Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History

by S. C. Gwynne

  Hackett, Charles, ed. Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and approaches thereto to 1773 (from TRF).

  House of Representatives Executive Documents, 30th Congress.

  Jerome, David. Hearing at Fort Sill with Comanches, Kiowas, and Apaches, September 26, 1892, Panhandle Plains Museum Archives.

  Kappler, Charles J., ed. Indian Affairs Laws and Treaties, Washington, Government Printing Office, vol. 2, 1903.

  Linger, Bob, to Quanah Parker, March 9, 1909, Neeley Archive at Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  Mackenzie’s Official Report, Oct. 12, 1872: “1872, Sept. 29, Attack on Comanche Village,” Addressed to the Asst. Adjutant General, Department of Texas.

  “Messages of the President, Submitted to Both Houses,” December 21, 1838, Lamar Papers, Doc. 948.

  Morgan, Commissioner T. J., to Agent Adams, December 18, 1890, Kiowa Agency files, Oklahoma Historical Society.

  Parker, Quanah, to Charles Adams, May 13, 1890, Kiowa Agency files, Oklahoma History Center.

  Smither, Harriet, ed. Journals of the Fourth Congress of the Republic of Texas, vols. 1 and 3.

  Ten Bears’ Speech at Medicine Lodge Peace Council, 1867. Record Copy of Proceedings of the Indian Peace Commission appointed Under Act of Congress Approved July 20, 1867. Records of the Secretary of the Interior, National Archives, vol. I,

  pp. 104–106.

  Twitchell, Ralph E. Spanish Archives of New Mexico, 2 vols. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1914.

  Wallace, Ernest, ed. Ranald S. Mackenzie’s Official Correspondence Relating to Texas, 1871–73. Lubbock: West Texas Museum Association, 1967.

  Winfrey, Dorman H., and James M. Day, eds. The Indian Papers of Texas and the Southwest, 5 vols. Austin: Pemberton Press, 1959–1966.

  Individual Letters

  Augur, C. C., to Mackenzie, August 28, 1874, Mackenzie’s Official Correspondence Relating to Texas, Museum Journal, vol. 10, 1966 (see books).

  Butler, P. M., and M. G. Lewis to the Hon. W. Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 8, 1848, House Executive Documents No. 1, 30th Congress, Second Session,

  p. 578.

  Davidson, Colonel J. W., to Asst. Adjutant General, October 29, 1878, House Executive Document, 45th Congress, Third Session, p. 555.

  Haworth, J. M., to William Nicholson, August 26, 1877, Kiowa Agency Microform, National Archives.

  Jones, H. P., to Philemon Hunt, June 21, 1883, Kiowa Agency files, Oklahoma Historical Society; George Fox to Philemon Hunt, October 13, 1884, Kiowa Agency files.

  Leavenworth, J. H., to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868, 40th Congress, Second Session, Senate Executive Document No. 60:2.

  Linger, Bob, to Quanah Parker, letter, March 8, 1909, postmark Cantonment Oklay, regarding peyote.

  Mackenzie, Ranald, to W. T. Sherman, June 15, 1871, W. T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

  Neighbours, Robert S., to the Hon. W. Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 18, 1847, 30th Congress, First Session, Committee Report 171.

  Parker, James, to Mirabeau Lamar, February 3, 1844, Papers of M. B. Lamar.

  Parrilla, Don Diego Ortiz de, to the Viceroy, June 30, 1757 (Historia, vol. 95).

  Pearson, K. J., to John D. Floyd, February 3, 1861, Fort Sill archives.

  To Commanding Officer, Fort Bascom, September 27, 1864, Official Records of the War of Rebellion, series 1, vol. 41, part 3.

  MANUSCRIPTS AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS

  Anonymous. Biography of Daniel Parker. Handwritten manuscript, Center for American History.

  Baker, Jonathan Hamilton. Diary of Jonathan Hamilton Baker of Palo Pinto County, Texas, Part I, 1858–60. Secured from his daughter Elizabeth Baker, Seattle, Washington, 1932, through Judge E. B. Ritchie, Mineral Wells. By J. Evetts Haley.

