Bloody Crimes

by James L. Swanson

  Reid, Whitelaw, After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865-1866, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New York: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866; repr. New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

  Reilly, Bernard F., Jr., American Political Prints 1766-1876. A Catalog of the Collections in the Library of Congress (Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1991).

  Remini, Robert V., Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997).

  ______. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993).

  Reynolds, David S., John Brown, Abolitionist (New York: Knopf, 2005).

  Rhodehamel, John, and Louise Taper, “Right or Wrong, God Judge Me”: The Writings of John Wilkes Booth (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).

  Risvold, Floyd E., ed., A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865, by Louis J. Weichmann, Chief Witness for the Government of the United States in the Prosecution of the Conspirators (New York: Knopf, 1975).

  Robertson, David, Booth: A Novel (New York: Anchor Books, 1998).

  Roscoe, Theodore, The Web of Conspiracy: The Complete Story of the Men Who Murdered Abraham Lincoln (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959).

  Rowland, Dunbar, Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 10 vols. (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923).

  Rowland, Eron, Varina Howell, Wife of Jefferson Davis, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1927 & 1931).

  Rubin, Anne Sarah, A Shattered Nation: The Rise & Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

  Ryan, David D., Four Days in 1865: The Fall of Richmond (Richmond, VA: Cadmus, 1993).

  Sachsman, Davis B., S. Kittrell Rushing, and Debra Reddin van Tuyll, eds., The Civil War and the Press (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Pub., 2000).

  Samples, Gordon, Lust for Fame: The Stage Career of John Wilkes Booth (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 1982).

  Sandburg, Carl, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1939).

  Searcher, Victor, The Farewell to Lincoln (New York: Abingdon Press, 1965).

  Semmes, Raphael, Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States (Baltimore, MD: Kelly, Piet & Co., 1869).

  Sermons Preached in Boston on the Death of Abraham Lincoln, Together with the Funeral Services in the East Room of the Executive Mansion at Washington (Boston: J. E. Tilton & Co., 1865).

  Seward, Frederick W., Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, 1830- 1915 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916).

  Seward, William H., William H. Seward: An Autobiography from 1801 to 1834, with a Memoir of His Life, and Selections from His Letters, 1831-1872, by Frederick W. Seward, 3 vols. (New York: Derby and Miller, 1891).

  Seymour, Mark Wilson, ed., The Pursuit of John H. Surratt: Despatches from the Official Record of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Austin, TX: Civil War Library, 2000).

  Shea, John Gilmary, ed., The Lincoln Memorial: A Record of the Life, Assassination and Obsequies of the Martyred President (New York: Bruce & Huntington, 1865).

  Sheehan-Dean, Aaron, Why Confederates Fought: Family & Nation in Civil War Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).

  Shelton, Vaughn, Mask for Treason: The Lincoln Murder Trial (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company, 1965).

  Sherman, Edwin A., Lincoln’s Death Warrant: Or the Peril of Our Country (Milwaukee: Wisconsin Patriot, c. 1892).

  Sherman, William Tecumseh, Memoirs of William Tecumseh Sherman, By Himself, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1875).

  Shingleton, Royce Gordon, John Taylor Wood: Sea Ghost of the Confederacy (Athens: University Press of Georgia, 1979).

  Shutes, Milton H., Lincoln and the Doctors: A Medical Narrative of the Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Pioneer Press, 1933).

  Silber, Nina, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).

  Simms, Henry H., Life of Robert M. T. Hunter (Richmond, VA: William Byrd Press, 1935).

  Smith, Jean Edward, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).

  Smoot, Richard Mitchell, The Unwritten History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Clinton, MA: Press of W. J. Coulter, 1908).

  Sotos, John G., The Physical Lincoln (Mount Vernon, VA: Mt. Vernon Book Systems, 2008).

  Speer, Bonnie Stahlman, The Great Abraham Lincoln Hijack (Norman, OK: Reliance Press, 1990).

  Spencer, William V., Lincolniana: In Memoriam (Boston: William V. Spencer, 1865).

  Starr, John W., Jr., Further Light on Lincoln’s Last Day (Harrisburg, PA: privately printed, 1930).

  ______. Lincoln’s Last Day (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1922).

  ______. New Light on Lincoln’s Last Day (Harrisburg, PA: privately printed, 1926).

  Steers, Edward, Jr., Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001).

  ______. The Escape & Capture of John Wilkes Booth (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1992).

  ______. His Name Is Still Mudd: The Case Against Doctor Samuel Alexander Mudd (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1997).

  ______. The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia (New York: William Morrow, 2010).

  ______, ed., The Trial: The Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003).

  Stern, Philip van Doren, The Man Who Killed Lincoln: The Story of John Wilkes Booth and His Part in the Assassination (New York: Random House, 1939).

  Stevens, L. L., Lives, Crimes, and Confessions of the Assassins (Troy, NY: Daily Times Steam Printing Establishment, 1865).

