Life

by Keith Richards; James Fox

  Mick had seen Buddy Holly play at the Woolwich Granada. It’s one of the reasons I cottoned to him, and because he had far more contacts than me, and because this man’s got some shit! I was well out of the loop then. I was a yokel compared to Mick, in a way. He had the London thing down… studying at the London School of Economics, meeting a wider range of people. I didn’t have the money; I didn’t have the knowledge. I just used to read the magazines, like New Musical Express: “Eddie Cochran appearing with Buddy Holly.” Wow, when I grow up I’ll get a ticket. Of course they all croaked before then.

  Almost immediately after we met we’d sit around and he’d start to sing and I’d start to play, and “Hey, that ain’t bad.” And it wasn’t difficult; we had nobody to impress except us and we weren’t looking to impress ourselves. I was learning too. With Mick and me at the beginning, we’d get, say, a new Jimmy Reed record, and I’d learn the moves on guitar and he would learn the lyrics and get it down, and we would just dissect it as much as two people can. “Does it go like that?” “Yeah, it does as a matter of fact!” And we had fun doing it. I think we both knew we were in a process of learning, and it was something that you wanted to learn and it was ten times better than school. I suppose at that time, it was the mystery of how it was done, and how could you sound like that? This incredible desire to sound that hip and cool. And then you bump into a bunch of guys that feel the same way. And via that you meet other players and people and you think it actually can be done.

  Mick and I must have spent a year, while the Stones were coming together and before, record hunting. There were others like us, trawling far and wide, and meeting one another in record shops. If you didn’t have money you would just hang and talk. But Mick had these blues contacts. There were a few record collectors, guys that somehow had a channel through to America before anybody else. There was Dave Golding up in Bexleyheath, who had an in with Sue Records, and so we heard artists like Charlie and Inez Foxx, solid-duty soul, who had a big hit with “Mockingbird” a little after this. Golding had the reputation for having the biggest soul and blues collection in southeast London or even beyond, and Mick got to know him and so he would go round. He wouldn’t nick records or steal them, there were no cassettes or taping, but sometimes there would be little deals where somebody would do a Grundig reel-to-reel copy for you of this and that. And such a strange bunch of people. Blues aficionados in the ’60s were a sight to behold. They met in little gatherings like early Christians, but in the front rooms in southeast London. There was nothing else necessarily in common amongst them at all; they were all different ages and occupations. It was funny to walk into a room where nothing else mattered except he’s playing the new Slim Harpo and that was enough to bond you all together.

  There was a lot of talk of matrix numbers. There would be these muttered conversations about whether you had the bit of shellac that was from the original pressing from the original company. Later on, everybody would argue about it. Mick and I were smirking at each other across the room, because we were only there to find out a bit more about this new collection of records that had just arrived that we’d heard about. The real magnet was “Hell, I’d love to be able to play like that.” But the people you have to meet to get the latest Little Milton record! The real blues purists were very stuffy and conservative, full of disapproval, nerds with glasses deciding what’s really blues and what ain’t. I mean, these cats know? They’re sitting in the middle of Bexleyheath in London on a cold and rainy day, “Diggin’ My Potatoes”… Half of the songs they’re listening to, they have no idea of what they are about, and if they did they’d shit themselves. They have their idea of what the blues are, and that they can only be played by agricultural blacks. For better or worse it was their passion.

  And it certainly was mine too, but I wasn’t prepared to discuss it. I wouldn’t argue about it; I would just say, “Can I get a copy? I know how they’re playing it, but I just need to check.” That’s what we lived for, basically. It was very unlikely that any chick would get in the way, at that point, of getting a chance to hear the new B.B. King or Muddy Waters.

