by Mike Ashley
However, every author needs a lifeline and I must give special thanks to Peter Berresford Ellis and Larry Mendelsberg. Both read through the manuscript at the final stage and offered helpful comments and observations. Peter Berresford Ellis also responded to my frequent pleas for help on the Celtic languages and translations whilst Larry Mendelsburg gave freely of his knowledge of Arthurian literature. I am exceedingly grateful to them both.
I must also thank Gary Kronk, who kindly made available to me cometary data updated from his book Cometography (Cambridge University Press, 1999); Dennis Lien of the University of Minnesota for researching data on artists and paintings; and Antony Wilson of York Coins for confirmation of data on Danish minters.
My thanks to my editors at Constable and Robinson, Krystyna Green and Peter Duncan, for their patience in letting me constantly revise the contractual delivery date while watching the book grow and grow.
And, of course, my thanks and gratitude to my wife Sue who puts up with my hours of isolation as I delve amongst “all those dead people”, as she thinks of them, and then welcomes me back to the land of the living. To her I dedicate this book, with all my love and affection.
ENDNOTES
1. All excerpts from Gildas are adapted by the author from previous translations by J.A. Giles (1891) and Hugh Williams (1901).
2. All extracts from Nennius are adapted by the author from the translation by J.A. Giles (1891).
INDEX
This index covers Sections 1 and 2. The chapters in Section 3 are designed as individual indexes for authors, films, characters and sites and should be consulted in addition to the following. To avoid duplication the titles of stories and romances are entered under their English name wherever practical. Individuals known by a variety of names are entered under their most common form of name (e.g. Guenevere, Gawain).
Addaon ap Taliesin ref 1, ref 2
Adventure of the Crop–Eared Dog, The ref 1
Adventures of the Boy Carried Off by an Eagle, The ref 1
Aedan mac Gabhran ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
Aegidius ref 1, ref 2
Aelle of Northumbria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Aelle of South Saxons ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Aethel- for all names beginning thus, see under Athel
Aëtius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Agitius ref 1, ref 2
Agned, Mount, battle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Agravaine ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 passim
Aircol (or Agricola) Lawhir (“Longhand”) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Alamanni or Alemanni (tribe) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Alaric ref 1, ref 2
Alban, St ref 1, ref 2 see also St Albans
Alclud ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Aldborough (Isurium) ref 1, ref 2
Aldroenus or Aldwr ref 1, ref 2
Alfred the Great ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Allectus ref 1
Alleluia victory ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Althorp Ægælesrep) ref 1, ref 2
Amalech or Aballac ref 1, ref 2 see also Evelake
Amalric I of Jerusalem ref 1, ref 2; Amalric II ref 1, ref 2
Ambrose, St ref 1
Ambrosius Aurelianus (Ambrosius the Younger) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20, ref 21; as Aurelius Ambrosius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Ambrosius the Elder ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Amlawdd Wledig ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Amr or Amhar (Arthur’s son) ref 1
Anderida see Pevensey
Aneirin ref 1 passim
Anglesey ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; possibly Sorelois ref 1
Anglo–Saxon Chronicle ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
Anjou ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Anna, Arthur’s sister, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Antonine Wall ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Arbogast ref 1
Arcadius ref 1
Archgallo ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Arddun ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Arderydd or Armterid, battle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Armes Prydein ref 1
Armorica (Brittany) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11; possible site for battles ref 1; as Llydaw ref 1; as Brittany ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Artaius ref 1, ref 2
Artchorp (Art Corb) ref 1, ref 2
Arthen ap Brychan ref 1, ref 2
Arthfael ap Einudd ref 1
Arthfoddw of Ceredigion ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Arthlwys of Ceredigion, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Arthmael or Armel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Arthour and Merlin ref 1, ref 2
Arthur, duke of Brittany, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Arthur, Prince, son of Henry VII ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Arthur and Gorlagon ref 1, ref 2
Arthur of Badon basic legend ref 1; ancestry ref 1; and Gildas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; battles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; contenders ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; children ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; likely dates x, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; meaning of names ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; in Armorica ref 1; Pax Arthuriana ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; sites named after ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, see also Chapter ref 1; reconstruction of life ref 1; grave ref 1; later counterparts ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; depicted in art and literature ref 1; see also Artúir mac Aedan, Artúir ap Pedr, Athrwys ap Meurig, Artúir ap Bicor, Arthwys ap Mar, Artorius Castus and Riothamus. For Welsh legends see chapter ref 1, for the story according to Geoffrey of Monmouth see chapter ref 1, for the later romances see chapters ref 1, for Morte d’Arthur see chapter ref 1.
