Frock-Coated Communist
Page 47
2. Quoted in David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (London, 1983), p. 57
3. Quoted in David McLellan (ed.), Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections (London, 1981), p. 8
4. Quoted in Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 140–41
5. Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford, 1978), p. 60
6. Karl Marx, ‘Paris Manuscripts’, in The Early Texts (Oxford, 1971), p. 148
7. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 317
8. Quoted in Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, 1958), p. 64
9. Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie (The Hague, 1934) I, p.175
10. Quoted in Reminiscences, p. 92
11. Ibid., p. 91
12. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 382
13. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 202
14. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 147
15. Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 264; Vol. 26, p. 382
16. Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 241
17. Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 7
18. Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 7, 93
19. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 6
20. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 18, 28, 17–18, 25
21. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 29, 3
22. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 3, 4
23. Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 230–31
24. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 4
25. Ibid., p. 232
26. Ibid., p. 23
27. Quoted in Mayer, Eine Biographie, pp. 215–17
28. MECW, Vol. 4, p. 243
29. Ibid., p. 252
30. Ibid., p. 255
31. Ibid., p. 263
32. Quoted in Manfred Kliem, Friedrich Engels: Dokumente seines Lebens (Leipzig, 1977), p. 142
33. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 572
34. Heidelberg University Library, manuscripts, no. 2560 (Cod. Heid. 378 XXX), quoted in Michael Knierim (ed.), Über Friedrich Engels: Privates, Offentliches und Amtliches Aussagen und Zeugnisse von Zeitgenossen (Wuppertal, 1986), p. 8
35. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 39
36. Quoted in Reminiscences, p. 194
37. MECW, Vol. 38, pp. 29, 33
38. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 518
39. Guardian, 4 February 2006
40. F. G. Black and R. M. Black (eds.), The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969), p. 239
41. Quoted in E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London, 1975), p. 146
42. Stephan Born, Erinnerungen eines Achtundvierzigers (Leipzig, 1898), p. 74
43. Max Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism (London, 1935), p. 78
44. Born, Erinnerungen, p. 73
45. Eleanor Marx-Aveling to Karl Kautsky, 15 March 1898, Karl Kautsky Papers (Amsterdam), DXVI, 489
46. Max Stirner, The Ego and Its Own (Cambridge, 1995), p. 323. See also Lawrence S. Stepelevich, ‘The Revival of Max Stirner’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 35, 2 (1974)
47. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 12
48. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 166
49. Ibid., Vol. 5, pp. 90, 36–7
50. Quoted in The Writings of the Young Marx, translated and edited by Lloyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (New York, 1967), p. 431
51. Ibid., p. 47
52. MECW, Vol. 26, pp. 313–14
53. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 5
54. Born, Erinnerungen, p. 72
55. MECW, Vol. 6, p. 79
56. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 56
57. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 529
58. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 320
59. Quoted in Reminiscences, p. 270
60. MECW, Vol. 26, p.319
61. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 39–40
62. P. J. Proudhon, Confessions d'un révolutionnaire (Paris, 1849), quoted in Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (London, 1999), p. 107
63. MECW, Vol. 6, p. 512
64. Born, Erinnerungen, p. 47
65. Eugène Sue, The Mysteries of Paris (Cambridgeshire, 1989), p. 9
66. Quoted in Colin Jones, Paris: Biography of a City (London, 2004), p. 349
67. Balzac, Old Goriot, p. 133
68. See David H. Pinkney, Decisive Years in France 1840–1847 (Princeton, 1986); Philip Mansel, Paris between Empires (London, 2001)
69. MECW, Vol. 38, pp. 80–83
70. Ibid., p. 91