  Beall, Knox, to R. B. Thomas, November 5, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.

  Beall, Knox, to Bessie Thomas, April 15, 1938.

  Caperton, Major John. Sketch of Colonel John C. Hays, The Texas Rangers, Incidents in Mexico, etc. From materials furnished by Col. Hays and Major John Caperton, MS Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.

  Clarke, Elizabeth Ross. YA-A-H-HOO: Warwhoop of the Comanches. Elizabeth Ross Clarke Collection; Narrative, Center For American History, University of Texas.

  Dixon, Olive King. Fearless and Effective Foe, He Spared Women and Children Always. Manuscript, Olive King Dixon Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  Dupree, Mrs. J. L., to Jasper Mead, March 17, 1938, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.

  Earle, J. P. A History of Clay County and Northwest Texas. Written by J.P . Earle, one of the first pioneers, Henrietta , Texas, November 15, 1900 ( J. P. Earle Collection, Center for American History), manuscript.

  Fleming, Evelyn. Profile of Charlie Hart. Manuscript, Quanah Parker papers, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.

  Ford, Colonel John S. (late adjutant of Col. Hays). John C. Hays in Texas. Manuscript, John Salmon Ford Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.

  Gholson, B. F. Recollections of B. F. Gholson; Services of A. G. Gholson (father) 1835–1860; and B. F. Gholson, Ranger, 1858–1860, told to J. A. Rickard. Typed manuscript at Center for American History.

  Gomez, Anna, to Ophelia D. Vestal, December 13, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.

  Goodnight, Charles. “The Making of a Scout.” Manuscript, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.

  ———. My recollections and memories of the capture of Cynthia Ann Parker. Manuscript, Charles Goodnight Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plaines Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  ———. Quanah Parker Interview with Charles Goodnight, undated. Charles Goodnight Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  Gunter, Lillian. “Sketch of the Life of Julian Gunter.” Manuscript made for Panhandle Plains Historical Association, 1923, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum archives.

  Hatfield, Charles A. P. The Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne Campaign in Northwest Texas and Mackenzie’s Fight in the Palo Duro Canyon, Sept. 26, 1874. Typescript, Panhandle Plains Historical Society, Canyon, Texas.

  Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma. Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma (interviews from the 1930s).

  Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Cora Miller. Memoirs, in Mrs. J. W. Pierce manuscript, Quanah Parker collection, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.

  Nohl, Lessing. “Bad Hand: The Military Career of Ranald Slidell Mackenzie, 1871–1889.” Ph.D. diss. University of New Mexico.

  Parker, Chief Baldwin. The Life of Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief, through J. Evetts Haley, August 29, 1930. Manuscript at Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin.

  Parker, Wayne. Quanah Parker, Last Chief of the Kwahadi Obeys the Great Spirit. Manuscript, Quanah Parker Collection, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  Roberson, G. W., to J. Evetts Haley, June 30, 1926. Manuscript in Panhandle Plains Historical Museum archives.

  Rogers, H. B. The Recollections of H. B. Rogers, as told to J. A. Rickard (appended to Gholson manuscript).

  Scott, Captain Hugh. Interview with Capt. Hugh Scott, 1897. Hugh Scott Collection, Fort Sill Archives, Lawton, Oklahoma, also partly available through Neeley Archive at Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

  Thomas, Robert B. Undated manuscript, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma,Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma; also Knox Beall, op. cit. November 5, 1937.

  Unidentified newspaper story about the school board in Quanah Parker Collection; Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.

  Wallace, Ernest, Papers. “The Habitat and Range of the Comanche, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Apache Indians.”
Manuscript, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech, Lubbock.

  Zimmerman, Jean Louise. “Ranald Slidell Mackenzie.” M.A. thesis. University of Oklahoma, 1965. Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.

