Fall and Rise
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Leavey, Joe, 337, 342
Lebanon, 24, 116, 117
LeBlanc, Andrea, 53–55, 92
post-9/11 life, 435–36
LeBlanc, Robert, 53–55, 92, 275, 435–36
Lee, Daniel, 34, 79
Lee, Dong Chul, 101
Lemay, Dorry, 429
LeRoy, Lauren, 116
LeRoy, Melodie, 116
“Let’s Roll” counterattack, 175–80, 187–88, 384, 392, 444, 445
LeValley, David, 428
Levin, Alisha, 271, 450
Lewin, Daniel, 38–39, 43, 76, 77, 79, 111, 163
Lewis, Bernard, 5–6
Lewis, Charles, 311, 319, 320, 325, 327, 362
Lewis, Jennifer, 101–2
Lewis, Ken, 101–2
Liberty Street, 281, 292, 335, 338, 418
Lillis, Christian, 449
Lillo, Carlos, 201–4, 229, 231, 234, 247, 252, 293–94, 304, 305, 353, 355–56, 401–3, 410, 421, 452–54
Lillo, Cecilia, 201–4, 229, 231, 235, 247, 252–53, 294, 299, 304–5, 353–55, 401–3, 452–54, 459
post-9/11 life, 452–54
Lillo, Sandra, 203
Lim, David, 263, 411, 415, 417, 459
Lim, Diane, 415
Lin, Carol, 85–86
lock release order, 306
Logan International Airport, xx, 9, 31–34, 39–40, 42–45, 55, 63, 65, 67, 111, 117, 420
Lohr, Rick, 391
London, 1, 74, 118
Long, Steven, 325
Lord’s Prayer, 164, 291, 454
Los Angeles, 10, 11, 12, 34, 35, 50, 52, 58, 59, 94, 97, 185
Low, Sara, 45, 67, 77
Lower Manhattan, evacuation of, 413–14
Lower Manhattan, map of, xiii
Lyles, CeeCee, 16–18, 109–10, 115, 165–66, 167–68, 187, 384, 395, 432
Lyles, Lorne, 17–18, 109–10, 165–66, 167–68, 187, 432
Lynch, James T., 437
Mace, 29, 43, 75, 89, 130
MacKay, Doug, 27, 79
MacKay, Susan, 37, 79–80
Maffeo, Andrea, 301–2, 420–21, 422–23, 455
Maffeo, Frances, 302, 420, 423, 455
Maffeo, Jennieann, 232, 246, 261, 291–92, 301–2, 348–49, 352, 420, 422–23, 454–57
death of, 455–56
Maffeo, Sam, 455
Maggett, Steve, 258
Maher, Bill, 16, 94
Makely, JoAnne, 161–62
man in the red bandana, xxi, 277, 330, 337, 342
Marchand, Alfred, 52–53, 93
Marcin, Hilda, 114, 188
Marine Corps, U.S., 322, 438, 439
Marino, Kenneth, 256, 459
Marquis, Craig, 62
Marr, Robert, 71, 72, 73, 94, 96, 105, 128, 184
Marrero, José, 330, 451
Marriott World Trade Center, 219, 225, 232, 233, 246–48, 291–93, 420, 454, 456
Marsh & McLennan, 200, 228, 257, 399, 409, 449
Martin, Karen, 44, 45, 75
Martinez, Robert Gabriel, 338, 342
Martinez, Waleska, 114, 166, 188
Maude, Timothy, 311, 312, 313, 442
Maxfield, Betty, 312, 368, 369, 373, 441
May, Nancy, 128–29
May, Renée, 101, 128–29, 131, 146, 314
May, Ron, 128–29
McCourt, David, 194, 419, 455, 456–57
McCourt, Juliana, 51, 92, 194, 195, 275, 419, 420, 454–57
McCourt, Ruth Clifford, 38, 51, 194–95, 275, 348, 418–20, 454–57
McDermott, Terry, Perfect Soldiers, xxii
McGinn, William “Billy,” 199, 249, 459
McGlynn, Jim, 411, 413, 415
McGovern, William, 405
McGraw, Father Stephen, 143–44, 376–77, 438
McGuinness, Thomas, Jr., 34, 44, 45, 46, 48, 60, 75, 76
McKinnon, William, 379
McNair, Philip, 312, 313, 321, 368, 369, 370, 373, 441
media, 4–6, 186
cameramen, 357–58
early reports on 9/11 attacks, 85–87, 91–92, 94–96, 121, 130, 132, 139, 146, 160, 162, 258, 260, 268, 293, 309, 310, 313, 341, 383, 388, 409
failure to anticipate 9/11 attacks, 4–6
9/11 families and, 434, 436, 445, 447, 449, 453, 455, 459–60
on Pentagon, 381
on South Tower collapse, 341
See also specific publications and networks; television
Meldrum, Mike, 248, 250, 251, 252, 255, 291, 410, 411, 415, 461
Melendez-Perez, José E., 118
memorials, 9/11, 431, 433, 434, 445, 446
Mexico, 55
Meyers, Daniel, 386
Miami, 17
Mihdhar, Khalid al-, 26–27, 102, 103, 132
Miklaszewski, Jim, 383
Millennium Hotel, 347, 358, 401
