space: shops and public space 194, 198, 207, 208; urban entertaining spaces 210–21
Spain 12, 25, 64, 77, 464; Catalonia 75–6; and cocoa/chocolate 80, 81, 84; consumer protection 557, 558; electronic waste 652; food banks 338–9; foreign pensioners and ‘Costa Geriatrica’ 512–13; gender gap in leisure and unpaid work 450; holiday homes in 655; household waste 1980–2005 643; mobile phones 464; New Spain 25, 64, 84 see also Spanish empire; nobility corroded by luxury 100; Ombudsmen 557; paper waste 644; recycling 644, 645; shopping 196; and silver 25–6, 64; social spending 537; Sunday restrictions 478; waste generation lowering 640; water supply 182
Spanish empire 64, 77, 162; breakup 162; and cocoa/chocolate 80, 81, 84; colonial customs zone 162; flow of goods and slaves (1770) 82–3
spending: credit, saving and 417–28 see also credit; emulation in 8, 316, 325, 340, 374, 383, 438; on food 338, 339, 340; on furniture by labourers after English Civil War 75; Japanese credit-card spending and indebtedness 371–2, 424; on leisure 340, 342, 347; power see spending power; public see social spending; spiral of aspirational spending 74
spending power 12, 76, 146–7, 149, 216, 246, 283, 286, 287, 289, 357, 366, 398, 485, 517, 687 see also standard of living; African depression of 173; of children and teenagers 312, 485, 491, 493, 495–6; and loss of time to spend 477; and social services 526; of young British workingclass men 281
Spice Islands 96
spices 23, 25, 28 see also pepper
Spiegel House Furnishing Company 411
spinning wheel 297–8
Spinoza, Baruch 102
spiritual life see also religion: affluence, consumer culture and 386–7, 606–21; interplay between spiritual and material rebirth in Africa 614; and the material order 126, 284, 606; New Age spirituality and baby boomers 613; spiritual beauty 620–21; spiritual seekers 613
Spitalfields 65
Spon, Jacob 85
sports 3, 14, 153, 304, 342, 346, 354, 457, 458, 462, 463; clubs 347; companybased 456, 523, 525, 526, 527, 531, 533, 534; and the elderly 515; equipment 219, 280, 322; extreme sports 469; facilities 545; football 347, 477, 617; grounds 219, 536, 545; martial arts 472; in national time-use surveys 458–9; state sponsoring, and ‘sport for all’ 545; televised 365; US boom in spectator sport 463
sportswear 201, 320
Squarciafico, Marquis 29
Sri Lanka/Ceylon 79, 146, 375, 541
Stakhanovites 245, 293, 294
Stalin, Joseph 122–3, 292, 293, 294
Stalinism 245, 246, 274, 292–6, 328
stamp money 408
standard of living 9, 58, 72–3, 72, 129, 147–8, 149, 157, 159, 205, 688–9 see also living conditions; spending power; American 149, 150, 240, 280–83; fair standard of clothing requirements, Philadelphia 150; and the Food and Agriculture Organization 573; and GDP 538–9; German exhibit on 308; inter-war 280–83; in Lower Yangzi 71; Russian 277; socialist 277, 334; in Tokugawa Japan 108
standardization 3, 138, 223, 225, 288, 463, 634 see also homogenization; mass production; and Americanization 348, 349; in car production 634; and Ford 634; of homes 237, 240, 242, 250, 378, 525; in menus 601; the ‘standard package’ (Riesman) 436; standardized living 525; and supermarkets 349
Stanley, Henry Morton 171
Starbucks 562–3
states: and alimentary localism 587; as benefactors of cultural life 547; British state 65–6, 77, 92, 121 see also Britain and the United Kingdom; Chinese state 92 see also China; consumer activism and the relationship between state and citizen 557–9; consumer lives defined by people’s relation to 277; consumption promoted and shaped by 12, 13, 286–96, 371, 536–48 see also social spending; control of goods 277; control of growth 368, 394; credit liberalization by 419–20; demands on the state 283; and ethnic cuisine 603–4; European expansionist state system 76; helping industry 65–6, 77; interventions and materially intensive lifestyle 688–9; leisure supported by 544–8; ‘nanny state’ 553; paternalist see paternalism; pension control 139; power bolstered by scarcity 277; price supervision 27, 278; private capitalism versus state capitalism 288; promotion of higher standard of living 688–9; propaganda 277–8; and public services see public services; response to consumers 548–61; social bargains between consumers and 278; social spending and transfers see social spending; and ‘sport for all’ 545; state fairs 203; state parks (US) 544; subsidies 330, 546–7, 681; taxation see taxation; totalitarian see totalitarianism; tourism and the racial state 291; trade barriers 120, 136, 159, 160, 298, 572, 580; welfare states see welfare state