  Mick sometimes had the use of his parents’ Triumph Herald at the weekend, and I remember we went to Manchester to see a big blues show, and there’s Sonny Terry and there’s Brownie McGhee, and John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters. He was the one we wanted to see particularly, but also we wanted to see John Lee. There were others, like Memphis Slim. It was a whole revue that was going through Europe. And Muddy came on, acoustic guitar, Mississippi Delta stuff, and played a magnificent half an hour. And then there was an interval and he came back with an electric band. And they virtually booed him off the stage. He plowed through them like a tank, as Dylan did a year or so later at the Manchester Free Trade Hall. But it was hostile—and that’s when I realized that people were not really listening to the music, they just wanted to be part of this wised-up enclave. Muddy and the band were playing great. It was a knockout band. He had Junior Wells with him; I think Hubert Sumlin was on there too. But for this audience, blues was only blues if somebody got up there in a pair of old blue dungarees and sang about how his old lady left him. None of these blues purists could play anything. But their Negroes had to be dressed in overalls and go “Yes’m, boss.” And in actual fact they’re city blokes who are so hip it’s not true. What did electric have to do with it? Cat’s playing the same notes. It’s just a little louder and it’s a little more forceful. But no, it was “Rock and roll. Fuck off.” They wanted a frozen frame, not knowing that whatever they were listening to was only part of the process; something had gone before and it was going to move on.

  Passions ran very high in those days. It wasn’t just mods against bikers, or the loathing of the threatened trad jazzers for us rock and rollers. There were micro-squabbles almost unbelievable to imagine now. The BBC was giving live coverage to the Beaulieu Jazz Festival in 1961 and they had to actually shut down the broadcast when trad jazz and modern jazz fans started to beat the shit out of each other, and the whole crowd lost control. The purists thought of blues as part of jazz, so they felt betrayed when they saw electric guitars—a whole bohemian subculture was threatened by the leather mob. There was certainly a political undercurrent in all this. Alan Lomax and Ewan MacColl—singers and famous folk song collectors who were patriarchs, or ideologues, of the folk boom—took a Marxist line that this music belonged to the people and must be protected from the corruption of capitalism. That’s why “commercial” was such a dirty word in those days. In fact the slanging matches in the music press resembled real political fisticuffs: phrases like “tripe mongers,” “legalized murder,” “selling out.” There were ludicrous discussions about authenticity. Yet the fact is, there was actually an audience for the blues artists in England. In America most of those artists had got used to playing cabaret acts, which they quickly found out didn’t go down well in the UK. Here you could play the blues. Big Bill Broonzy realized he could pick up a bit of dough if he switched from Chicago blues to being a folksy bluesman for European audiences. Half of those black guys never went back to America, because they realized that they were being treated like shit at home and meanwhile, lovely Danish birds were tripping over themselves to accommodate them. Why go back? They’d found out after World War II that they were treated well in Europe, certainly in Paris, like Josephine Baker, Champion Jack Dupree and Memphis Slim. That’s why Denmark became a haven for so many jazz players in the ’50s.

  Mick and I had a totally identical taste in music. We never needed to question or explain. It was all unsaid. We’d hear something, we’d both look at each other at once. Everything was to do with sound. We’d hear a record and go, That’s wrong. That’s faking. That’s real. It was either that’s the shit or that isn’t the shit, no matter what kind of music you were talking about. I really liked some pop music if it was the shit. But there was a definite line of what the shit was and what wasn’t the shit. Very strict. First off, I think to Mick and me it was l
ike, we’ve got to learn more, there’s more out there, because then we branched out to rhythm and blues. And we loved the pop records. Give me the Ronettes, or the Crystals. I could listen to them all night. But the minute we went on stage trying to do one of those songs, it was like, “Go to the broom closet.”

