The Chinese in America
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325 “Will the Last American”: “English Spoken Here, OK?,” Time, August 25, 1985; Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, p. 425.
325 Anti-Chinese jokes: Timothy Fong, The First Suburban Chinatown: The Remaking of Monterey Park, California (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), p. 71.
326 vandals attacked Chinese-owned movie theaters: Ibid., p. 69.
326 “First it was the real estate people”: Timothy Fong, p. 48; Andrew Tanzer, “Little Taipei,” Forbes, May 1985, p. 69.
327 “HOW TO BE A PERFECT TAIWANESE KID”: Franklin Ng, The Taiwanese Americans (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988), p. 42.
328 Newsweek ran a favorable article: Martin Kasindorf with Paula Chin in New York, Diane Weathers in Washington, Kim Foltz in Detroit, Daniel Shapiro in Houston, Darby Junkin in Denver, and bureau reports, “Asian Americans: A ‘Model Minority,’” Newsweek, December 6, 1982.
328 MacNeil/Lehrer... and NBC Nightly News: Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, p. 474.
328 60 Minutes: “The Model Minority,” 60 Minutes, CBS, February 1, 1987.
329 MIT, UCLA, and UCI nicknames: Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, p. 479; Frank H. Wu, p. 48.
329 “Orient Express”: Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race: Asian American Admissions and Racial Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992 and 1998), p. 60.
329 “What do you think I am, Chinese?”: Frank H. Wu, Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White, p. 48.
329 “I am NOT a Chinese American electrical engineer”: Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, p. 278.
329 “I had never been around so many Asian faces”: Phoebe Eng, Warrior Lessons: An Asian American Woman’s Journey into Power (New York: Pocket Books, 1999), p. 91.
329 “Stop the Yellow Hordes”: Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, p. 479.
330 East Coast Asian Student Union: Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race, pp. 26-27.
330 Information on Princeton, Brown, Stanford and Harvard: Ibid., pp. 27-29,30,33,39,41-42,67,69.
330 5 percent to 20 percent: Ibid., p. 21.
330 40 percent of the entering freshman class: Wallace Turner, “Rapid Rise in Students of Asian Origin Causing Problems at Berkeley Campus,” New York Times, April 6, 1981.
331 fell 21 percent: Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race, p. 25.
331 “a red light went on”: Linda Mathews, “When Being Best Isn’t Good Enough: Why Yat-Pang Au Won’t Be Going to Berkeley,” Los Angeles Times Magazine, July 19, 1987.
331 shocked to discover that Berkeley had turned away students with perfect GPAs: Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race, pp. 94, 109.
331 Yat-Pang Au: Los Angeles Times Magazine, July 19, 1987; Tamara Henry, “UC Revises Admissions Policies Amid Protests,” Associated Press, as printed in the Los Angeles Times, December 10, 1989; Los Angeles Times Magazine, July 19, 1987.
332 “I don’t hold it against them”: NBC Nightly News, July 26, 1989.
332 found UCLA guilty of bias: Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race, p. 9.
332 Lowell High School: Huping Ling, Surviving on the Gold Mountain, p. 171; Seattle Times, March 26, 1996; Asian Week, March 22, 2000; San Francisco Examiner, November 8, 1999, November 25, 1999, January 8, 2000.
333 “Asian applicants are competing with white applicants”: Daily Californian, October 8, 1987, as cited in Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race, p. 9.
333 “never been based on meritocratic standards”: A magazine, October /November 1995, p. 87.
Chapter Eighteen. Decade of Fear: The 1990s
336 “individuals from any country who express fear of persecution”: Marlowe Hood, “Dark Passage; Riding the Snake,” Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 13, 1993.
336 “political suicide”: Jing Qiu Fu, “Broken Portraits,” p. 45.
336 “make Chinese intellectuals as scapegoats”: Ibid., p. 42.
336 “China will definitely change”: Ibid., p. 55.
336 Chinese Student Protection Act: Him Mark Lai, “China and the Chinese American Community: The Political Dimension,” Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1999, p. 19.
337 “No sane person”: Ronald Skeldon, ed., Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1974), p. 166.
337 70 percent of Hong Kong’s government doctors: Ibid., p. 35.
337 some 15 to 19 percent of Hong Kong émigrés: Ibid., p. 31.
337 605 Hong Kong residents: Ibid., p. 103.
337 estimated 1.5 million Canadian dollars: Ibid., p. 32.
338 soared from twenty thousand: Ibid., pp. 30, 103.
338 in excess of $30,000: Ibid., p. 55.
