Assassin
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doublet— a close-fitting padded jacket worn by men
dugs— breasts
eringo— sea holly, a plant that grows by the sea. It was eaten pickled or candied and thought to have some medicinal properties as well as being a food.
false front— a pretty piece of material sewn to the front of a plain petticoat so that it would show under the kirtle
farthingale— a bell- or barrel-shaped petticoat held out with hoops of whalebone
Grace-and-Favour Chambers— rooms provided to important courtiers by the Queen
Guise— the House of Guise, which was the royal family of France
handfasted— formally engaged to be married
harlot— a prostitute
hose— tight-fitting cloth trousers worn by men
hoyden— a tomboy
Huguenots— French Christians who followed the Protestant, rather than the Roman Catholic, Church
kirtle— the skirt of an Elizabethan dress
kohl— black eye makeup
Lady Dowager mother— a widow who retains the title “Lady” even though her husband’s title has passed to his son and heir
Lady Hoby— one of the Queen’s favorite Ladies-in-Waiting
Lady-in-Waiting— one of the ladies who helped to look after the Queen and kept her company
laudanum— an opium tincture in alcohol used to aid sleep
Lord Chamberlain— the man in charge of security and entertainment at court
lye— an ingredient in soap. It is strongly alkaline and was used for cleaning.
lying at— sleeping at
lying-in chamber— a room where a woman would give birth
madrigals— beautiful part-songs, which were very fashionable
Maid of Honour— a younger girl who helped to look after the Queen like a Lady-in-Waiting
manchet rolls— whole wheat bread
marchpane subtlety— a sculpture made out of marzipan and then colored
marmelada— a very thick jammy sweet often made from quinces
marten— fur from a marten, a small carnivorous animal
Mary Shelton— one of Queen Elizabeth’s Maids of Honor (a Maid of Honor of this name really did exist; see below). Most Maids of Honor were not officially “Ladies” (like Lady Grace), but they had to be born of gentry.
mead— an alcoholic drink made with honey
megrim— a migraine headache
Mr. Rackmaster Norton— the torturer
Papist— a rude word for a Catholic
Paris Garden— an Elizabethan leisure garden beside the Thames that featured all kinds of entertainments
partlet— a very fine embroidered false top that covered just the shoulders and the upper chest
pate— head
pattens— wooden clogs worn to keep fine shoes out of the mud
penner— a small leather case that would attach to a belt. It was used for holding quills, ink, knife, and any other equipment needed for writing.
pennyroyal mint— an herb
plague— a virulent disease that killed thousands
poignard— an extremely sharp, long, thin blade sometimes used for dueling
posset— a hot drink made from sweetened and spiced milk curdled with ale or wine
potherbs— vegetables
Presence Chamber— the room where Queen Elizabeth would receive people
Privy Garden— Queen Elizabeth’s private garden
Privy Parlour— Queen Elizabeth’s private parlor
pulses— the beats of the heart
pursuivant— a follower or attendant who pursues someone else
Queen’s Guard— more commonly known as the Gentlemen Pensioners—young noblemen who guarded the Queen from physical attacks
religious wars— conflicts arising from religious differences
sallet— salad
scurvy— an affliction brought on by lack of vitamin C in the diet
Secretary Cecil— William Cecil, an administrator for the Queen (later made Lord Burghley)
Shaitan— the Islamic word for Satan, though it means a trickster and a liar rather than the ultimate evil
shift— a polite name for a smock
sippet— a piece of bread, buttered and lightly grilled, from which meat was eaten. The sippet soaked up the meat juices.
smallpox— a nasty, often fatal disease, whose pustules healed and left scars
smock— a neck-to-ankles linen shirt worn by women
staging stable— a stable where horses were kept temporarily when on the way to somewhere else
stays— the boned, laced bodice worn around the body under the clothes. Victorians called the stays a corset.
stews— public baths
Stone Gallery— a passageway at the Palace of Whitehall that led to the Queen’s chambers
strumpet— a prostitute
sucket— a sweet
sugar plate— sugar candy that could be molded like modeling clay, then dried and colored
sweetmeats— sweets
tansy— an herb
tides of the blood— the Elizabethans believed that the blood flowed in tides in the body, like the sea.
Tilting Yard— an area where knights in armor would joust or tilt (i.e., ride at each other on horseback with lances)
tincture— a solution of a substance in alcohol
tinder box— a small box containing some quick-burning tinder, a piece of flint, a piece of steel, and a candle for making fire and thus light
tiring woman— a woman who helped a lady to dress
toothcloth— a coarse cloth, often beautifully embroidered, used for rubbing teeth clean
truckle bed— a small bed on wheels stored under the main bed
tumbler— an acrobat
Verge of the Court— anywhere within a mile of the Queen’s person
virginals— an instrument, similar to a harpsichord, played by Queen Elizabeth
vomitus— vomit (noun)
watch candle— a night-light
watersteps— steps leading down to the river Thames
wherry— a Thames boat
white lead— lead carbonate, used for white paint and makeup
Withdrawing Chamber— the Queen’s private rooms
A note about poisons …
Darkwort is not a real poison. It was invented for this story. However, there are plenty of real poisons that are similar to darkwort and that come from trees, plants, and flowers commonly found in our parks and gardens. Since the Elizabethans relied upon the plants around them for medicines and cleaning chemicals, as well as food, they were far more familiar with poisonous plants than we are today.
A note about apparel …
Apparel (clothing) in Elizabethan times was incredibly expensive. Even ordinary clothes were costly because a great deal of labor was involved in making them (spinning, dyeing, weaving, hand-sewing, etc.). Court clothes were very richly decorated and made from the finest fabrics—often costing as much as an expensive sports car would today.