  I was looking for the core of it—the expression. You would have no jazz without blues out of slavery—that most recent and particular version of slavery, not us poor Celts for example, under the Roman boot. They put those people through misery, not just in America. But there’s something produced by its survivors that is very elemental. It’s not something you take in in the head, it’s something you take in in the guts. It’s beyond the matter of the musicality of it, which is very variable and flexible. There’s loads of kinds of blues. There’s very light kind of blues, there’s very swamp kind of blues, and it’s the swamp basically where I exist. Listen to John Lee Hooker. His is a very archaic form of playing. Most of the time it ignores chord changes. They’re suggested but not played. If he’s playing with somebody else, that player’s chord will change, but he stays, he doesn’t move. And it’s relentless. And the other, the most important thing apart from the great voice and that relentless guitar, was that foot stomp, a crawling king snake. He carried his own two-by-four wood block to amplify his stomps. Bo Diddley was another one who loved to do just that one elemental chord, everything on one chord, the only thing that moves is the vocal and the way you’re playing it. I really only learned more about this later on. Then there was the power in people’s voices, like Muddy, John Lee, Bo Diddley. It wasn’t loud, necessarily, it just came from way down deep. The whole body was involved; they weren’t just singing from the heart, they were singing from the guts. That always impressed me. And that’s why there’s a lot of difference between blues singers that don’t play an instrument and blues players that do, be it piano or guitar, because they have to develop their own way of call and respond. You’re going to sing something and then you’ve got to play something that answers or asks another question and then you resolve. And so your timing and your phrasing become different. If you’re a solo singer you tend to concentrate on the singing, and most times hopefully for the better, but sometimes it can be divorced from the music in a way.

  One day, very early on after we’d met up again, Mick and I went to the seaside and we played in a pub, on a trip with my mum and dad to Devon one weekend. The ghost of Doris must be summoned to recount this strange occasion, because I remember little about it. But we must have had a glimmer to have done it at all.

  Doris: We had Keith and Mick down in Beesands in Devon for the weekend one summer when they were sixteen, seventeen. They used to run coaches from Dartford. Keith had his guitar with him. And Mick was bored to tears down there. “No women,” he said. “No women.” There was nobody down there. Beautiful place. We rented a cottage on the beach. The old boys used to go out and catch mackerel right outside the front door. They used to sell them for sixpence each. Not much for them to do. Swim… They went to the local pub because Keith brought his guitar down. They were quite amazed how he could play then. We drove them home in the car. It was about eight or ten hours in the Vauxhall normally. Then of course the battery went, didn’t it? We had no lights. I remember pulling up outside Mrs. Jagger’s house at the Close. “Where were you? Why are you so late?!” What a murderous drive home.

  Mick was hanging out with Dick Taylor, his mate from grammar school who was at Sidcup too. I joined them in late 1961. There was also Bob Beckwith, the guitar player who had the amplifier, which made him really important. Quite often in the early days, there was one amplifier with three guitars going through it. We called ourselves Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys. My guitar, this time an f-hole archtop Höfner steel string, was Blue Boy—the words written on its face—and because of that I was Boy Blue. That was my very first steel-string guitar. You’ll only find pictures of it in the club gigs, before the takeoff. I bought it secondhand in Ivor Mairants, off Oxford Street. You knew it had had one owner because of the patches and sweat marks on the fret board. He’s either playing up the top, the fiddly bits, or he’s a chord man. It’s like a map, a seismograph. And I left it either on the Victoria line or the Bakerloo line on the London Underground. But where better to bury it than the Bakerloo line? It left scars.

  We gathered in Bob Beckwith’s front room in Bexleyheath. Once or twice Dick Taylor used his house. At the time Dick was very studious, you’d put him in the purist vein, which didn’t stop him becoming a Pretty Thing in a couple of years. He was the real thing, a good player; he had the feel. But he was very academic about his blues, and actually it was a good thing because we were all a bit off the flight. We’d just as soon break into “Not Fade Away” or “That’ll Be the Day” or “C’mon Everybody,” or straight into “I Just Want to Make Love to You.” We saw it all as the same kind of stuff. Bob Beckwith had a Grundig, and it was on that that we made the first tape of any of us together, our first attempt at recording. Mick gave me a copy of it —he bought it back at auction. A reel-to-reel tape and the sound quality is terrible. Our first repertoire included “Around and Around” and “Reelin’ and Rockin’ ” by Chuck Berry, “Bright Lights, Big City” by Jimmy Reed, and to put the icing on the cake, “La Bamba,” sung by Mick with pseudo-Spanish words.

