transfer printing 89
transmigration of souls 105
transport: and the city 175; environmental damage from transportation 683; EU government expenditure on 538; networks/infrastructures 190, 670, 681; railways 609; and ‘smart’ technologies 686
Trauberg, Leonid 292
travel 282, 301, 511–12 see also tourism; and airbnb 655; carbon footprint 675; charter flights 301, 533; as collective endeavour 528–9; commuters and travel to work 14, 200, 340, 454, 457, 685, 686; on company transport 528–9; culture 292; and the elderly 509, 511–15; and the flow of foreign tastes 602–3; in France for shopping, eating and hobbies 685; and ICT 687; for shopping in France 685; Workers Travel Association 533–4
tribute 24, 44, 79, 123, 131, 138–9; tax 131
Trinidad 582
tropical goods 162–3 see also coffee; spices; sugar; tea; colonialism and tropical production 78–9, 80, 90, 91, 162–3
Trotsky, Leon 277, 288
Troy, Patrick 670
Truman, Harry S. 504
Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried von 88
Tsirk (Circus) 293
Tucson 662
Tupperware parties 341
Turin, ‘Salon of Taste’ 470
Turkey 12, 78, 618, 619, 620, 644
Turkish carpets 23, 30, 32, 96
Turlington, Robert 69
Tuscany 29, 30
Twitter 470
UBS 449
Uganda 592, 594
Ulbricht, Walter 328
unemployment 12, 261, 279–80, 344, 407, 429, 431, 614; and bankruptcy 431; benefits 433, 508, 538; mass 287; and waste 634
Union des Consommateurs de Gaz Parisien 183
Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) 480
United African Company 133
United Kingdom see Britain and the United Kingdom
United Nations: consumer protection 552–3; Food and Agriculture Organization 573
United States of America: advertising 318, 318, 319, 494–5; American Civil War 122, 638; the American dream 237–8, 283, 340; American remittances to Britain 590; American way of life 9, 543, 679 see also Americanization; Americanization see Americanization; amusement parks 219; anti-Puritanism 450; armed forces 543; auto-repair shops 659; bankruptcy 431–2, 433; Bill of Rights (1962) 387; British empire and American trade 164–5; buyers’ leagues 156; cars 279, 281, 428, 658; Catholic and Protestant teenage beliefs 613; child-centred marketing and advertising 485; children watching television 489; Children’s Charter (1929) 487; Chinese relations 128, 299; church attendance 608; churches offering social and community services 612; civil rights activism 324–5; and cocoa 164; and coffee 92, 165, 173, 566; Cold War see Cold War; and collecting 227; comfort trade-offs 61; communitysupported agriculture 580, 588; company-based recreation 525, 526, 527–8, 529–31; company services 524–5, 526, 527–8; computer sales 674; Consumer Product Safety Commission 553; consumer rights and protection 550–51, 552–3; as consumer society model 10, 273, 307; consumption and freedom in self-image of 289; cotton 67; credit 302, 409, 410–12, 414, 415, 423–4, 426, 428–9, 430, 433; debt, personal 426, 433; defence spending 542; Department of Commerce 319; department stores 199, 202, 205, 342, 424, 486; and the Depression 279, 280–83, 288; domestic technologies 180, 247, 250, 259–60; elderly people 498–9, 500–502, 503–5, 507, 508, 511–12, 514, 517; elite 228; energy sources, demands and consumption 325, 671–3; Environmental Protection Agency 662; European views of affluence as an American invasion 305–6; evangelical revival 608–9; export of consumer lifestyle 307; fair trade 562, 564, 566, 578–9; families and generational bonds 520, 521; families without bank accounts 432; farmers 203; Federal Housing