339 “empty wife”: Ibid., p. 11.
339 Jimmy Lai, Ronnie Chan, Frank Tsao, Tung Chee-hwa: Evelyn Iritani, “The New Trans-Pacific Commuters,” Sacramento Bee, February 9, 1997.
340 found it difficult to adjust: Ronald Skeldon, ed., Reluctant Exiles?, p. 171.
340 “Hong Kong is a place which is famous for its materialistic glamour”: Alex C. N. Leung, Bulletin of the Hong Kong Psychological Society, No. 28-29, January-July 1992, p. 139.
341 “He starts gambling and smoking”: Ronald Skeldon, ed., Reluctant Exiles?, p. 173.
341 “his marriage, his children”: Alex C. N. Leung, p. 142.
343 “You may be the best in your class”: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California: The Educational Experience of Chinese Children in Transnational Families,” Educational Policy 12:6 (November 1998).
343 some thirty thousand to forty thousand Taiwanese students: Helena Hwang and Terri Watanabe, “Little Overseas Students from Taiwan: A Look at the Psychological Adjustment Issues,” master’s thesis, University of California at Los Angeles, 1990; Chong-Li Edith Chung, “An Investigation of the Psychological Well Being of Unaccompanied Taiwanese Minors/Parachute Kids in the United States,” Ph.D. dissertation in counseling psychology, University of Southern California, December 1994, p. 1.
344 approximately ten thousand of them: S. Y. Kuo, Research on Taiwanese Unaccompanied Minors in the United States (Taipei: Institute of American Culture, Academia Sinica), as cited in Chong-Li Edith Chung, p. 1.
344 allowances of $4,000 or more a month: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California.”
344 162 Taiwanese adolescents: Chong-Li Edith Chung, pp. x, 87, 88.
344 “It looks happy on the outside”: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California.”
345 about $15,000 a year: Ibid.
345 about $40,000: Ibid.
345 “If they’re going to dump me here”: D. Hamilton, “A House, Cash and No Parents,” Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1993, p. A16.
345 “work hard, to focus”: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California.”
345 fax them copies of report cards: Ibid.
346 detonated a homemade bomb: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California.”
346 charged with arms smuggling: Ibid.
346 San Marino school district: Chong-Li Edith Chung, p. 47.
346 Kuan Nan “Johnny” Chen: Jeff Wong, “‘Parachute Kids’: Latchkey Kids with Cash Vulnerable to Trouble,” Associated Press, May 15, 1999; NBC Nightly News, January 9, 1999.
346-47 two out of three abductions: San Diego Union-Tribune, January 10, 1999.
347 nine out of ten: Associated Press, May 15, 1999.
347 About 80 percent: Min Zhou, “‘Parachute Kids’ in Southern California.”
347 paid $19,000 each: Maggie Farley, “Shanghai Youths Test Welcome Mat in US,” Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1999, p. A1.
347 “In China, we can have only one child”: Ibid.
Chapter Nineteen. High Tech vs. Low Tech
349 40 percent of the country’s assets: Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership,” a paper for the Conference on Benefits and Mechanisms for Spreading Asset Owners
hip in the United States, New York University, December 10-12, 1998; Edward N. Wolff, Top Heavy: The Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America and What Can Be Done About It (New York: New Press, 1996); “A Scholar Who Concentrates ... on Concentrations of Wealth,” Too Much, Winter 1999.
349 lost 80 percent of their net worth: Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership,” table 2, “The Size Distribution of Wealth and Income, 1983-1997.”
351 Sources on Jerry Yang: A magazine, June/July 2000, p. 10. “Yahoo,” (chapter 10), in David Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams (New York: William Morrow, 1999); “Jerry Yang Yahoo! Finding Needles in the Internet’s Haystack,” (chapter 6), in Robert H. Reid, Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business (New York: John Wiley, 1997).
352 Sources on Morris Chang: Author interview with Morris Chang, March 17, 2000; Mark Landler, “The Silicon Godfather: The Man Behind Taiwan’s Rise in the Chip Industry,” New York Times, February 1, 2000.
353 capped the program at 65,000 visas a year: Denver Post, June 18, 2000.
353 115,000 in 1998: Sara Robinson, “High-Tech Workers Are Trapped in Limbo by I.N.S.,” New York Times, February 29, 2000.
353 195,000: Ibid.
354 “white-collar indentured servitude”: Ibid.