71. Ibid., p. 16
72. Born, Erinnerungen, pp. 51–2
73. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 115
74. Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current (London, 1997), p. 219
75. MECW, Vol. 38, pp. 56, 65, 108, 153
76. Marx-Aveling to Kautsky, 15 March 1898, Karl Kautsky Papers (Amsterdam), DXVI, 489. To add to the confusion, Stephan Born writes of Engels having to leave Paris after chivalrously intervening with a French count who had dumped his mistress without providing for her. The count then contacted some amenable government ministers who had Engels deported. See Born, Erinnerungen, p. 71
77. Born, Erinnerungen, p. 49
78. MECW, Vol. 6, p. 98
79. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 102
80. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 139
81. Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 345, 348, 351, 354
82. Quoted in Reminiscences, p. 153
83. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 322
84. Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs (New York, 1968), p. 26
85. For an analysis of the textual and intellectual interstices between The Condition of the Working Class in England and The Communist Manifesto, see Terrell Carver, Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought (London, 1991)
86. For a full account of the intellectual genealogy of the Manifesto, see Gareth Stedman Jones, Introduction, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Harmondsworth, 2002)
87. MECW, Vol. 6, p. 487
88. Ibid., p. 558
Chapter 5: The Infinitely Rich 48 Harvest
1. MECW, Vol. 6, p. 559
2. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 647
3. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 169
4. Ibid., pp. 159–60
5. See Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006); James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770–1866 (Oxford, 1989), p. 658
6. See David E. Barclay, ‘Political Trends and Movements, 1830–50’, in Jonathan Sperber (ed.), Germany 1800–1870 (Oxford, 2004)
7. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 123
8. Quoted in P. H. Noyes, Organization and Revolution: Working-Class Associations in the German Revolution of 1848–49 (Princeton, 1966), pp. 286–7
9. See Jonathan Sperber, Rhineland Radicals (Princeton, 1991)
10. See Oscar J. Hammen, The Red '48ers (New York, 1969)
11. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 122
12. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 171, 173
13. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 123
14. Ibid., Vol. 11, p. 40
15. See Philip Mansel, Paris between Empires (London, 2001); Hammen, The Red '48ers
16. MECW Vol. 7, pp. 124, 130, 128
17. Ibid., Vol. 7, pp. 131–2
18. Ibid., Vol. 7, p. 587
19. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 541
20. Ibid., Vol. 7, p. 460
21. Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 7 November 1848, quoted in David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (London, 1983), p. 189
22. MECW, Vol. 7, p. 514
23. Ibid., pp. 518, 519
24. Ibid., pp. 526–9
25. See Istvan Deak, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians (New York, 1979); Ian Cummins, Marx, Engels and National Movements (London, 1980)
26. MECW, Vol. 7, p. 423
27. Quoted in Roman Rosdolsky, Engels and the ‘Nonhistoric’ Peoples: The National Question in the Revolution of 1848 (Glasgow, 1986), p. 135
28. MECW, Vol. 8, p. 234
29. Ibid., Vol. 8, p. 366
30. Ibid., Vol. 46, pp. 206–7
31. Ibid., Vol. 8, p.238
32. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 128
33. Ibid., Vol. 8, p. 439
34. Ibid., Vol. 9, p. 171
35. Sheehan, German History, 1770–1866, p. 691
36. MECW, Vol. 9, p. 399
37. Ibid., p. 447
38. See Sperber,
Rhineland Radicals
39. C. H. A. Pagenstecher, Lebenserinnerungen von Dr med. C. H. Alexander Pagenstecher (Leipzig, 1913), Vol. III, p. 63
40. MECW, Vol. 9, p. 448
41. Ibid., Vol. 10, pp. 602–3
42. Pagenstecher, Lebenserinnerungen, p. 66
43. Carl Hecker, Der Aufstand in Elberfeld im Mai 1849 und mein Verhaltniss zu demselben (Elberfeld, 1849), p. 38
44. Elberfelder Zeitung, 3 June 1849, No. 130
45. The story originates from a very brief account by the Barmen manufacturer's son Ernst von Eynern held in the Wuppertal archives, Friedrich von Eynern. Ein bergisches Lebensbild. Zeitschrift des Bergischen Geschichtsvereins, Bd. 35, 1900/01, S. 1–103.