Administration 286, 341, 413; Federal Reserve Board ‘Survey of Consumer Finances for 2007’ 430; Federal Trade Commission 414, 553; films made in 211, 307, 328, 347; and freedom of choice 5, 288–9, 553, 556–7; French views of American culture 305, 306; gated communities 392; and the global spread of material civilization 11; healthcare 556–7; Hollywood 211, 348, 351; and the home 223, 236, 239, 240, 242, 244, 244, 245, 246–7, 248, 259, 262–3, 428, 435; household debt 409, 425; immigrants 1860–1920 598; imperialism 322, 618–19; income share of the rich 436, 437; industrial revolution 161; industrial worker hours 216; inegalitarian luxury as norm 438; and Israel 619; Italian migrant diets in 598–9, 602; Jews and commercialization 615; Korean War 307, 504; laundry 673; leisure gap between Americans and Europeans 449–52, 456; leisure hours 446, 447, 452; luxury goods spending by millionaires 439; as a ‘market empire’ 307; marketing courses 319; Marshall Plan 272; material civilization 237; mega-churches 610, 611–12; Mexican immigrants 588–9, 590, 591; middle class 412, 431; misery U-index 454; motoring cult 544; municipal waste 622; national conference on the aging (1950–51) 504; National Recovery Administration 286; National School Lunch Program 543–4; New Deal 274, 285, 286–7, 288, 389, 413, 524, 529, 543; New York see New York; old people’s homes 505; Older American Act 501; organic food 581; outsourcing environmental burden 669; overindebtedness 431–2; playgrounds 219; poor children 490–91; post-war occupation of Japan 378; products in 2009 in-use, in storage and at end-of-life 663; public services 450; racism 136; radio 264, 266; rag trade 628; reading habits 354; Reagan administration 544, 553; recorded music industry 685; recycling 635, 640, 652; religion’s use of commercial culture in 607–13; religious beliefs 610, 613; rent 239, 242, 244; repair services 659; retirement for leisure reasons 450, 500; savings 305, 342, 418, 420, 421, 422; in-school advertising and branded give-aways 485; sewage 179; shopping 371; show house exhibitions abroad 307, 329; smartphones 464; social spending 304, 305, 539–40, 541, 542; spectator sport boom 463; standard of living 149, 150, 240, 280–83; state parks 544; storage 661–2, 663; students 281–2, 312, 495, 497, 650; subsidized mortgages 681; suburbanization/suburbs 229–30, 239, 243, 270, 305, 309, 310–11, 340–41, 398; sugar consumption 164; sumptuary laws 63; Sunday deregulation 478; supermarkets 348, 551; Surplus Marketing Administration 543; Taft-Harley Act (1947) 529; Tax Reform Bill (1986) 427; teenagers 312, 613; televangelism 610–11; television watching/sets 454, 455, 489, 673, 674; time spent on different activities 454; toys 489; trade justice and simple living 577; trade unions 450, 529, 530; transformation from scarcity to abundance 287; Vietnam War 322, 542; wages 147, 224, 247, 341–2, 411; war production (WWII) 529; ‘Washington Consensus’ 553; waste 627, 629, 631, 632, 634, 641, 642, 643, 648, 649 see also New York: waste in NYC; water consumption 177, 186–7; water meters 188; water rates 183–4; ‘work hard, play hard’ motto 468; working hours 443–4, 446, 447, 449–50; worries over decline of happiness 305; youth spending power 312
UNSER Land 580
upper classes 63, 192, 292, 347, 436, 466 see also aristocrats/gentry
urban living see cities and urban life
USDAW (Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers) 480
utility networks 175–6, 180, 181, 183, 188–9, 220, 248, 670, 681
Utrecht 57, 212
Vacances et Santé 534