  INDEX

  Abilene, Tex., 78, 164

  Abiquius, 61

  Adams, Charles, 301

  Adobe Walls, 2, 253, 260, 263

  Adobe Walls, First Battle of, 201, 216–19, 223, 227, 238

  Adobe Walls, Second Battle of, 267–72, 283, 285, 290, 291

  African Americans, 179, 210–11, 238, 292, 295–96

  agencies, Indian, 162, 164, 165, 214, 232–33, 273, 290, 294, 298–99, 301, 304–5

  agriculture, 27–30, 31, 47, 55, 57, 77, 164, 210, 228, 229–33, 240–41, 286

  Alabamas, 77

  Alamo, Battle of the, 13, 25, 82

  Algonquins, 27

  Allen, Joseph, 127

  Amarillo, Tex., 2, 7, 39, 252, 253, 275

  ammunition, 33, 133, 135, 137–38, 147, 150, 168, 204, 208, 216, 233, 244–45, 264, 268, 270–71, 276, 296

  Anadarkos, 164–65, 167, 209

  Antelope Creek, 154

  Antelope Hills, Battle of, 167–70, 174, 208

  Anza, Don Juan Bautista de, 69–72, 122, 208, 326n

  Apache Cemetery, 315

  Apacheria, 55–57, 60

  Apaches, 19, 25, 28, 31, 44, 48, 50, 55–58, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97, 209, 214–15, 224, 257, 312

  Appalachian Mountains, 80, 113, 158

  Appomattox, surrender at, 128

  Arapahoes, 3, 5, 31, 48, 50, 93, 130, 159, 209, 225, 230, 239–40, 263, 265, 267, 274, 284

  Arizona, 58, 128

  Army, U.S., 1–15, 40, 50, 145, 148, 159–62, 169–81, 200–201, 207–21, 223, 224, 241–57, 258, 275–87, 304–5, 324n

  see also specific units

  assimilation, 54, 55, 62–66, 69, 76–77, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319