status and social positioning 13–14, 123 see also caste; class; and accumulation and display 227–8; and affluence 303, 316, 339–48; based on place in production system 381; Chinese competition for 48–9; and clothes 13, 39, 41, 94; and connoisseurship 52; conspicuous consumption as moral threat to 380; and durables 260; and ethnic food cultures 602; knowing one’s place 41; and opulence 36–7; and proximity to the Communist Party 374; slowing down of competitive status-seeking with affluence 303, 316; status of ‘customer’ 391; symbolic status goods 14; and taste 109
steam engine 72
steamships 132, 146, 161, 167, 193
steel 122, 222, 635, 669; Krupp steel maker 166, 523; shortages 376; stainless 365; steel-plated cutlery 359; thimbles 59; waste 652
Steuart, James 74
Stevenson, Robert Louis 449
Stiftung Warentest 276
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 539, 679
Stirling, Scotland 648
Stockholm 671, 684
stockings 59, 67, 143, 149, 150, 203, 282, 312, 495; children’s 486; silk 140, 293, 294, 299
Stollwerck 172–3
storage: as alternative to wasting 660–62, 663; and space in the home 674; warehouses 661; wealth storage 34, 37, 55
stoves 59; electric see cookers: electric; gas 176, 180, 181, 189; oil 360; spirit 87
Strasbourg 39; 1660 law 41
Strasser, Susan 623
Stravinsky, Igor 267
street entertainment 191
street lighting 176, 181–2
street sellers 204, 207, 208–9, 221 see also hawkers; pedlars
Strozzi, Filippo 29
Strozzi, Palazzo 33
Strozzi family 33
Stuarts 59
students 96, 190, 313, 333, 358, 390, 495, 522; advertising role 494–5; as advertising target 312, 495; American 281–2, 312, 495, 497, 650; and boycotts 299; in Cairo 299; Chinese 299; and credit/debt 407, 429; female 257, 281–2; French 496; and Gide 155; Indonesian 620; and material comfort 334, 369; and Patten 154; Piaster Plan 299; radical students and simple living 577; and transition from charity to trade justice 574–5
Stumpf, Ludwig 574
sub-Saharan Africa 252
suburbanization/suburbs: American 239, 270, 305, 309, 340–41; Amsterdam 310–11; Chinese 398; satire on the suburban home 229–30; suburban council estates 243
Suchard 167
suffrage 156–7, 283, 680
suffragettes 156, 157
Sufis 80
sugar 23, 26, 27, 44, 45, 47, 58, 74, 75, 79, 81, 88, 92, 161, 162, 163; American consumption 164; and the armed forces 166–7; British consumption 91, 165–6; cane 79, 163; China and 91; in coffee 90; French consumption 165, 166–7; Queensland consumption 166; and the slave trade 27–8, 79, 91, 162, 571; taxes 91; and the working class 165, 166
suicide, with debt 371–2, 408
Sumatra, Dutch 142
sumo wrestling 365
sumptuary laws 37, 39–43, 63, 66, 68, 103, 136, 331, 360, 677–8
Sun City, Arizona 514
Sundays 341, 450, 470, 473–83; closure, and opening restrictions 156, 476, 477–81; deregulation 478, 482–3
Sunningdale civil service college 389
superiority feelings 13
supermarkets 1, 9, 348, 371, 551, 584, 651; and Americanization 348–51; and choice 348, 350, 522; in Eastern Bloc 329; electronic check-outs 349; and fair trade 562, 565, 568, 579; hypermarket
s 371, 618; in literature 350; and local food 587, 588, 605; opening hours 349
Surat 139
Surinam 79
surplus 157
Susanna tutta panna 301–2
sustainability 12, 18, 236, 301, 676, 688–90 see also climate change; environment; consumer rights and sustainable development 552; eco-gastronomic politics of 442; Global e-Sustainability Initiative 686; and growth 301, 302, 541; and ICT 686; in social spending 541; sustainable products 404; and zero-waste 670–71
Suzuki motorcycles 315
swadeshi (home industry) 297, 298, 380; Swadeshi League 298
Swahili 135–6
sweatshops and sweated goods/labour 128, 155, 156, 184, 355, 567, 578
Sweden 196, 328, 331, 471, 684–5; advertising restrictions 485; artists 547; ‘cashing out’ on the home 428; communal leisure halls 545; consumer complaints 558; credit cards 424; elderly people 507, 508, 510; energy consumption 673; fair trade 564, 568; free time activities of men and women aged 20 to 74 (1998–2002) 458–9; freezers 650; home ownership 236, 428; income share of the rich 436, 437; leisure hours 452; National Consumer Council 551; National Institute for Consumer Issues 551; Ombudsmen 557; paper waste 644; recycling 639–40, 645; shopping hours 478, 480–81; solo living 654; Sunday deregulation and shopping 478, 481; Waste Minimization Programmes 648, 684; water supply 182; welfare 542