vacuum cleaners 179, 247, 248, 258, 265, 383, 661
Vacuumland 661
Valentino, Rudolph 282
value: and antiquity 4, 50, 53, 227; and choice 289; consumption/consumer as creator of 3, 151, 233; and cost 151; empire and the value of origin 169–71; exotic goods and the creation of 168–70; of place 161, 167–8, 169–71; power extending to 168–73; Puritan values 118; social benefits of consumption 102–3, 106–10, 118, 155–6; spiritual and material values out of balance 284; of thrift see thrift
Vanoni, Ezio 308
Veblen, Thorstein 13, 15, 158, 228, 229, 230, 339, 435–6
Veere 57
velvet 58, 60
Velveta 291
vending machines 278, 370, 528
Venezuela 79, 80, 81, 162
Venice 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36–7, 38, 86
vicarious consumption 228
vicarious leisure 228
vice 98–9
Victor 2
63
Victoria, Queen 140
Victorians 161, 169, 183, 184–5, 385, 406, 572; and immanentism 609; and leisure 216, 455; pawnshops 408
Vienna 72, 243, 275, 310, 549–50, 632
Vietnam 653, 670; War 322, 542
Vietor, J. K. 134
Virginia 61, 67
‘virtuous’ consumption 363
VOC see East India Company, Dutch
Vogue 327
Volkswagen saving scheme 290–91
Voltaire 100
voluntarism 555, 556
Voronezh 546
voting rights 156–7, 283, 680
Vries, Jan de 74
vulcanization 225
Wafdist nationalists 299
wages 28, 29, 99, 146–7, 477 see also income; African 173; American 147, 224, 247, 341–2, 411; bonus pay 449; British 71–2, 75, 99, 115, 146–7, 281; and cheap energy 72; Christmas bonuses 523, 526; Dutch 55; English 58; European demand lifted by income 173; and excuse of the ‘lazy African’ 133; and fair trade see fair trade; German 301; labourers’ earnings divided by the cost of subsistence 72; low, fixed 43; and mass production 247; minimum wage 156, 157, 287; and missionaries 133; rising wages freeing adolescents from parental control 216; in Shanghai 408; and spending power see spending power; waste and rising wages 631; of young people after First World War 495
Wajid Ali Shah 137
Wakefield, Charles 63
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 92
Wales 93, 432, 478–9, 556
wallpaper 93, 107, 108, 117, 224, 225, 262, 330, 628, 645
Walmart 587
Walras, Léon 3, 151
Walsh, Daniel 624–5
Walters-Gould Corporation 514
Wang Hai 395
Wang Zhen 51, 52
Wang Zhi 24
Wangfuijing 190
wants: and aspiration see aspiration; desire for things see desire for things; and needs 5, 294, 365, 407, 677
war see also specific wars: bonds 417; and global moral geography 573; salvage campaigns 637; and savings 417–18, 419; and the tin can 638
Warde, Alan 605
warehouses 661
Waring, George 630
Was Bin Ich? 321
washing 177–8 see also laundry
washing machines 223, 246, 248, 253, 257, 258, 259, 262, 293, 301, 302, 307, 323, 327, 332, 375, 383, 412, 591, 673; ‘apps’ for 686
washing powders 254–5, 386
Washington DC 631
waste 622–75 see also sewage; wastefulness/wasting; in America see United States of America: waste; in ancient civilizations 626; and art 636–7; in Brazil 651; in Britain 622, 632, 640, 643; changing meaning of 626; in China 633–4, 653; and colonialism 633; commercial 642; and conspicuous consumption 15, 144; copper 623, 635, 652, 653; as core element of public concern and policy 9; in Czech Republic 645, 646; decadent 144; and disposable products 631, 636; disposal and management 305, 629–30, 631–4 see also incineration/incinerators; recycling of waste; dustbins 629–30, 633, 648; dustyards 628; electronic see electronic waste; endemic/systemic 634, 671; and environmentalism 639, 675; EU directive 640; European increases 