Miller, John, 5
Miller, Nicole Carol, 188
Miller, Wally, 217–18, 386, 389–91, 393–94, 397, 344
post-9/11 life, 444–45
Miller, Wilbur, 389, 390, 393
Miller, Wilma, 390
Miller Funeral Home, 390
Minter, Vanessa, 61, 62
missiles, 2, 105–6, 132, 172
“Missing” posters, 421, 428
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 25, 26, 27, 427–28
capture and torture of, 427–28
Mojica, Dennis, 256, 459
Moncherry, Alwish, 410
Monroe, New York, 448
Moqed, Majed, 102, 103
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 224, 272–73, 336, 342
Morrell, Mike, 137
Morris, Odessa, 312, 442
Morrone, Fred, 304–5, 459
Morse code, 351
Motorola radios, 259
Moussaoui, Zacarias, xxi, 133, 435
trial of, 435, 457
movies, 225–26
Mueller, Robert, 139
Muhammad, Prophet, 1
Mulligan, Peter, 90
multiple plane plot, 25–30, 74, 75, 84, 91, 93, 96, 110–12, 119–20, 126–28, 131, 133, 134, 147, 158, 159, 183–86, 249, 272, 443
Murray, Ray, 258–59
Murray Street, 276
Murtagh, Sean, 85–86
Muslim Brotherhood, 23
Muslims, 1–2, 23–30, 54, 153, 171, 427, 438
Nacke, Louis “Joey” II, 113–14, 187, 396
Nairobi, American embassy bombing in, 2
names of 9/11 victims, list, of, 463–98
Nami, Ahmed al-, 117
Napoleon Bonaparte, 1
Nash, Daniel, 71, 72, 103, 106, 291
Nasypany, Dana, 19, 22
Nasypany, Kevin, 19–22, 69–72, 94–97, 103–6, 118, 126–28, 136–37, 141–43, 146–47, 155–56, 172–73, 181–85, 442
post-9/11 life, 443–44
National Geographic Society, 98
National Military Command Center, 68
National Park Service, 445, 446
National September 11 Memorial & Museum, New York, 431, 433, 438, 449, 450, 463
list of names, 463–98
Reflection Room, 431
Navy, U.S., 56, 210, 214, 215, 309, 310, 322, 323, 381, 438, 439
Navy and Marine Corps Medal for Heroism, 438
Navy SEALs, U.S., 427, 434
NBC, 258, 383, 459
coverage of 9/11 attacks, 383
Nevins, Gerry, 256, 289, 459
Newark, New Jersey, 16, 18, 28, 29, 30, 109, 116
Newark International Airport, 16, 18, 109–10, 116–18, 174
Newsweek magazine, 453
New York, USS, 439
New York Center, 81–84, 86, 90–91, 103–4, 108
New York City, 65, 68, 74, 78, 79, 85, 88
ban on flights, 103–4, 123, 185
Building Code, 223–24
construction of World Trade Center, 220–25
evacuations, 170, 413–14
Islamic cultural center proposal at Ground Zero, 438
Lower Manhattan e
vacuation order, 413–14
medical examiner’s office, 431, 433, 456
“Missing” posters, 421, 428
9/11 attacks, see North Tower; South Tower
9/11 memorials, 431, 433
post-9/11, 428, 431, 438
See also specific buildings and streets
New York Fire Patrol, 459
New York Giants, xviii–xix
New York Harbor, xvii, 232, 274
New York Housing Authority, 219
New York Police Department. See NYPD
New York Post, 198
New York State Department of Taxation, 277
New York Stock Exchange, 206, 344, 345
New York Times, xvii, xxiii, 4–5, 221, 444
New York Waterway, 232
Nicosia, Kathy, 33, 44, 45, 77
9/11:
aftermath, xx, 186, 425–61
airport security procedures and gaps, 39–43, 102–3, 115–16
American Airlines Flight 11 hijacking, 45–48, 60–80, 94–96, 111, 119, 126–28, 163, 186, 235–39
American Airlines Flight 77 hijacking, 106–8, 120, 126–48, 186
Bush’s response to, 106, 137–40, 147–48, 155, 183, 187–89, 383, 421, 427, 443
Cheney’s shootdown order, 183–86
choice of day for attack, 27–28
communication failures on the ground, 259–65, 269–73, 306, 331–33, 359–61, 405, 443
confusion and missed opportunities, 4–6, 27, 63–65, 86–87, 94–95, 111, 119–28, 131–35, 141, 142, 146, 156–57, 181–86, 259–65, 269–73, 331–33, 405, 443
day before, 9–30, 193–208