Swift, Jonathan 105
swimming baths 190
swimming pools 183, 219, 417, 475
swine fever/viruses 631, 632
Switzerland 117–18, 156, 275, 319, 349, 482, 643; 50plus Hotels 513; fair trade 564, 568
sympathy 103, 107
table linen/tablecloths 25, 34, 55, 56, 61, 77, 203, 294
tableware 29, 30, 32, 37, 55, 76, 88; silver 29–30, 31, 32, 34, 55, 87
Tadgell, John 62–3
Taft-Harley Act (1947) 529
Tago Ichimin 257
Taipei 351
Taiwan 355, 379, 493, 518
Tale of Genji 472
Talmadge, Norma 282
Tampere 179
Tango King and Queen, Finland 352
Tanizaki, Jun’ichirō 181
tape recorders 464
tarboosh 299
tariffs 159
Tarzan films 312
taste 1, 6, 108–9, 270; ambassadors of 81–4; barriers 81; and class 79, 108–9, 226, 304, 344–6, 436–8, 548; as creator of cultural capital 50; and demand 74; democratization of 346; dulling of European taste buds 168; and education 214, 548; elite taste 436–7; for exotic food and drink 58, 78–93, 120, 165, 166, 579, 601, 603, 678; for exotic goods 4, 10, 32, 162, 170–71, 678; flow of 78–9, 165, 203, 214–15, 589, 596–605; hierarchies of 5; impact of empire on 78–93, 119, 170–71; and individuality 226; for the local 169–73, 580–88; mass culture versus educated taste 304; migration and the diffusion of 79, 165, 214–15, 596–602; national tastes 81, 547, 566; people and things brought together by (Bourdieu) 344–5; popularization of new tastes 78–93; power of 601; private tastes with public consequences 466; refined 108; social structuring of personal taste 605; subsidized by the state 546–7; travel, tourism and the flow of foreign tastes 602–3
Tate & Lyle 568
Taut, Bruno 222–3, 225, 227, 229, 230, 241, 386
tax credits 309
taxation: in British empire 121, 139, 141, 161–2; on coffee 86, 91–2; on department stores 199; exemption on repair services 682; under liberal imperialism 121, 139; luxury taxes 331; rebates 371; relief 546; savings exemptions 414–15; and smuggling 162; Spanish consumption taxes 77; on sugar 91; tax collectors 137; on tea 91, 92, 162; on tobacco 162; tribute tax 131; US Tax Reform Bill (1986) 427
Tbilisi 312–13
tea 4, 10, 23, 27, 44, 45, 49, 53, 74, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88, 90, 168, 678; annual consumption 81; Assam 79, 169; Bohea 92; Boston tea party 111; boycotts 111; Britain and 60, 61, 65, 75, 79, 81, 90, 91–2, 162, 165; colonial tea plantations 79; green 80, 169; Indian 79, 169; Japanese tea hour 473; parties 80, 87; powdered green tea 80; Russia and 80, 163; sweetened 162; taxes 91, 92, 162; Victorians’s branding of Chinese tea 169
teapots/tea ware 71, 87, 88
technology: and acceleration of life 442, 471; and disenchantment 235; domestic labour-saving and convenience technologies see domestic appliances and technologies; facilitating ‘voice’ 558; ICT see information and communication technology; ‘smart’ 686 see also smartphones; and time 465
Teddy-Boys 303
teenagers see youth and teenagers
Tekbir 620
Tel Aviv 633
Telefunkensuper 264
televangelism 610–11
television 307, 321, 324; advertising 319–20, 489–90; in America 454, 455, 489, 673, 674; in Asia 355, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 374, 375, 378, 379, 382, 383, 388, 393, 472, 473; and children 489; and class 346; and the elderly 510; in France 353, 411, 455; in Italy 321, 324; and pluralism 346; and privatized lifestyle 329; repairmen 659–60; romances 329; sets 2, 179, 247, 254, 301, 323, 327, 331, 337, 355, 363, 364, 365, 367, 370, 461, 542, 622, 652, 653, 662, 663, 674; stations 353, 379; televangelism 610–11; uneven TV habits across Europe 461; wasted/recycled TVs 622, 652, 653; watching 346, 453, 454, 455, 457, 458–9, 459, 461, 467, 489
temperance groups 166
Tenco, Luigi 352
terrorism 321–2
Tesco 587
testing organizations 275–6
Texas 248, 433
textiles: Asian textiles in France 65; British textiles bought in India 139–40; cheap British 139, 140; cotton see cotton; Dutch Republic 54; in England 58; factory textiles 139; Indian textiles in East Africa 132; linen see linen; Renaissance local textiles 30; and silver 25; trade routes 25, 45; as wealth storage 34; woollen see wool