648, 652; European regions of 644, 645; exported 652–3; food 625, 626, 627, 629, 631, 648–51, 682; in France 629, 635–6, 643, 644; garden waste 648; in Germany 640, 641, 643, 643, 652; glass 625, 625, 627, 630, 632, 635, 637, 639, 640, 646, 647, 661, 675; global waste trade 652–3; hazardous 652, 653, 684; and health 630, 631, 632, 633–4, 653; household 624–6, 625, 627, 629–31, 632, 635–6, 637–41, 642, 643, 644–52, 672; illegal trade in hazardous electronic waste 653; incineration/incinerators 625, 627, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 642, 644, 646–7; industrial 634–5, 642; in Japan 627, 640, 643, 644, 646–8; Labour’s ‘war on waste’ 640; landfills 626, 632, 634, 640, 642, 644; litter campaigns 639; making of 624–54; and material flows 629, 664–75; metal 623, 635, 652, 653; moral dimension of 623, 634, 651; mountains 623; municipal 305, 622–7, 630–53; in the Netherlands 632, 643, 644; New York City 305, 624–6, 625, 630, 631, 632, 636, 642; Nimby-ism 669; and over-shopping 649; packaging 622, 635–6, 642, 652; paper 624, 625, 625, 627, 629, 630, 631, 634, 635, 636, 637–8, 639, 640, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 652; Pay-As-You-Throw schemes 648; plastic 622, 625–6, 632, 635, 636, 641, 643, 644, 647, 648, 652, 653; and pollution 2, 622, 626, 629, 639, 653, 665, 669; private excess and public waste 15; radioactive 684; rag-and-bone men 628, 633, 635; recycling see recycling of waste; salvage campaigns of the world wars 637; Save Money and Reduce Trash schemes 648; in Scandinavia 643, 644, 648, 684; scavengers 216, 382, 651; seasonal 634; shifted from producer to consumer 649; under socialism 331, 644–6; sources of 15; in Spain 640, 643, 644, 652; stigma of 144; tipping 632; and unemployment 634; waste-to-energy plants 632; zero waste 670–71
wastefulness/wasting: under capitalism 649; of copper 623; and environmentalism 639, 675; of food 649–51 see also waste: food; and national/moral decline 622–3; of oil 622; passing things on as alternative to 654–9; recycling as alternative to see recycling of waste; repairing things as alternative to see repairing; storing things as alternative to 660–62
Watanabe Tamae 515
watches 21, 67, 105, 138, 203, 283, 294, 323, 359, 365, 366, 376, 382, 439
water, running 4, 175, 176, 177–80, 182, 183–4, 248 see also plumbing; charges and rates 183–4, 188; city consumption 1870–1904 185–9, 187; and hygiene 177–8, 188, 189–90; leakage 186; public takeover of water 182
water closets see toilets
water consumer movement 183, 184–5
water meters 183, 187–8
water rates 183–4, 188
waterborne disease 177, 178
Waterloo, battle of 120
Watt, James 72
Watts, Yvonne 559–60
wealth: affluence see affluence; bridewealth 370; of commercial society 103; consumption as source of 54; England’s increase in 103; entertainment and wealthy youth 216; and evangelical prosperity gospel 610–11, 615; goods as storehouses of 34, 55; household wealth and debt 426–7; housing ‘wealth effects’ 427–8; income share of the rich 436, 437; inequalities 37, 434–9, 436, 437; loss of distinction between fixed and mobile wealth 427; as mother of extravagance 57; need for production to precede consumption 279; oil wealth 607; private wealth and the neglect of public welfare 8, 302; the rich as the new working class 449; ‘Richistanis’ 434; as sign of civic virtue 33; and slavery to pleasure 677; stigma of 385; storage 34, 37, 55; sumptuary laws to protect wasted wealth see sumptuary laws; from trade 35, 49; work as source of 449