Poor people would probably have an old secondhand outfit; ordinary people would have just one secondhand suit, and rich people might have two or three outfits. Ridiculously wealthy people would have ten or twenty outfits and would show off by making them extravagantly elaborate.
Have you ever heard the story of Sir Walter Raleigh laying his cloak over a puddle for Queen Elizabeth to step on? That was rather like driving a brand-new Ferrari into a tree in order to impress Madonna!
THE FACT BEHIND THE FICTION
In 1485, Queen Elizabeth I’s grandfather, Henry Tudor, won the battle of Bosworth Field against Richard III and took the throne of England. He was known as Henry VII. He had two sons, Arthur and Henry. Arthur died while still a boy, so when Henry VII died in 1509, Elizabeth’s father came to the throne and England got an eighth king called Henry—the notorious one who had six wives.
Wife number one—Catherine of Aragon—gave Henry one daughter called Mary (who was bro
ught up as a Catholic) but no living sons. To Henry VIII this was a disaster, because nobody believed a queen could ever govern England. He needed a male heir.
Henry wanted to divorce Catherine so he could marry his pregnant mistress, Anne Boleyn. The Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, wouldn’t allow him to annul his marriage, so Henry broke with the Catholic Church and set up the Protestant Church of England—or the Episcopal Church, as it’s known in the United States.
Wife number two—Anne Boleyn—gave Henry another daughter, Elizabeth (who was brought up as a Protestant). When Anne then miscarried a baby boy, Henry decided he’d better get somebody new, so he accused Anne of infidelity and had her executed.
Wife number three—Jane Seymour—gave Henry a son called Edward and died of childbed fever a couple of weeks later.
Wife number four—Anne of Cleves—had no children. It was a diplomatic marriage and Henry didn’t fancy her, so she agreed to a divorce (wouldn’t you?).
Wife number five—Catherine Howard—had no children, either. Like Anne Boleyn, she was accused of infidelity and executed.
Wife number six—Catherine Parr—also had no children. She did manage to outlive Henry, though, but only by the skin of her teeth. Nice guy, eh?
Henry VIII died in 1547, and in accordance with the rules of primogeniture (whereby the firstborn son inherits from his father), the person who succeeded him was the boy Edward. He became Edward VI. He was strongly Protestant but died young, in 1553.
Next came Catherine of Aragon’s daughter, Mary, who became Mary I, known as Bloody Mary. She was strongly Catholic, married Philip II of Spain in a diplomatic match, but died childless five years later. She also burned a lot of Protestants for the good of their souls.
Finally, in 1558, Elizabeth came to the throne. She reigned until her death in 1603. She played the marriage game—that is, she kept a lot of important and influential men hanging on in hopes of marrying her—for a long time. At one time it looked as if she would marry her favorite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. She didn’t, though, and I think she probably never intended to get married—would you, if you’d had a dad like hers? So she never had any children.
She was an extraordinary and brilliant woman, and during her reign, England first started to become important as a world power. Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world—raiding the Spanish colonies of South America for loot as he went. And one of Elizabeth’s favorite courtiers, Sir Walter Raleigh, tried to plant the first English colony in North America—at the site of Roanoke in 1585. It failed, but the idea stuck.
The Spanish King Philip II tried to conquer England in 1588. He sent a huge fleet of 150 ships, known as the Invincible Armada, to do it. It failed miserably—defeated by Drake at the head of the English fleet—and most of the ships were wrecked trying to sail home. There were many other great Elizabethans, too—including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.
After her death, Elizabeth was succeeded by James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England and Scotland. He was almost the last eligible person available! He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was Elizabeth’s cousin, via Henry VIII’s sister.
James’s son was Charles I—the king who was beheaded after losing the English Civil War.
The stories about Lady Grace Cavendish are set in the year 1569, when Elizabeth was thirty-six and still playing the marriage game for all she was worth. The Ladies-in-Waiting and Maids of Honor at her Court weren’t servants—they were companions and friends, supplied from upper-class families. Not all of them were officially “Ladies”—only those with titled husbands or fathers; in fact, many of them were unmarried younger daughters sent to Court to find themselves a nice rich lord to marry.
All the Lady Grace Mysteries are invented, but some of the characters in the stories are real people—Queen Elizabeth herself, of course, and Mrs. Champernowne and Mary Shelton as well. There never was a Lady Grace Cavendish (as far as we know!)—but there were plenty of girls like her at Elizabeth’s Court. The real Mary Shelton foolishly made fun of the Queen herself on one occasion—and got slapped in the face by Elizabeth for her trouble! But most of the time, the Queen seems to have been protective of and kind to her Maids of Honor. She was very strict about boyfriends, though. There was one simple rule for boyfriends in those days: you couldn’t have one. No boyfriends at all. You would get married to a person your parents chose for you and that was that. Of course, the girls often had other ideas!
Later on in her reign, the Queen had a full-scale secret service run by her great spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham. His men, who hunted down priests and assassins, were called Pursuivants. There are also tantalizing hints that Elizabeth may have had her own personal sources of information—she certainly was very well informed, even when her counselors tried to keep her in the dark. And who knows whom she might have recruited to find things out for her? There may even have been a Lady Grace Cavendish, after all!
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cavendish, Grace.
Summary: Thirteen-year-old Lady Grace Cavendish, favorite maid of honor of
Elizabeth I, must solve a murder mystery and clear the name of her betrothed.
eISBN: 978-0-307-53638-9
[1. Kings, queens, rulers, etc.—Fiction.2. Great Britain—History—Elizabeth,
1558–1603—Fiction.3. Poisons—Fiction.4. Diaries—Fiction.5. Mystery and
detective stories.]I. Titlepz7.F49825As 2004[Fic]—dc22
200302055
v3.0