46. Pagenstecher, Lebenserinnerungen, p. 66
47. H. J. M. Körner, Lebenskämpfe in der Alten und Neues Welt (Zurich, 1866), II, p. 137
48. MECW, Vol. 9, p. 448
49. Ibid., p. 449
50. Quoted in Manfred Kliem, Friedrich Engels: Dokumente seines Lebens (Leipzig, 1977), p. 280
51. MECW, Vol. 10, p. 172
52. Ibid., Vol. 10, pp. 172, 193, 202
53. Ibid. Vol. 38, p. 204
54. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 203
55. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 211
56. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 224
57. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 203
58. See M. Berger, Engels, Armies and Revolution (Connecticut, 1977), p. 37
59. MECW, Vol. 10, p. 237
60. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 203
61. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 207
62. Ibid., Vol. 10, pp. 150–51
63. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 213
Chapter 6: Manchester in Shades of Grey
1. MECW, Vol. 40, p. 236
2. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 250
3. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 172
4. Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts (London, 1968), Vol. 3, p. 1045
5. MECW, Vol. 10, p. 381
6. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 222
7. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 12
8. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 24
9. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 283
10. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 289
11. Jenny Marx, ‘A Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’, in Robert Payne (ed.), The Unknown Karl Marx (London, 1972), p. 125
12. Letter from Jenny Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer, 20 May 1850, quoted in Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (London, 1999), p. 158
13. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 241
14. Quoted in W. O. Henderson, Marx and Engels and the English Workers (London, 1989), p. 20
15. Quoted in Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels (London, 1936), p. 130
16. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 379
17. A. J. P. Taylor, ‘Manchester’, Encounter (1957), 8, 3, p. 9
18. Manchester Guardian, 11 October 1851
19. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 255
20. Ibid., p. 281
21. Thomas Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper, written by Himself (London, 1873), p. 393
22. MECW, Vol. 40, p. 344
23. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 264
24. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 465
25. Manfred Kliem, Friedrich Engels: Dokumente seines Lebens (Leipzig, 1977), p. 114
26. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 250
27. Ibid., p. 302
28. Quoted in Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie (The Hague, 1934), Vol. II, p. 12
29. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 379
30. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 383, 401
31. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 88
32. Wuppertal archives, Friedrich von Eynern. Ein bergisches Lebensbild. Zeitschrift des Bergischen Geschichtsvereins Bd. 35, 1900/01, S. 1–103.
33. MECW, Vol. 42, pp. 192, 195
34. Quoted in J. B. Smethhurst, ‘Ermen and Engels’, Marx Memorial Library Quarterly Bulletin, No. 41 (1967), p. 10
35. See Harold Perkin, Origins of Modern English Society (London, 1991)
36. Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Dresden, 1972), p. 332
37. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 172
38. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 332
39. Ibid., Vol. 39, p. 581
40. David McLellan, Karl Marx: A Biography (London, 1995), p. 264
41. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 172
42. Jenny Marx, ‘A Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’, pp. 130–31
43. MECW, Vol. 39, p. 590
44. Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (1999), p. 84
45. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, 1958), p. 185
46. MECW, Vol. 38, pp. 321, 395, 451
47. Ibid., Vol. 39, p. 58
48. Ibid., Vol. 41, pp. 74, 197, 203, 230
49. Ibid., p. 141
50. Ibid., p. 423
51. R. Arthur Arnold, The History of the Cotton Famine (London, 1864), p. 113
52. Quoted in W. O. Henderson, The Lancashire Cotton Famine (Manchester, 1969), p. 107
53. See John Watts, The Facts of the Cotton Famine (London, 1866)
54. MECW, Vol. 38, p. 409
55. Ibid., p. 419
56. Quoted in McLellan, Karl Marx, p. 284
57. MECW, Vol. 39, p. 391
58. Ibid., Vol. 39, p. 164
59. Ibid., Vol. 39, p. 212; Vol. 40, pp. 451–2
60. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 494
61. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 14
62. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 256, 283
63. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 351
64. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 160
65. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 388. See Meghnad Desai, Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism (London, 2002), pp. 60–61
66. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 390
67. Ibid., Vol. 41, pp. 394, 411, 414
68. Jenny Marx, ‘A Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’, p. 126
69. For a fuller account of this story, and the historiographical debates surrounding it, see McLellan, Karl Marx, pp. 264–274; Wheen, Karl Marx, pp. 170–75; Terrell Carver, Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought (London, 1991), pp. 166–9; Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx (London, 1976), Vol. II, pp. 430–40; Yvonne Kapp, ‘Frederick Demuth: New Evidence from Old Sources’, Socialist History, 6 (1994)
70. See Kliem, Friedrich Engels, p. 488
71. See Roy Whitfield, Frederick Engels in Manchester: The Search for a Shadow (Salford, 1988)
72. MECW, Vol. 39, p. 443
73. In the archives of the Working Class Movement Library, Salford is a 1970 letter from John Millar, City Planning Officer, in response to Ruth Frow's request for a plaque to be placed on the house. In light of the demolition, he felt there would be ‘little point’. See ‘Engels in M/CR’ box.
