Unspeak

by Steven Poole

19 Rees, op. cit., p. 13.

  20 ‘President Shares Thanksgiving Meal with Troops’, White House news release, 21 November 2001.

  21 ‘Remarks by the President Upon Arrival’, White House news release, 16 September 2001.

  22 Burke, Edmund, ‘Letters on a Regicide Peace’, iv, cited in OED.

  23 Gessen, Masha, ‘Chechnya: What Drives the Separatists to Commit Such Terrible Outrages?’, Slate, 4 September 2004, http://www.slate.com/id/2106287/

  24 Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism (dir. Robert Greenwald, 2004).

  25 http://www.foxnews.com, 13 July 2005.

  26 ‘President Pays Tribute at Pentagon Memorial’, White House news release, 11 October 2001.

  27 Pape, Robert A., ‘Blowing Up an Assumption’, NYT, 18 May 2005.

  28 Mann, Michael, Incoherent Empire (New York, 2003), pp. 42–3.

  29 Ibid., p. 109.

  30 World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, initial ‘Fatwa’ statement, originally published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), 23 February 1998.

  31 Shahak, Israel, ‘Yitzhak Shamir, Then and Now’, Middle East Policy, Vol. I, No. 1,1992.

  32 Mann, op. cit., p. 109; Shahak, op. cit.

  33 ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People’, White House press release, 20 September 2001.

  34 ‘President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat’, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html

  35 Alleged Zarqawi audiotape released 28 May (translation: Middle East News Online).

  36 Anonymous, Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC, 2004), p. 198.

  37 Interview, This Week with George Stephanopoulos, ABC, 1 May 2005.

  38 http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/penttbom/penttbomb.htm

  39 Hanson, Victor Davis, ‘The Whole World Is Watching’, National Review, 10 September 2004.

  40 Mann, op. cit., p. 164.

  41 News bulletin, Today, BBC Radio 4, 8.30 a.m., 25 February 2005.

  42 Cohen, Nick, ‘Stop Castrating the Language’, Observer, 17 July 2005.

  43 Cook, Robin, The Point of Departure (2003; London, 2004), p. 330.

  44 Langewiesche, William, ‘Letter from Baghdad’, Atlantic, Jan/Feb 2005.

  45 Curtis, Mark, Unpeople: Britain’s Secret Human Rights Abuses (London, 2004), p. 19.

  46 Danner, Mark, ‘Iraq: The Real Election’, New York Review of Books, 28 April 2005.

  47 Youseff, Nancy A., ‘Iraqi Civilian Casualties Mounting’, Knight Ridder Newspapers, 25 September 2004.

  48 Condoleezza Rice, ‘Remarks at the Commonwealth Club’, Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco, State Department transcript, 27 May 2005.

  49 Hitchens, Christopher, ‘History and Mystery: Why does the New York Times insist on Calling Jihadists “Insurgents”?’, http://www.slate.com, 16 May 2005.

  50 ‘Briefing on Security Operations in Iraq’, DoD news transcript, 21 June 2005.

  51 Ignatius, David, ‘What Bush Can Do to Salvage Iraq’, Washington Post, 5 November 2004.

  52 Lasseter, Tom, ‘In the Face of Stubborn Insurgency, Troops Scale Back Anbar Patrols’, Knight Ridder Newspapers, 20 July 2004.

  53 ‘Secretary Rumsfeld’s Speech at the National Press Club’, US DoD news transcript, 10 September 2004, http://www.defenselink.mil/tran-scripts/2004/tr20040910-secdefl286.html

  54 BBC News, 27 April 2005.

  55 Bright, Martin, and Burke, Jason, ‘Met Police Chief Demands Tighter Anti-Terror Laws’, Observer, 17 April 2005.

  56 Campbell, Duncan, et al., ‘Police Killer Gets 17 years for Poison Plot’, Guardian, 14 April 2005.

  57 Text of this and subsequent Acts mentioned is available in full at http://www.legislation.hmso. gov.uk/legislation/uk.htm

  58 Straw, Jack, ‘I’m Simply Protecting Democracy’, Guardian, 14 December 1999.

  59 Kennedy, Helena, Just Law (2004; London, 2005), p. 32.

  60 H. CON. RES. 220, 6 May 1998.

  61 H.R.3194, ‘An Act Making Consolidated Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and for Other Purposes’, Public Law 106–113, 106th Congress, 29 November 1999: STAT. 1501A-470, 1501A-471 (pp. 112–13).

