
7 Ibid., II:219.
8 Ibid., II:214.
9 John P. Kaminski, James Madison, Champion of Liberty and Justice (Madison, WI: Parallel Press, 2006), 17-18.
10 Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 17, 1826, ibid., 387.
11 Henry wrote to Thomas Jefferson, then American minister in Paris, for help in finding a sculptor. Jefferson enlisted the renowned French sculptor Jean Houdon, who traveled to Mount Vernon, made sketches and a clay bust of Washington, along with a life mask. He returned to France with the sketches and life mask, from which he then sculpted the full statue, which stands in the capitol at Richmond. His original of Lafayette stood in Paris until its destruction during the French Revolution. The Lafayette statue in Richmond is a copy of the original. Houdon’s original clay bust of Washington remains at Mount Vernon and is the most valuable artwork there.
12 George Washington to James Madison, November 17, 1788, W. W. Abbott, ed., The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987-present [in progress], 15 vols.), 1:112-116.
13 Meade, Patrick Henry, Practical Revolutionary, 319, citing Henry Aylett Sampson, Sonnets and Other Poems, 122.
14 Patrick Henry to the Mayor of Richmond, January 13, 1785, Henry, III:267- 268.
15 Patrick Henry to the Governor of Georgia, February 28, 1786, ibid., III:248.
16 Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, December 18, 1784, ibid., III:247-248.
17 Tyler, 300.
18 Edward Fontaine, “Patrick Henry,” published as “A Patrick Henry Essay (No. 3-07)” by the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation, 2008.
19 Henry, II:286-287.
20 George Washington to William Gordon, July 8, 1783, Fitzpatrick, Writings, 26:483-496.