textual culture 47 see also books
Thailand 518
Thatcher, Margaret 375, 478, 479, 553, 555
Thatcher government 640
theatre 112, 190, 214, 220, 463, 466, 467; gas-lit theatres 181; puppet theatres 105, 472; state-supported 546
Thelwall, John 112
theobromine 80
Thiesing, Hans 627
Third World movement 574–5, 576–7 see also fair trade
Thirty Years War 38, 41
Thompson, E. P. 578
thrift 57, 117, 142, 239, 264, 277–8, 287, 365, 368, 406 see also austerity; and DIY 261; excessive 487; and the First World War 256, 277–8; and Keynes 285; and the middle class 412, 416; and pocket money 488; and savings 417–19; waste, recycling and 629, 642–3
‘throwaway society’ 622–75
Tianjin (Tientsin) 179
Tianqiao 190, 191, 685
Tietz (department store) 193, 199
Tigert, John 264
timber 23
time: devoted to pleasant/unpleasant activities during a day 453–5, 454; discretionary 451–2; inequalities of income and 449; leisure time 301, 444–50, 446, 447, 451–2, 460, 469; national time-use surveys 454, 457–8, 458–9; and pace of life 441–3, 470, 471; polarization by class 450–51, 468–9; poverty 403, 441, 443, 451, 460, 469, 477, 483; ‘quality time’ 443, 469–70, 479; rhythm of 474–5; social compact in regard to 481; and technology 465; time saving appliances see domestic appliances and technologies; time saving promises 255–6, 441, 448; working hours see labour and work: working hours
Times, The 637
tin cans 216, 638–9, 647
toasters 180, 257, 280, 329, 383, 657
tobacco 21, 26, 53, 58, 65, 77, 78, 88, 141, 153, 168, 203 see also cigarettes; and France 162; in Japan 359; taxes 162; from vending machines 278
Tobin, John 129
Tobler, Theodor 172
Tocqueville, Alexis de 438, 442, 611
toilets 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, 186, 189, 370
Tokyo 165, 359, 383, 536, 685; Chifuren 393; Edo 176, 181, 358, 472; Nakamuraya restaurant 543; Roppongi army base 378; Yutaka Club 513
Tollentina, Livia 34
Tö
nnies, Ferdinand 581
tools, as consumer goods 261
toothpaste 299, 358, 375, 381
Toronto 203, 270
Total Material Requirement (TMR) 665, 668
totalitarianism 11, 273, 279, 289–96, 314, 680 see also communism; fascism; Nazism; Stalinism; ‘consumerism’ as 5, 7
tourism 291, 292, 327, 511–13, 534, 602–3 see also travel
Townsend, Peter 510
toys 30, 59, 138, 342, 385, 485, 486, 487, 488–9, 494, 616; and cognitive development 231; dolls 485, 488, 491, 618; and recycled plastic 635; second-hand 656
Trabant car 331, 335, 337
trade see also commerce: African 129–31; barriers 120, 136, 159, 160, 298, 572, 580; barter 46; branding see branding; British empire and American trade 164–5; cards 192; Chinese 23, 24–6, 44–7, 88, 92; contraband see smuggling; currents 24–5; Dutch 54–5; expansion of global trade, 1500–1800 23–4; fair trade see fair trade; fairs 307, 328; free trade see free trade; and the general good 96; global exchange and the world of goods 23–8, 162; global trading system 162; growth of markets and 23–4, 25, 53, 57, 92–3, 122, 131, 327, 682–3; haggling 190, 204, 209, 210; hawkers 205; herring trade 26; justice 573–7 see also fair trade; and labour specialization/division 24, 54; liberalization 146, 161, 162–3 see also free trade; luxury trades 28, 29, 537 see also silk; spices; monopolies see monopolies; ocean trade 23, 24–6, 88, 120, 124, 167, 357, 683; palm-oil 130; pedlars 203, 205, 359; posts 25; price controls 27; and Renaissance morals 35; retail see retail trade; silver as currency of 25–6; smuggling see smuggling; and sociability 96; spurred by demand 92; street sellers 204; structural view of global trade 573; trans-regional 23; transatlantic see transatlantic consumption and trade; tribute see tribute; vulgarity of shopkeeping 35; wars 26; world merchandise trade in 21st century 683
trade unions 149, 278, 306, 307, 343, 450, 457, 529, 530, 532, 534; Christian unionists 275; and holidays 533, 534; Nazi 290–91; and Sunday 477, 479, 480; and the Taft-Harley Act (1947) 529
trademarks 47, 486 see also branding
Traidcraft 577
transatlantic consumption and trade 23, 26–8, 38, 76, 81, 82, 91, 92–3, 122, 128; slave trade see slavery/slaves
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