  62 ‘Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer’, White House press release, 6 December 2001.

  63 ‘Fact Sheet: Operation Liberty Shield’, White House news release, 17 March 2003.

  64 ‘New Terrorist Screening Center Established’, Office of Homeland Security news release, 16 September 2003.

  65 Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on human rights and the fight against terrorism, 11 July 2002, http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_rights/guidelines.asp

  66 Mayer, Jane, ‘Outsourcing Torture’, New Yorker, 14 and 21 February 2005.

  67 Dodd, Vikram, and Cowan, Rosie, ‘Police Chief Faces New Claims’, Guardian, 19 August 2005.

  68 ‘The Radio Factor with Bill O’Reilly’, Westwood One, 1 March 2005.

  69 The O’Reilly Factor, Fox News Channel, 2 June 2004.

  70 McCain, Robert Stacy, ‘Protecting Our Children’, Washington Times, 11 April 2005.

  71 CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, CNN, 9 March 2003.

  72 Quoted in Rees, op. cit., p. 29.

  73 Higgins, Charlotte, ‘Art “terrorist” AK47 strikes again’, Guardian, 16 June 2004.

  74 Arbuthnot, op. cit., p. 18.

  75 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, ‘The Simple Power of Weakness’, in Ahmed, Akbar, and Forst, Brian (eds.), After Terror (Cambridge, 2005), p. 17.

  76 Interview with author, 18 April 2005.

  77 The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York, 2004), p. 337.

  78 ‘Harper’s Index’, Harper’s, August 2004.

  79 http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?theme=29

  80 Hall, Mimi, ‘Ridge Reveals Clashes on Alerts’, USA Today, 10 May 2005.

  81 Preparing for Emergencies: What You Need to Know, British Government leaflet, 2004.

  82 ‘Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation’, White House news release, 11 September 2001.

  83 Dyer, Clare, ‘Britain Accused of Creating Terror Fears’, Guardian, 11 June 2005.

  84 McGuire, Bill, Surviving Armageddon (Oxford, 2005), p. 53.

  85 The 9/11 Commission Report, op. cit., p. 362.

  86 Massing, Mark, ‘Iraq, the Press and the Election’, New York Review of Books, 16 December 2004, pp. 28–9.

  87 ‘Transcript of Debate Between Bush and Kerry, With Domestic Policy the Topic’, NYT, 13 October 2004.

  88 Newsnight, BBC 2, 26 April 2005.

  89 Interview with author, 16 May 2005.

  90 ‘Rumsfeld Warns of “Marathon” Fight Against Terrorism’, US Department of State, 20 September 2001, http://www.usinfo.org/wf-archive/2001/010920/epf404.htm

  91 Blanton, Dana, ‘FOX Poll: When Will War on Terrorism End? Not In My Lifetime’, Fox News, 8 September 2005.

  92 ‘Remarks at Westminster College Commencement Ceremony’, US Department of State, 7 May 2005, http://www.state.gOv/g/rls/rm/2005/45862.htm

  93 Blick, Andrew, How to Go to War (London, 2005), p. 63.

  94 The Nation, 7 February 1918, cited in OED, ‘war’, 2d.

  95 Pound, Ezra, The Cantos of Ezra Pound (New York, 1972), Canto X (11 1161–2).

  96 Cited in Rees, op. cit., pp. 318–19.

  97 Gaddis, John Lewis, ‘Grand Strategy in the Second Term’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 1, Jan/Feb 2005, p. 12.