Arthur of Dál Riata see Artúir mac Aedan
Arthur of Dyfed see Artúir ap Pedr
Arthur of Gwent see Athrwys ap Meurig
Arthur of Kintyre see Artúir ap Bicor
Arthur of Little Britain ref 1
Arthur of the Pennines see Arthwys ap Mar
Arthur, or the Northern Enchantment ref 1
Arthur Plantagenet ref 1
Arthur’s Hall (Ehangwen) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Arthuret ref 1; see also Arderydd
Arthwys ap Mar (Arthur of the Pennines) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19
Artognou ref 1, ref 2
Artorius Castus, Lucius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Artúir ap Bicor (Arthur of Kintyre) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Artúir ap Pedr (Arthur of Dyfed) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16
Artúir mac Aedan (Arthur of Dál Riata ) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14
Arviragus ref 1
Arzor or Arzur of Brittany ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Athelbert or Edilbert of Kent ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Athelfrith of Northumbria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Athelstan of England ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Athrwys ap Ffernfael ref 1, ref 2 passim
Athrwys ap Meurig (Arthur of Gwent) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12
Attila the Hun ref 1, ref 2
Auguselus or Arawn ref 1, ref 2
Augustine of Hippo ref 1, ref 2
Augustine, St ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Aurelian (emperor) ref 1
Aurelius Caninus ref 1, ref 2
Avalon, Isle of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref
9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15
Avowing of King Arthur, The ref 1, ref 2
Awntyrs off Arthure, The ref 1, ref 2
Badbury Rings ref 1, ref 2; see also Liddington Castle
Badon, battle of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15; dates for ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; site of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12; combatants ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; second battle ref 1, ref 2; similar battles ref 1, ref 2
Baetan mac Cairill ref 1, ref 2
Baldulf ref 1, ref 2
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, ref 1
Bali(a)n and Bala(a)n ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Bamburgh ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Bardsey ref 1
Baschurch ref 1, ref 2
Basford ref 1
Basing, Old ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Basingwerk ref 1
Bassas (river), battle site, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Bassianus see Caracalla
Bassingbourne ref 1, ref 2
Bassus, Publius Aelius ref 1
Bath ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Batraz ref 1
Baudwin see Bedwini
Bede ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Bedivere or Bedwyr, in Welsh legend ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; in Arthurian romance ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Bedwini (Bytwini), Baldwin or Baudwin, in Welsh legend ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; in Arthurian romance ref 1, ref 2
Beli ref 1, ref 2
Benli ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Beowulf ref 1, ref 2
Bernard of Clairvaux ref 1
Bernicia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; as Bryneich xv, ref 1
Béroul ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Biedcanford (battle) ref 1, ref 2
Biket, Robert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Binchester ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Birdoswald (Camboglanna) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Birth of Merlin, The ref 1
Blackmore, Richard, Prince Arthur and King Arthur, ref 1
Blackwater (river), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Blais(e) ref 1, ref 2
Bledri ap Cadivor (“Bledhericus” or Bleheris) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Bonby ref 1, ref 2 passim
Bors ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7 passim,
Bowden Hill ref 1, ref 2
Bran the Blessed, or Bron, ref 1, ref 2
Brandin or Brian of the Isles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Bravonium see Leintwardine
Brecon Beacons ref 1
Breguoin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Breidden Hills ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Bremenium see High Rochester
Bremetennacum see Ribchester
Brendan ref 1
Bricriu’s Feast (Fled Brierenn) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Brigantes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Brigg ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Bristol ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Brittany see Armorica
Broceliande, Forest of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Brochfael or Brochwel of the Tusks ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Brochwel ap Elisedd ref 1
Brough–on–Humber ref 1
Brude ref 1, ref 2
Brut Tysilio, cited, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Brychan of Brycheiniog ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Brychan of Manau ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Brycheiniog ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Budic of Armorica ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Builth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Burgh–by–Sands ref 1
Buttington ref 1
Caburn, Mount ref 1
Cadbury, South and Cadbury–Congresbury ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Cadell Gleaming Hilt ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18