Webb, Beatrice, née Potter 303
Webb, Sidney, 1st Baron Passfield 303
Weber, Heinrich 265
Weber, Max 57, 174, 230, 606
weddings 8, 37, 39, 41, 48, 150, 596; dowries 203, 382
Wedgwood, Josiah 69, 88, 89
Week-end Book 461–2
Weesp 87
Weiler, Josefine von 117
Welbourne, F. B. 638
Welch, Evelyn 35
welfare 12–13, 391, 548, 681 see also pensions; public consumption; benefits 12, 433, 500, 508, 538, 539, 541, 542, 548, 679 see also pensions; boards 507; capitalism 523, 525, 529; company-based health care and 523, 525, 529; consumer welfare and critique of imperialism 160; credit and social welfare 415; European welfare regimes and the elderly 508; and materially intensive lifestyle 689; recipients’ right to credit cards 325; Resident Welfare Associations 392; service cutback by Communist Party of China 372; and social transfers 13, 243, 538, 539, 541–2, 681 see also social spending; states see welfare state
welfare state 154, 243, 306, 343, 432, 438, 523, 547, 553, 577, 578, 612, 654; and mass consumption 681
well-being 452–5, 685 see also happiness; health/healthcare; ‘wellness’ and management culture 513, 530–31
Wen Jiabo 372
Wen Zhenheng 49–50
Werkbund, Cologne 319
Wertheim (department store) 199
Wesleyans 133; Methodists 612
West Indies
27, 79, 91, 92, 123, 161, 163
Westphalian working women 457, 458
Weyl, Walter 160
Which? 276, 551
Whigs 120
whiskey 171
Whiteley, William 193
Whiteley’s, London 193
Wicca 613
Wildberg 42
Wilensky, Harold 541
Wilhelm II 308
Wilhelm Gustloff 291
Williamson, George 145
Willis, Dr 85
wind screens, house 21
window artists 194
windows 341, 673
wine 26, 27, 61, 86, 94, 106, 132, 161, 165, 169, 170, 203, 339, 345, 361, 603, 605
Wise, Brownie 341
Wolff, ‘Lupus’ Wilhelm 115
women 81, 87, 110, 222, 228, 255–6, 291, 308, 309, 674; Asian 52, 142–3, 369–70, 380, 384; British women in India 145; on co-operative boards 579; codes of dress 40; consumption and man’s enslavement of (Veblen) 228; and cooking 257, 332, 375, 448, 481 see also cooking; corruption of innocent girls 199; and credit 201, 406, 407–8; delinquent girls 217; denied independence 43, 76; as domestic slaves 222, 228; East German 332; Egyptian 202–3; elite 74; emancipation 157, 181, 196, 199, 222–3, 255–6; empowerment of 6, 260; fashion 21, 42, 46, 48, 52, 60, 65, 67, 69, 149, 150, 282, 498, 528; feminine sociability 87; feminists 142–3, 157, 228, 316, 323; French 453, 508; gentlewomen 87; German 332, 457; growing visibility in urban life 196; hedonism of the new woman 199; home economists 256; housewives see housewives; identity 6; Iranian 617; Karo 142; and leisure/free time 255–6, 447–8, 447, 450, 457, 458–9, 469, 483; in London 76; material remembrance practices 104; menstruating kleptomaniacs 197; middle-aged carers 521; middle class women and ethical consumerism 155; the ‘modern woman’ 254, 359; Muslim 202, 617, 619, 620; Norwegian 457; and politeness 109–10; professional employment 196; and radio 266; rights 156–7, 309, 390, 680; ‘senseless extravagance’ of (Gilman) 228; and shopping 6, 156, 198–9, 200, 204, 332, 350; slaves 132; social skills 87, 110; students 257, 281–2; subordination of 43, 254; suburban women’s clubs 341; suffrage 156–7, 283, 680; Sunday restrictions and working women 480, 481; unchaperoned middle-class 196–7; as the ‘weaker sex’ 110, 313, 406; Westphalian working women 457, 458; Women’s Co-operative Guild 157; work 43, 281, 447, 457, 480, 481, 659 see also housework; working class wives and the cinema 214
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