354 Swallow Yan: Author correspondence with Swallow Yan, July 2000; The Scientist, May 29, 2000.
355 “Blue Team”: Robert G. Kaiser and Steven Mufson, “‘Blue Team’ Draws a Hard Line on Beijing: Action on Hill Reflects Informal Group’s Clout,” Washington Post, February 22, 2000.
356 Christopher Cox: The three-volume report, commonly referred to as the “Cox Report on Chinese Espionage” (March 1999), is an unclassified version of the Final Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China, a Top Secret report issued on January 3, 1999. For details on how the report misused my research, see Perla Ni, “Rape of Nanking Author Denounces Cox Report: Iris Chang Tells Conventioneers That Her Research Was Misused,” Asian Week, June 3, 1999. Jonathan S. Landreth, “Arrested for Spying? Or for Being Chinese? Author Iris Chang on Dr. Tsien Hsue-Shen,” Virtual China News, December 23, 1999.
357 “a paper with Chinese writing on it”: Norman Matloff, “Democracy Begins at Home,” Asian Week, July 14, 1995.
357 “yellow high-tech peril”: Sarah Lubman and Pete Carey, “False Spying Charges Have Happened Before: Valley Chinese-Americans Complain Allegations Have Destroyed Careers,” San Jose Mercury News, June 23, 1999.
358 “It happened so fast”: Correspondence from Chih-Ming Hu to author.
358 “When I went to high-tech company job interviews”: Ibid.
358 “I was scared”: Jonathan Curiel, “Widespread Support for Jailed Scientist: Chinese Americans Eager to Help Lee,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 10, 2000.
358 “I was 100 percent innocent!”: Chih-Ming Hu, March 16, 1999.
359 indicted him for allegedly transferring nuclear secrets: Vernon Loeb and David Vise, “Physicist Lee Indicted in Nuclear Spy Probe,” Washington Post, December 11, 1999.
359 fifty-nine counts: The New Yorker, October 2, 2000.
359 more than 260 agents: Vernon Loeb and David Vise, “Physicist Lee Indicted in Nuclear Spy Probe,” Washington Post, December 11, 1999. Two hundred FBI agents were used just to watch Lee twenty-four hours a day.
359 548 addresses: Vernon Loeb, “Ex-Official: Bomb Lab Case Lacks Evidence,” Washington Post, August 17, 1999.
359 passed it with flying colors: Robert Scheer, “Was Lee Indicted, and Not Deutch? Spy scandal: Look closer and you can see the politics behind the case,” Los Angeles Times, February 8, 2000.
360 “Do you think the press prints everything that’s true?”: Unclassified transcript of FBI interview 004868-004950.
360 “Do you know who the Rosenbergs are?”: Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, My Country Versus Me: The First-Hand Account by the Los Alamos Scientist Who Was Falsely Accused of Being a Spy (New York: Hyperion, 2001), p. 81. Also, transcript of FBI interview 004868-004950.
360 “for my convenience, not for any espionage purposes”: Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 122. For more details, see pp. 119-22, 323-26.
361 blew a sheaf of documents: William J. Broad, “Files in Question in Los Alamos Case Were Reclassified,” New York Times, April 15, 2000.
361 reclassified the downloaded PARD files: Ibid. It is not illegal to copy PARD files, nor is it a security violation.
361 Deutch had actually removed top-secret files: Daniel Klaidman, “The Nuclear Spy Case Suffers a Meltdown,” Newsweek, August 30, 1999.
361 seventeen thousand pages of documents: James Risen, “CIA Inquiry of Its Ex-Director Was Stalled at Top, Report Says,” New York Times, February 1, 2000.
361 “alien resident” housekeeper: Robert Scheer, “CIA’s Deutch Heedlessly Disregarded Security,” Los Angeles Times, February 29, 2000.
361 neither encryption nor a secure phone line: Ibid.
361 important memory cards: Ibid.
361 deleting more than a thousand files: New York Times, February 1, 2000.
362 refused to give interviews: Ibid.
362 “three crimes we knew were sure-fire violations”: Bill Gertz, “Pentagon Probe Targets Deutch,” Washington Times, February 17, 2000.
362 recommended Nora Slatkin: James Risen, “Deutch Probe Looks at Job,” New York Times, February 12,2000.
362 “Deutch can get away with anything”: Ling-chi Wang, “Wen Ho Lee & John Deutch: A Study of Contrast and Failure of Leadership,” public electronic mail statement, February 9, 2002.
363 “Deutch is a leading member”: Robert Scheer, “Was Lee Indicted, and Not Deutch? Spy scandal: Look closer and you can see the politics behind the case,” Los Angeles Times, February 8, 2000.