  98 Halliday, Fred, 100 Myths About the Middle East (London, 2005), p. 246.

  99 ‘President Unveils “Most Wanted” Terrorists’, White House news release, 10 October 2001.

  100 Steeves, Edna Leake (ed.), The Art of Sinking in Poetry: Martinus Scriblerus’ PERI BATHOUS (New York, 1952), p. 59.

  101 Cape Times, 22 October 1973, cited in OED, ‘terrorism’, 2.

  102 Reboul, Olivier, Langage et idéologie (Par
is, 1980), p. 67.

  103 Rees, Phil, op. cit., p. 193.

  104 ‘DoD Details Detainee Efforts to Senate Panel’, US DoD news release, 15 June 2005.

  105 Cited in Hersh, Seymour, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (London, 2004), p. 5.

  Chapter 7: Abuse

  1 Golden, Tim, ‘Army Faltered in Investigating Detainee Abuse’, NYT, 22 May 2005.

  2 OED, ‘abuse’, 2.

  3 ‘Defense Department Operational Update Briefing’, 4 May 2004.

  4 Bybee, Jay S., ‘Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales’, 1 August 2002, in Danner, Mark, Torture and Truth (London, 2004), p. 115.

  5 Sands, Philippe, Lawless World (London, 2005), p. 212.

  6 Yoo, John C., Letter to Alberto R. Gonzales, 1 August 2002, in Danner, op. cit., pp. 108–14.

  7 Bybee, Jay S., ‘Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales’, 1 August 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 138.

  8 ‘Memo: LTC Jerald Phifer to MG Michael Dunlavey’, 11 October 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 167.

  9 ‘Memo: William J. Haynes II to Donald Rumsfeld’, 27 November 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 182.

  10 Hochschild, Adam, ‘What’s in a Word? Torture’, NYT, 23 May 2004.

  11 Hettena, Seth, ‘Iraqi Died While Hung From Wrists’, AP, 17 February 2005.

  12 Hu, Benjamin, ‘Nightmares from the North’, Washington Times, 30 April 2004.

  13 ‘Email from REDACTED to M. C. Briese, Gary Bald, T. J. Harrington, Frankie Battle and other redacted parties Re Request for Guidance regarding OGC EC dated 5/19/04, signed [REDACTED], “On scene Commander—Baghdad”,’ released to American Civil Liberties Union on 15 December 2004.

  14 Field Manual No. 34–52, ‘Intelligence Interrogation’, Headquarters, Department of Army, Washington, DC, 28 September 1992, 1–8.

  15 ‘Memo: LTC Jerald Phifer to MG Michael Dunlavey’, 11 October 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 168.

  16 Cited in ‘Guantánamo and Beyond: The Continuing Pursuit of Unchecked Executive Power’, Amnesty International, 13 May 2005, pp. 111–13.

  17 Risen, James, Johnston, David and Lewis, Neil A., ‘Harsh C.I.A. Methods Cited in Top Qaeda Interrogations’, NYT, 13 May 2004.

  18 ‘Legal Brief: LTC Diane E. Beaver’, 11 October 2002, in Danner, op. cit., pp. 176–7.

  19 Neumeister, Larry, ‘Army Destroyed Mock Execution Pictures’, AP, 18 February 2005.

  20 ‘Second Abu Ghraib Abuse Trial Opens’, AP, 12 May 2005.

  21 Bybee, Jay S., ‘Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales’, 1 August 2002, in Danner, op. cit., pp. 115–20.

  22 ‘Break Them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by US Forces’, Physicians for Human Rights, May 2005, p. 6.

  23 Ibid., p. 52.

  24 Cited by Durbin, Senator Richard J., Floor Statement on Guantánamo Bay, 14 June 2005.

  25 ‘Email from REDACTED to M. C. Briese’, op. cit.

  26 FM 34–52, 1–7.

  27 ‘Email from REDACTED to M. C. Briese’, op. cit.