74. MECW, Vol. 41, pp. 344, 427
75. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 170
76. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 305. For a full life of Schorlemmer, see Karl Heinig, Carl Schorlemmer: Chemiker und Kommunist Ersten Ranges (Leipzig, 1974)
77. See W. O. Henderson, ‘Friends in Exile’, in The Life of Friedrich Engels (London, 1976)
78. MECW, Vol. 40, p. 490
79. See Ralph Greaves, Foxhunting in Cheshire (Kent, 1964); Gordon Fergusson, The Green Collars: The Tarpoley Hunt Club and Cheshire Hunting History (London, 1993)
80. Marx-Engels Archives, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (R49)
81. MECW, Vol. 40, p. 97
82. Reminiscences, p. 88
83. Hansard, Vol. 665, No. 133 (12 October 2004), Col. 174
84. MECW, Vol. 14, p. 422
85. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 236
86. Reminiscences, p. 88
87. MECW, Vol. 40, pp. 264–5
88. Ibid., p. 131
89. See Alan Kidd, Manchester (Keele, 1996)
90. MECW, Vol. 19, p. 360
91. Marx-Engels Archives, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (M17)
92. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 560
93. See The Sphinx, Vol. II, No. 38, 1 May 1869
94. MECW, Vol. 39, p. 479
95. Ibid., p. 249. But there is an irony in Engels's embrace of Manchester's civil society. According to the critical theorist Jurgen Habermas, the voluntary societies of the n
ineteenth-century European city provided the ‘theatrical scaffolding’ for what he terms ‘the bourgeois drama’. Through the social leadership of clubs such as the Albert, the Brazenose and Schiller Anstalt, the middle classes established a cultural hegemony within the public sphere of the urban world which both codified inter-class relations and underpinned the mid-Victorian stability Engels so abhorred. The myriad middle-class civil associations which honeycombed Manchester helped to construct, in the words of historian Martin Hewitt, a ‘moral imperialism’ which subtly but effectively kept the working classes in their place. Collectively, they constituted a strategy of social control and cultural de-proletarianization: rather than realizing class consciousness and seeing the bourgeoisie as their class enemy, the working class started to ape the middle-class ethic of rational recreation and useful knowledge. Bourgeois notions of leisure and sociability - in concert halls, gentleman's clubs, charities and educational institutes - subtly helped to unpick the radical ambition of the Manchester proletariat. Whether he realized it or not, Engels was a part of the cultural hegemony transforming Manchester from the crucible of physical force Chartism to the scene of placid Hallé soirées.
96. MECW, Vol. 40, pp. 82, 104, 105
97. Ibid., pp. 131, 149
98. Ibid., p. 151
99. MECW, Vol. 42, pp. 231, 225
100. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 202
101. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 229
102. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 138
103. Ibid., Vol. 41, pp. 260, 267, 266
104. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 192
105. Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 263
106. Ibid., Vol. 11, p. 103. It might also be worth noting that Marx's celebrated introduction to The Eighteenth Brumaire – ‘Hegel remarks somewhere that all great, world-historical facts and personages occur, as it were, twice. He has forgotten to add: the first time as tragedy, the second as farce’ – was most likely inspired by a letter Marx received from Engels in December 1851 as he was composing the work. ‘But, after what we saw yesterday, there can be no counting in the peuple, and it really seems as though old Hegel, in the guise of the World Spirit, were directing history from the grave and, with the greatest conscientiousness, causing everything to be re-enacted twice over, once as grand tragedy and the second time as rotten farce,’ was Engels's response to Bonaparte's coup. See MECW, Vol. 38, p. 505