Cadog, St ref 1
Cador or Cadwr ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Cadwaladr ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Cadwallon ap Cadfan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Cadwallon Lawhir (“Longhand”) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Caer Faddon ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Caerleon ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11
Caernarvon (Segontium) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Caerwent ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Caistor (Lincolnshire) ref 1
Calchvynydd ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Caledonii (tribe) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Caledonian Forest ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Callington (Cornwall) ref 1
Callywith (Cornwall) ref 1
Cam, River ref 1
Camboglanna see Birdoswald
Camelford ref 1
Camelon ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Camelot ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10; later counterparts ref 1, ref 2
Camlan (Wales) ref 1, ref 2
Camlann, battle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18, ref 19, ref 20
Camulodunum see Colchester
Canao ref 1, ref 2
Capellanus, Andreas ref 1, ref 2
Caracalla ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Caradog of Llancarfan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Caradog Vreichfras, in Welsh legend ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16; in Arthurian romance as Caradoc or Carados ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Carados see Caradog Vreichfras
Caratacus ref 1, ref 2
Carausius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Carausius II ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Cardiff ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Carlisle ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Carmarthen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Carvetii ref 1, ref 2
Castle Killibury (Cornwall) ref 1
Castus, L. Artorius see Artorius Castus
Caswallon (Cassivelaunos) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Categirn ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Catraeth, battle, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Catuvellauni ref 1, ref 2
cauldrons, magic, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Caw or Caius (father of Gildas) ref 1, ref 2
Caxton, William ref 1, ref 2
Ceawlin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Cei see Kay
Ceindrech (wife of Magnus Maximus) ref 1
Celidon Forest ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Celliwic see Gelliwig
Celyddon Wledig ref 1, ref 2
Cerdic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12
Cerdices or a, Cerdices ford and Cerdices leag ref 1, ref 2
Ceredig of Elmet ref 1, ref 2
Ceredigion ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Ceretic( interpreter) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Ceretic of Strathclyde ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Cernow (Cornwall) ref 1
Cernyw (Gwynllwg) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Charford ref 1
Chaucer, Geoffrey ref 1
Cheldric (in Geoffrey’s History) ref 1, ref 2
Chelric ref 1
Chepstow ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Cherdic ref 1
Chester ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; battle of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Chichester ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Chrétien de T
royes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16
Christianity ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; see also Pelagianism
chronology see dates
Cinmarc the Dismal ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Cistercians ref 1, ref 2
Cirencester ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
City of the Legion(s) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Claris et Laris ref 1, ref 2
Cligés ref 1, ref 2
Clovis ref 1
Clun Forest ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Clydno Eityn/Eidin ref 1, ref 2
Coel Hen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Coel of Colchester ref 1
Cogidubnus ref 1
Coinmail ref 1
Colchester ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Colgrim or Colgrin ref 1, ref 2
Columba or Columcille ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Commodus ref 1
comets ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Condidan ref 1
Conisbrough ref 1
Conmor or Cunomorus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Conn of a Hundred Battles ref 1, ref 2
Constans (son of Constantine I) ref 1
Constans (son of Constantine III) ref 1
Constans (son of Constantine of Armorica) ref 1
Constantine I (“the Great”) (emperor) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Constantine II (emperor) ref 1
Constantine III (emperor) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Constantine of Armorica ref 1
Constantine of Dumnonia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Constantine (son of Magnus Maximus) ref 1, ref 2
Constantius (emperor) ref 1
Constantius II (emperor) ref 1
Constantius of Lyon ref 1
Come du Graal for all Grail romances see under Grail, Holy
Corbridge ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Coritani (tribe) ref 1
Cornovii (tribe) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Coroticus see Ceretic
Crecganford ref 1, ref 2; see also Brigg
Creoda ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Creoda of Mercia ref 1, ref 2
Crida ref 1, ref 2