  28 Editorial: ‘Amnesty’s “Gulag”’, Wall Street Journal, 28 May 2005.

  29 ‘Email from REDACTED to Gary Bald, Frankie Battle, Arthur Cummings, Fwd: Impersonating FBI at GMTO, dated December 5, 2003’, released to ACLU.

  30 ‘Bush Defends Detainees Policy’, AP, 7 November 2005

  31 ‘Iraq Abuse “Ordered From the Top”’, BBC News, 15 June 2004.

  32 Interview with Lt. Gen. James Con way, Frontline, http://www.pbs.org, 9 October 2003.

  33 ‘Transcript: Bush Holds Post-G-8 Summit’, Washington Post, 10 June 2004.

  34 Gonzales, Alberto R., ‘Memorandum for the President’, 25 January 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 85.

  35 Ashcroft, John, letter to President, 1 February 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 92.

  36 542 U.S. 03–334 and 03–343 (2004).

  37 ‘Military Order of November 13,2001: Detention, Treatment, and Trials of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism’, in Danner, op. cit., p. 79.

  38 Bybee, Jay S., ‘Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales’, 1 August 2002, in Danner, op. cit., pp. 145–6.

  39 Hibbits, Bernard, ‘Law Deans Assail Torture Memos as Gonzales Hearing Concludes’, http://www.jurist.law.pitt.edu, 6 January 2005.

  40 Bush, George W., ‘Memorandum: Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees’, February 7, 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 106.

  41 Bush, George W., Memorandum on ‘Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees’, 7 February 2002, in Danner, op. cit., pp. 105–6.

  42 Bybee, Jay S., ‘Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales’, 1 August 2002, in Danner, op. cit., p. 163.

  43 CNN, 11 December 2003.

  44 Geneva Convention IV Art. 5.

  45 ‘Bush Sets Case as “War President”’, BBC News, 8 February 2004.

  46 Hitchens, Christopher, ‘Confessions of a Dangerous Mind’, Slate, 13 June 2005.

  47 ‘Article 15–6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade [The Taguba Report]’, in Danner, op. cit., p. 284.

  48 ‘Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations [The Schlesinger Report]’, in Danner, op. cit., p. 323.

  49 Taguba Report, in Danner, op. cit., p. 280.

  50 ‘Roundtable Interview of the President by Foreign Print Media’, White House transcript, 5 May 2005.

  51 ‘Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with David Kelso, KOKC-AM/KRXO-FM, Oklahoma City, Okla’, DoD transcript, 21 June 2005.

  52 White House Daily Briefing, 8 June 2005.

  53 Fox News Sunday, Fox News Channel, 29 May 2005.

  54 Syal, Rajeev, ‘I Had a Good Time at Guantánamo, Says Inmate’, Sunday Telegraph, 8 February 2004.

  55 ‘Guantánamo and Beyond: The Continuing Pursuit of Unchecked Executive Power’, Amnesty International, 13 May 2005, pp. 60–1.

  56 Hitchens, op. cit.

  57 Zagorin, Adam, and Duffy, Michael, ‘Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063’, Time, 20 June 2005.

  58 Luvaas, Jay, Napoleon on the Art of War (New York, 1999), p. 11.

  59 FM 34–52, 1–7.

  60 Applebaum, Anne, ‘The Torture Myth’, Washington Post, 12 January 2005.

  61 ‘Email from REDACTED to Gary Bald, Frankie Battle, Arthur Cummings’, op. cit.

  62 ‘President Hosts United States-European Union Summit’, White House news release, 20 June 2005.

  63 ‘Bush: “The War On Terrorism Goes On”’, AP, 7 July 2005.