dust cloud, 343–44, 354–59, 408–9
early media reports, 85–87, 91–92, 94–96, 121, 130, 132, 139, 146, 160, 162, 258, 260, 268, 293, 309, 310, 313, 341, 383, 388, 409
element of surprise, 111
events in the air, xx, 7–189
events on the ground, xx, 191–423
FDNY response, 241–44, 248–52, 255–64, 289–91, 293–94, 298–301, 306, 330, 333–41, 349–51, 359–61, 400–423
ground level chaos, 346–61, 399–410, 416
human remains, 256, 294, 316, 318, 380, 396, 431, 433, 437, 439, 444, 453, 456
immediate aftermath of North Tower crash, 236–65, 266–75, 289–306, 346–61
immediate aftermath of Pentagon crash, 316–28, 362–82
immediate aftermath of Shanksville crash, 386–97
immediate aftermath of South Tower crash, 274–88, 329–41
list of victims’ names, 463–98
map of flight paths, xvi
map of impact on Pentagon, xv
map of impact on World Trade Center, xiv
memorials, 431, 433, 434, 445, 446
multiple plane plot, 25–30, 74, 75, 84, 91, 93, 96, 110–12, 119–20, 126–28, 131, 133, 134, 147, 158, 159, 183–86, 249, 272, 443
nationwide ground stop, 134–36, 148
NEADS response, 68–73, 94–97, 103–6, 118, 126–28, 136–37, 141–44, 146–47, 155–57, 172–73, 181–86, 291
North Tower collapse, 408–10
North Tower hit by plane, 79–80, 83, 85–86, 95–96, 236–39, 266–78
NYPD response, 260, 263–65, 280–83, 293–94, 405, 459
Pentagon hit by plane, 144–46, 156, 160, 162, 170, 180, 183, 184, 311, 313–16
planned by al-Qaeda, 25–30, 110, 174
Shanksville plane crash and wreckage, 179–81, 184, 385–97
South Tower collapse, 341–45, 346, 354–60, 387, 398, 404, 449
South Tower hit by plane, 91, 96, 103, 108, 121, 123, 130, 132, 134, 138, 160, 265, 274–75, 289, 292, 293
timeline of key events, 499–500
United Airlines Flight 93 hijacking, 149–89, 384–85
United Airlines Flight 175 hijacking, 81–93, 96, 119–20, 123–24, 186, 274–75
U.S. government failure to anticipate, 3–6
See also specific planes and locations
9/11 Commission, xxiii, 438
Final Report, xxiii
9/11 Families for a Safe & Strong America, 438
9/11 Memorial, New York, 431, 433, 438, 439, 450
list of names, 463–98
1993 World Trade Center bombing, 4, 25, 86, 196, 202, 205, 220, 226, 240, 245, 247, 248, 252, 259, 263, 268, 270, 272, 290, 296, 299, 332, 353, 404, 431
9-1-1 emergency call system, xix, 28, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167, 230, 237, 262, 306, 331–33, 429
calls from South Tower, 280–83, 331–33, 338, 339–41
chaos in system, 331–33
Shanksville, 385–89, 391
NORDO, 45–48
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), 19, 20, 68–69, 72, 157, 184, 185, 186
North Cove Yacht Harbor, 226–27
Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS), 19–22, 68–73, 157, 185, 186, 443
confusion and communication failures, 119–27, 141, 142, 146, 156–57, 181–86, 443
Domestic Events Network, 186
post-9/11, 443–44
response to 9/11 hijackings, 68–73, 94–97, 103–6, 118, 126–28, 136–37, 141–44, 146–47, 155–57, 172–73, 181–86, 291
Northeastern University, 434
North Tower, xx, 79–80, 225
10th floor, 406
12th floor, 416
19th floor, 404
27th floor, 349, 350, 359, 361
44th floor, 411
64th floor, 252, 294, 299, 300, 405
76th floor, 297
77th floor, 297, 298
78th floor sky lobby, 297, 304
83rd floor, 259
88th floor, 196, 227, 234, 239–41, 253–55, 295–97, 448
90th floor, 297
92nd floor, 237
93rd floor, 257, 268
98th floor, 404
99th floor, 200, 228, 236, 399
104th floor, 404, 455
106th floor, 237, 258
antenna, 225, 352
broken windows, 258
burn victims, 239–41, 245–46, 255, 291–92, 298, 301, 305, 346–48, 352, 420, 422–23, 447, 455