  Rhythm and blues was the gate. Cyril Davies and Alexis Korner got a club going, the weekly spot at the Ealing Jazz Club, where rhythm and blues freaks could conglomerate. Without them there might have been nothing. It was where the whole blues network could go, all the Bexleyheath collectors. People who read the ad came down from Manchester and Scotland just to meet the faithful and hear Alexis Korner’s Blues Incorporated, which also had the young Charlie Watts on drums and sometimes Ian Stewart on piano. That’s where I fell in love with the men! Almost nobody was booking this kind of music in clubs at the time. It’s where we all met to swap ideas and swap records and hang. Rhythm and blues was a very important distinction in the ’60s. Either you were blues and jazz or you were rock and roll, but rock and roll had died and gone pop—nothing left in it. Rhythm and blues was a term we pounced on because it meant really powerful blues jump bands from Chicago. It broke through the barriers. We used to soften the blow for the purists who liked our music but didn’t want to approve of it, by saying it’s not rock and roll, it’s rhythm and blues. Totally pointless categorization of something that is the same shit—it just depends on how much you lay the backbeat down or how flash you play it.

  Alexis Korner was the daddy of the London blues scene—not a great player himself, but a generous man and a real promoter of talent. Also something of an intellectual in the musical world. He lectured on jazz and blues at such places as the Institute of Contemporary Arts. He used to work for the BBC—DJ’ing and interviewing musicians, which meant he was in close contact with God. He knew his stuff backwards; he knew every player who was worth his salt. He was part Austrian, part Greek and had been brought up in North Africa. He had a real Gypsy-looking face with long sideburns, but he spoke with a really rich “I say, old boy” voice, very precise English.

  Alexis’s band was damn good. Cyril Davies was a hell of a harp player, one of the best harp players you’ve ever heard. Cyril was a panel beater from Wembley, and his manners and his way of coming on were exactly what you’d expect of a panel beater from Wembley, with a huge thirst for bourbon. He had this aura because he’d actually been to Chicago and he’d seen Muddy and Little Walter so he came back with a halo round him. Cyril didn’t like anybody. He didn’t like us because he felt the winds of change coming and he didn’t want it. He died very soon afterwards, in 1964, but he’d already broken away from Alexis’s band in 1963 to form the R&B All-Stars, with a weekly gig at the Marquee.

  The Ealing Club was a trad jazz club that Blues Incorporated took over on Saturday nights. It was a funky room, sometimes ankle deep in condensation. It was under Ealing tube station, and the roof over the stage
was one of those thick glass cobbled pavements, so there’s all these people walking over your head. And every now and again, Alexis would say, “You want to come up and play?” And you’re playing an electric guitar and you’re ankle deep in water, and you’re just hoping everything’s grounded right, otherwise sparks will fly. My equipment was always on a knife edge. When I got round to wire strings, they were expensive. If one broke, you’d keep another one and then loop them together and extend it and put it back on, and it would work! If the string could at least cover the fret board, you knotted it just above the nut and then extended it to cover the tuning pegs. It did affect tuning to a certain extent! Half a string here and half a string there. Thank God for scouting and knotting.

  I had a thing called a DeArmond pickup. And it was unique. You could clamp it above the soundboard and it slid up and down on a spindle. You didn’t have a bass pickup or a treble pickup. If you wanted a softer sound, you slid the fucker up the spindle towards the neck and so you got a bassier sound up there. And if you wanted treble, you slid it down the pole again. And of course this played havoc with its wiring. I used to carry a soldering kit for emergencies, because you’d be sliding this thing up and down, and it was just so breakable. I was always soldering and rewiring behind the amp—a Little Giant amp the size of a radio. I was one of the first to get an amp. We were all using tape recorders before that. Dick Taylor used to plug into his sister’s Bush record player. My first amp was a radio; I just took that apart. My mother was pissed off. The radio’s not working because I’ve got it apart and I’m plugging, zzzz, just trying to get a sound. In that respect good training for later on—honing your sound, matching guitars to amps. We started from scratch, with the tubes and valves. Sometimes if you take one valve out, you can get this really raunchy, dirty sound because you’re pushing the machine and it’s got to work overtime. If you put the double-A valve back in, then you’ve got this sweeter sound. That’s how I got electrocuted so many times. I kept forgetting to unplug the fucker before I started poking around in the back.