363 “built on thin air”: “U.S. Lacks Evidence in China Spy Probe, Ex-Aide Says,” Reuters News Report, August 17, 1999.
363 shackled in chains: “Amnesty International Protests Solitary Confinement, Shackling of Dr. Wen Ho Lee,” public statement of Amnesty International, August 16, 2000; Hendrik Hertzberg, “In Solitary,” The New Yorker, October 2, 2000.
363 “While Deutch has been coddled”: Robert Scheer, “CIA’s Deutch Heedlessly Disregarded Security”; “Spy Scandal: Scientist Wen Ho Lee Is Being Treated Unfairly, Especially as Compared to the Former Intelligence Chief,” Los Angeles Times, February 29, 2000.
363 “This case stinks”: “Wen Ho Lee Reportedly Makes a Deal,” Associated Press, September 11, 2000.
363 Fang Lizhi: San Jose Mercury News, February 2, 2000; George Koo, “Deutch Is Sorry; Lee Is in Jail,” San Francisco Examiner, February 8, 2000.
363 Plato Cacheris: James Glanz, “Scientific Groups Complain About Treatment of Weapons Scientist,” New York Times, March 7, 2000.
363 worked out a plea bargain: James Sterngold, “Wen Ho Lee Will Plead Guilty to Lesser Crime at Los Alamos,” New York Times, September 10, 2000; Marcus Kabel, “U.S., Wen Ho Lee Reach Plea Agreement,” Reuters, September 11, 2000.
364 “terribly wronged”: Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 2.
364 “embarrassed our entire nation”: “Lee Free; Federal Judge Apologizes,” Associated Press, September 13, 2000; Vernon Loeb, “Physicist Lee Freed With Apology: U.S. Actions ‘Embarrassed’ Nation, Judge Says,” Washington Post, September 14, 2000, p. A1.
364 “the FBI has been investigating a crime”: San Francisco Chronicle, August 26, 2001.
364 Eddie Liu: E-mail from Eddie Liu, March 14, 1999.
364 “China’s spying, they say”: Vernon Loeb, “China Spy Methods Limit Bid to Find Truth, Officials Say,” Washington Post, March 21, 1999.
365 mysterious $700 withdrawal: Robert Schmidt, “Crash Landing: The New York Times shook the government with its articles on Chinese nuclear-missile espionage. But six months after fingering Wen Ho Lee as a spy, the paper said,
in effect, never mind,” Brill’s Content, November 1999.
365 “suspiciously congratulatory”: Ibid.
365 “We’ve got to remember”: Los Angeles Times, May 21, 1999.
365 “He doesn’t distinguish between Chinese foreign nationals”: Annie Nakao, “Spy Scandal Hurts Asian Americans,” San Francisco Examiner, May 26, 1999.
366 “The problem is guilt by racial association”: Ibid.
366 laptop computer out to be repaired: Author interview with Brian Sun.
366 “The Lab treated me as a suspect”: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in-house report given to author.
366 “interested obsessively”: Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Stir Alienating Foreign Scientists in U.S.; Critics of Distrust Fear a Brain Drain,” Washington Post, November 25, 1999.
367 “The term going around now”: Andrew Lawler, “Silent No Longer: ‘Model Minority’ Mobilizes,” Science, November 10, 2000, p. 1072.
367 “subjective, arbitrary and capricious”: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in-house report given to author. The study was conducted by Dick Ling, Joel Wong, Kalina Wong, and several Asian American scientists who wished to remain anonymous. Officials at the laboratory have criticized the study as unreliable because not all Asian American employees were included. “We have never claimed that our studies are absolutely correct since LLNL refused to release the list of APIAs (Asian Pacific Islander Americans) for our studies,” Dick Ling wrote to the author. “We have compiled the APIA list through personal knowledge and employees’ last names.”
367 earned as much as $12,000 less: Ibid.
367 15 to 20 percent: Ibid.
367 “the same appropriate yardsticks”: Ibid.
367 “Subconsciously, you become the enemy”: Author interview with Lawrence Livermore scientist, December 27, 2000.
368 “In hindsight, there are some things I might have done differently”: Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 327.
368 not one single Chinese graduate student: Dan Stober, “Lee Case Leaves Ethnic Chinese Shunning Lab Jobs,” San Jose Mercury News, February 20, 2000.
368 half of the ten finalists: Ibid.
368 class action lawsuit: James Glanz, “Weapons Labs Close to Settling a Bias Lawsuit,” New York Times, March 26, 2000.