  Assiniboines, 45

  Athapaskans, 29–30, 56–57

  Athens, Tex., 316

  Augur, C. C., 278

  Austin, Stephen F., 25

  Austin, Tex., 75, 78, 79, 82, 92, 108, 111, 157, 158, 183, 185–86

  Aztecs, 27, 46, 54

  Babb, Bianca “Banc,” 104–7

  Babb, Dot, 107

  Baker, Jonathan Hamilton, 173, 175, 178

  Balcones Escarpment, 75, 78, 93, 139

  Bank Robbery, The, 312

  Banks, Dick, 303

  Baptists, 8, 20, 37, 183

  Barbour, James, 76

  Barton Springs, Tex., 92

  Bascom, Fort, 214, 275

  Batsena, 255, 337n

  Battey, Thomas, 264–65

  Baylor, John, 155, 164–65, 171, 175

  Beall, Knox, 311

  Bear’s Ear, Chief, 202–3

  Beaumont, Eugene B., 278

  Bedford, Hilory, 154

  Belknap, Fort, 154, 165, 170, 174, 178, 182, 212, 213

  Belton, Tex., 137

  Bible, 175, 185, 319

  Big Cannibal Owl (Piamempits), 198

  Big Pasture, 310, 312

  Billy the Kid, 270

  Biloxis, 211

  Bird, John, 137–38

  Birdville, Tex., 182, 184, 186–87, 190

  Black Beard, Chief, 284–85, 339n

  Blackfeet, 31, 45, 59, 134

  Black Kettle, Chief, 220–21, 239, 240

  Blanca Cita Canyon, 280, 282, 283

  Blanco Canyon, 7, 9, 10–11, 242, 278, 312

  Blanco Canyon, Battle of, 6–11, 242–49, 250, 251, 276, 279, 317

  Bloomingdale Asylum, 306

  “blue northers,” 39–40, 248–49

  Boerne, Tex., 306

  Bond, Brick, 260

  Boone, Daniel, 95, 99

  Borger, Tex., 216

  Born, “Dutch Henry,” 270

  Bourgmont, Étienne Véniard de, 25

  Bowles, Chief, 76–77

  Brady’s Creek, Tex., 58

  Brazos Reservation, 164–65

  Brice, James, Lord, 303

  Brown County, Tex., 166

  Brown, John, 156

  Brown, John Henry, 97, 98

  Brownsville, Tex., 165

  Buchanan, James, 235

  Buell, George, 263, 275

  buffalo guns, 204, 260–62, 270–71

  Buffalo Hump, Chief, 88, 91–96, 100, 114, 115, 136–37, 164, 170–71, 264, 266, 328n

  “buffalo soldiers,” 296

  Bull Bear, Chief (Parra-o-coom), 243, 256–57, 337n

  bullets, 133, 137–38, 147, 150, 168, 244–45, 264, 268, 270–71, 296

  Burnett, Burk, 301, 302, 303, 312

  Butler, Pierce, 109

  Cabello, Domingo, 57

  Cache, Okla., 302, 312, 313, 316–17, 318, 341n

  Cache Creek, 111

  Cachupin, Vélez, 61

  Caddoes, 16, 68, 77, 92, 164–65, 167, 209, 211

  Caldwell, Matthew “Old Paint,” 86, 98–99, 138

  Camp Robinson, 304–5

  cannibalism, 7, 198, 211

  cannon, 69, 216, 219

  Canyon de Chelly, 213

  Caperton, John, 136, 141

  captives, white, 7–8, 12–22, 36–52, 57, 60, 72, 74, 75, 81, 83–88, 95, 99, 102–27, 163, 177–93, 199, 222–23, 254, 255, 256, 293, 316–17

  see also specific captives

  carbines, 172, 223, 242, 244, 269

  Carlane Apaches, 56, 58

  Carleton, James H., 213–14, 215, 223

  Carlyle, James “Bermuda,” 270

  Carrington, Henry, 239

  Carson, Christopher “Kit,” 2, 79, 201, 213–19, 221, 223, 227, 238, 253, 261

  Carter, Robert G., 4, 8–11, 243, 244, 247, 249, 253, 312, 337n

  “Case for Peta Nocona, The” (Williams), 334n

  Castro, Chief, 79, 81–82

  Cates, T. J., 192

  Catholic Church, 20, 30, 53, 54–55, 62–67, 69

  Catlin, George, 26, 33

  cattle ranching, 5, 6, 63–64, 67, 94, 95–96, 115, 122, 152, 154, 164, 173–74, 214, 231, 252–53, 276, 288–89, 295–99, 301

  Caudle, Malinda Ann “Minnie,” 106–7, 202

  cavalry, army, 2, 8, 91, 145, 160–61, 166, 170–71, 174–76, 200–201, 208, 213, 218, 238, 241, 242–57, 258, 261, 263, 275–83, 292–93, 304

  Chadbourne, Fort, 34–35, 204

  Champion, Tom, 191

  Chancellorsville, Battle of, 207, 236

  Charlton, John, 256, 281, 282

  Chattanooga, Battle of, 207

  Cherokees, 5, 26, 74, 75–77, 209, 210, 211

  Cherry, Sam, 137–38

  Cheyennes, 3, 5, 31, 48, 50, 59, 93, 130, 159, 208, 209, 220, 225, 229, 239–40, 263, 267, 268, 271, 274, 276–77, 281, 283, 284, 300, 305, 318

  Chichimecs, 54, 55

  Chickamauga, Battle of, 207

  Chickasaws, 5, 209, 210, 211

  Chihuahua State, Mex., 115, 202

  Chivington, J. M., 1–2, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255

  Choctaws, 5, 27, 84, 209, 210

  cholera, 6, 91, 114

  Christianity, 8, 20, 30, 37, 54–55, 62–67, 69, 157, 183, 185, 234, 314

  Civil War, U.S., 2, 6, 83, 126, 127, 128, 140, 185, 188, 191, 207–8, 209, 210–11, 223, 231, 236–38, 244, 276, 296, 306