casualties, 237, 242, 256, 294, 417, 428
collapse of, 408–10
communications failures, 259–65, 306, 359–61, 405
construction of, 220–25, 254
day before attacks, 195–204
dust cloud, 408–9
elevators, 236–38, 247–48, 259, 295, 296, 302–4, 350–52, 398–99, 408, 409, 413
evacuees, 255, 257, 260–61, 294–306, 346–61, 398–418
fallers and jumpers, xx, 251, 260–61, 263–64, 268, 292, 294, 349, 352, 374
FDNY response, 241–44, 248–52, 255–64, 289–91, 293–94, 298–301, 306, 335, 336, 349–51, 359–61, 400–423
fire, 85–86, 95, 120, 155, 238–41, 247, 249–57, 260–65, 404–5, 407
ground level chaos, 346–61, 399–410, 416
hit by plane, 79–80, 83, 85–86, 95–96, 236–39, 266–68
hours before plane crash, 219–35
immediate aftermath of assault, 236–65, 266–75, 289–306, 346–61
impact zone and damage, 236–39, 276
lobby, 245, 246, 255–56, 260, 289, 300, 306, 346–48, 351, 353, 354, 359, 399, 457
lock release order, 306
map of impact on, xiv
messages to loved ones from, 237
NYPD response, 260, 263–65, 293–94, 405
Port Authority response, 253, 254, 257–59, 262–65, 299–300, 305, 353, 405
public address system, 260, 261
radio calls for help, 254, 257–58, 259–60
reserve capacity, 237–38
rooftop rescues ruled out, 260, 306, 332
secondary effects of crash, 238–65, 266–75
Security Command Center, 306
sprinkler system, 251
Stairwell B survivors, 349–51, 359–61, 407–18, 457–61
stairwells, 237, 238, 253, 254, 25
8–61, 264, 276, 291–306, 349–50, 359–61, 405–18
Norton, Jacqueline, 34
Norton, Robert, 34, 79
nuclear power plants, 150
nuclear weapons, 308
Nunez, Evelyn, 67
NYPD, 155, 260, 332, 458
casualties, 342–43, 428, 459
communication failures, 405
Emergency Service Unit, 263
helicopters, 405
1993 WTC bombing rescues, 332
North Tower response, 260, 263–65, 293–94, 405
rivalry with FDNY, 260
South Tower response, 280–83, 335
See also specific officers
O’Brien, Danielle, 106, 135–36
O’Brien, Steven, 140–42, 146, 180–81
Oelschlager, Doug, 199, 228, 336, 342, 459
Offutt Air Force Base, 188
Ogonowski, Caroline, 10, 79
Ogonowski, John, 9–12, 31–34, 37, 44, 45, 46, 48, 60, 75, 76, 79, 435
Ogonoswki, Laura, 9, 10, 79
Ogonowski, Mary, 10, 79
Ogonowski, Peg, 9–12, 31, 33, 79
post-9/11 life, 435
Oklahoma City bombing (1995), 315
Olaes, Dalisay, 312, 368, 369, 441, 442
Olender, Christine, 257–58
Oliver, Darrell, 375–76
Olson, Barbara, 14–16, 94, 97, 130–31, 145, 314, 432
Olson, Ted, 15–16, 94, 130–31, 145, 432
Omari, Abdulaziz al-, 28, 30, 39–44, 76
O’Neill, John, xxi, 343
One World Trade Center, xviii, 431
Ong, Betty, 32–33, 45, 60–63, 65, 66, 74–79, 90, 103, 118, 188
Oppenheimer Funds, 331
Orlando International Airport, 118
Ortiz, Pablo, 296
Otis Air National Guard Base, 21, 68, 69, 71, 72, 80, 95, 96, 104, 118, 185, 291
Otis Elevator Company, 208, 222
Ottoman Empire, 1, 28
Pakistan, 1, 25, 46, 427
raid on bin Laden compound, 427
Palmer, Orio, 199, 259–60, 290, 335–38, 339, 342, 459
Pandolfo, Dominique, 200, 228, 449
paramedics, 202–4, 231, 246, 255, 293–94, 346, 353, 355–56, 401–3, 417, 452–54, 459
post-9/11, 452–54
See also specific paramedics
Paris, 226
passports, 26, 39
PATH train, 227, 257, 355, 413
PBS, 5
Pearl Harbor, attack on, xix, 127, 189, 310, 322
Pecchinenda, Al, 198
Penn Station, 335
Pennsylvania Turnpike, 388
Pentagon, 68, 135, 144–46, 211, 307–28, 436–43
AE Drive, 308, 316, 318, 320, 322–28, 362, 367, 369–73, 376
A Ring, 308, 365
B Ring, 308
burn victims, 316, 365, 368, 373, 376–77, 438, 443
casualties, 315, 316, 428, 436–38, 441–42
Center Court, 308, 372, 374