  64 Mayer, Jane, ‘Outsourcing Torture’, New Yorker, 14 and 21 February 2005.

  65 ‘Meat Rendering Plants’, at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/chO9/final/c9sO5–3.pdf

  66 Jackson, Derrick Z., ‘Rumsfeld’s “Fungible” Facts’, Boston Globe, 21 April 2004.

  67 White, Josh, ‘Army, CIA Agreed on “Ghost” Prisoners’, Washington Post, 11 March 2005.

  68 Hettena, op. cit.

  69 Cited in ‘In Re: Guantánamo Detainee Cases, Civil Action No. 02–299, etc.’, Memorandum Opinion by Judge Joyce H. Green, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, 31 January 2005.

  70 ‘In Re: Guantánamo Detainee Cases’, op. cit.

  71 Lewis, Neil A., Interrogators Cite Doctors’ Aid at Guantánamo’, NYT, 24 June 2005.

  72 Bloche, M. Gregg, M.D., J.D., and Marks, Jonathan H., M.A., B.C.L., ‘When Doctors Go to War’, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 352: 3–6, 6 January 2005, No. 1.

  73 Bloche and Marks, op. cit.

  74 Mayer, Jane, The Experiment’, New Yorker, 11 and 18 July 2005.

  75 Carroll, Lewis, Through the Looking Glass, Chapter VI.

  76 Danner, op. cit., p. 16.

  77 Lewis, Neil A., ‘Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse at Guantánamo’, International Herald Tribune, 1 Dec 2004.

  78 ‘Cheney: Iraq Will Be “Enormous Success Story”’, http://www.cnn.com, 24 June 2005.

  79 Bush, George, BBC News 24, 7 July 2005.

  Chapter 8: Freedom

  1 ‘President Comme
morates Memorial Day at Arlington National Cemetery’, White House transcript, 30 May 2005.

  2 Russell, Bertrand, ‘Freedom in Society’, in Sceptical Essays (1928; London, 2004), p. 144.

  3 Goodwin, Barbara, Using Political Ideas, Second edition (London, 1987).

  4 Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government (1689; London, 1764), Ch. 6 §57, p. 242.

  5 Ignatieff, Michael, ‘Lesser Evils’, NYT Magazine, 2 May 2004.

  6 Cited in OED, ‘march’, 2b and 2c.

  7 ‘President Bush Sworn-In to Second Term’, White House transcript, 20 January 2005.

  8 Condoleezza Rice, ‘Remarks at the Commonwealth Club’, Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco, State Department transcript, 27 May 2005.

  9 ‘President Bush Speaks to United Nations’, White House, 10 November 2001.

  10 ‘President Addresses Nation, Discusses Iraq, War on Terror’, White House transcript, 28 June 2005.

  11 Woodward, Bob, Plan of Attack (London, 2004), p. 421.

  12 State of the Union Address, 27 January 1987.

  13 Clinton, William ]., ‘American Foreign Policy and the Democratic Ideal,’ campaign speech, Pabst Theater, Milwaukee, WI, 1 October 1992; cited in Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, 2001).

  14 Rice, op. cit.

  15 Milmo, Cahal, ‘The Proof: Marketplace Deaths Were Caused By a US Missile’, Independent, 2 April 2003.

  16 Condoleezza Rice interview, National Public Radio, State Department transcript, 26 May 2005.

  17 Russell, Bertrand, ‘The Need for Political Scepticism’, in Sceptical Essays (1928; London, 2004), p. 115.

  18 Naess, Arne, with Christophersen, Jens A., and Kvalø, Kjell, Democracy, Ideology and Objectivity: Studies in the Semantics and Cognitive Analysis of Ideological Controversy (Oslo, 1956), pp. 137–8.

  19 Naess, et al., op. cit., p. 137.

  20 Kepel, Gilles, The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), p. 293.

  21 BBC News, 13 June 2005.

  22 Lippmann, Walter, Public Opinion (London, 1922), p. 281.

  23 Naess, op. cit., p. 131.

  24 Hayek, F. A., The Confusion of Language in Political Thought (London, 1968), pp. 35–6.

  25 Young, Michael, ‘Down with Meritocracy’, Guardian, 29 June 2001.