  Clarendon, Tex., 252

  Clark, William, 25

  Clarksville, Tex., 136

  Clarksville Northern Standard, 103, 183–84

  Clear Fork, 1, 5, 164, 245–46

  Coahuila State, Mex., 63, 115

  Coahuiltecans, 67, 68

  Cobb, Fort, 165, 230–31

  Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” 226, 260

  Coffee, John, 139

  Cohayyah, 270–71, 337n

  Cold Harbor, Battle of, 236–37

  Colorado, 23, 25, 58, 59, 70–71, 122, 128, 208, 211, 212, 220–21, 272, 295

  Colt, Samuel, 144–50, 244

  Colt revolv
ers, 145–50, 159, 160, 168, 172, 176, 244, 245

  Columbus, Christopher, 46

  Comanche County, Tex., 166

  Comanche Moon, 65–66, 93, 141, 154

  Comancheria, 5, 23–25, 38–40, 47–48, 50, 60, 61, 65, 70–71, 74–78, 80, 92, 93, 100, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 123, 129–30, 157, 213, 249, 250–57, 263, 275, 280–81, 319

  Comancheros, 6, 52, 72, 89, 122, 197, 223, 252–54

  Comanches:

  agricultural program for, 164, 229–33, 286

  annuities for, 163, 226

  Apaches as enemies of, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97

  army campaigns against, 1–15, 40, 50, 145, 148, 159–62, 169–81, 200–201, 207–21, 223, 224, 241–57, 258, 275–87, 304–5, 324n

  arrows used by, 33, 48, 83, 84, 90, 97, 98, 132–33, 137, 143, 147, 156, 160, 167, 177, 197–98, 264

  assimilation of, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319

  battle tactics of, 55–56, 58, 62, 67–69, 78, 81–82, 96–100, 132–34, 141, 142–43, 148, 162, 165–72, 243–45, 282

  bows used by, 84, 132–33, 168, 177, 197–98, 245, 279

  breechclouts worn by, 91, 96, 198, 199

  buffalo hunted by, 2–9, 24, 27, 31, 35–52, 58, 59, 60, 64, 85, 89, 93, 108, 110, 118, 133, 134, 137, 151–53, 157, 164, 167, 177, 181, 191–95, 198, 215, 220, 230, 259–62, 267–72, 283–86, 291–96, 302

  burial rites of, 259

  camp followers of, 93, 100

  campgrounds of, 6–7, 9, 62–69, 85, 151–53, 165–70, 175–76

  captives taken by, 7–8, 12–22, 36–52, 57, 60, 72, 74, 75, 81, 83–88, 95, 99, 102–27, 163, 177–93, 199, 222–23, 254, 255, 256, 293, 316–17

  casualties of, 219, 254–57, 263, 270–72, 282

  cattle stolen by, 152, 154, 164, 214, 231, 252–53

  chiefs of, 7–11, 51–52, 70–77, 83–88, 91–96, 98, 100, 107–8, 115, 116, 143, 147, 151–52, 168, 170–71, 176–77, 199, 212, 214, 220, 226–28, 229, 242, 251, 256–57, 263, 264, 267, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284–85, 290, 298–99, 304, 311, 328n, 337n, 339n; see also specific chiefs

  children of, 57, 81, 84, 86, 105–7, 117, 121, 151, 152, 167, 168, 176, 194–99, 216, 220, 221, 245, 255, 256–57, 276, 286, 302–3, 313, 318, 319

  civil chiefs of, 50–51, 91–92

  clothing of, 89–90, 91, 92, 96, 111, 179, 185, 198, 199, 232

  council houses of, 42–43

  cruelty of, 5, 6, 17, 22, 25–26, 28, 37, 41, 42, 43–46, 52, 56, 57, 62–69, 75, 84, 85, 87–88, 95, 96, 106, 134, 156, 173–74, 197, 202, 211, 257, 272, 280