  Stewart, David O., Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln’s Legacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).

  Strode, Hudson, Jefferson Davis: American Patriot 1808-1861 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1955).

  ______. Jefferson Davis: Confederate President (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1959).

  ______. Jefferson Davis: Tragic Hero. The Last Twenty-five Years 1864-1889 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).

  Surratt, John H., Life and Extraordinary Adventures of John H. Surratt, the Conspirator (Philadelphia: Barclay & Co., 1867).

  ______. Trial of John H. Surratt in the Criminal Court for the District of Columbia, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867).

  Swanson, James L., and Daniel R. Weinberg, Lincoln’s Assassins: Their Trial and Execution (Santa Fe, NM: Arena Editions, 2001).

  Taft, Charles Sabin, Abraham Lincoln’s Last Hours: From the Notebook of Charles Sabin Taft, M.D., an Army Surgeon Present at the Assassination, Death and Autopsy (Chicago: privately printed, 1934).

  Taylor, John M., William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand (New York: HarperCollins, 1991).

  Taylor, Welford Dunaway, Our American Cousin: The Play That Changed History (Washington, D.C.: Beacham Publishing, 1990).

  Temple, Wayne C., Abraham Lincoln: From Skeptic to Prophet (Mahomet, IL: Mayhaven Publishing, 1995).

  The Terrible Tragedy at Washington: Assassination of President Lincoln (Philadelphia: Barclay & Co., 1865).

  Thomas, Benjamin P., Abraham Lincoln (New York: Knopf, 1952).

  Thomas, Benjamin P., and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Knopf, 1962).

  Thomas, Emory, The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).

  Tidwell, William A., April ’65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1995).

  Tidwell, William A., with James O. Hall and David Winfred Gaddy, Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988).

  Townsend, George Alfred, The Life, Crime, and Capture of John Wilkes Booth (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, 1865).

  ______. Rustics in Reb
ellion: A Yankee Reporter on the Road to Richmond (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950).

  Townshend, E. D., Anecdotes of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1884).

  Trindal, Elizabeth Steger, Mary Surratt: An American Tragedy (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1996).

  Trostel, Scott D., The Lincoln Funeral Train (Fletcher, OH: Cam-Tech Publishing, 2002).

  Trudeau, Noah Audre, Southern Storm: Sherman’s March to the Sea (New York: Harper, 2008).

  Turner, Justin G., and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Knopf, 1972).

  Turner, Thomas Reed, The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company, 1999).

  ______. Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).

  Valentine, David T., Obsequies of Abraham Lincoln, in the City of New York (New York: Edmund Jones & Co., 1866).

  Van der Heuvel, Gerry, Crowns of Thorns and Glory: Mary Todd Lincoln and Varina Howell Davis: The Two First Ladies of the Civil War (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1988).

  Van Deusen, Glyndon G., William Henry Seward (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).

  Vowell, Sarah, Assassination Vacation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005).

  Wakelyn, Jon L., Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977).

  Waldrep, Christopher, Vicksburg’s Long Shadow: The Civil War Legacy of Race and Remembrance (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).

  The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901).

  Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964).

  ______. Generals in Gray (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959).

  Warren, Robert Penn, Jefferson Davis Gets His Citizenship Back (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980).

  Watson, Harry L., and Larry J. Griffin, eds., Southern Cultures: The Fifteenth Anniversary Reader (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008).

  Welles, Gideon, Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson, 3 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911).

  Werstein, Irving, Abraham Lincoln Versus Jefferson Davis (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1959).

  West, Richard S., Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Navy Department (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943).

  Weyl, Nathaniel, Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1950).

  Whiteman, Maxwell, While Lincoln Lay Dying: A Facsimile Reproduction of the First Testimony Taken in Connection with the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln as Recorded by Corporal James Tanner (Philadelphia: Union League of Philadelphia, 1968).

  Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk, ed., The Journals of Josiah Gorgas 1857-1878 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995).

  Williamson, David Brainerd, Illustrated Life, Services, Martyrdom, and Funeral of Abraham Lincoln (Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers, 1865).

  Wilson, Charles Reagan, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause 1865-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980).

  Wilson, Francis, John Wilkes Booth: Fact and Fiction of Lincoln’s Assassination (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929).

  ______. Joseph Jefferson: Reminiscences of a Fellow Player (New York: Scribner’s, 1905).

  Wilson, Rufus Rockwell, Lincoln Among His Friends: A Sheaf of Intimate Memories (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1942).

  Winik, Jay, April 1865: The Month That Saved America (New York: HarperCollins, 2001).

  Winston, Robert W., High Stakes and Hair Trigger: The Life of Jefferson Davis (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1930).

  Winter, William, Life and Art of Edwin Booth (New York: Moffat, 1893).

  Wise, John Sergeant, End of an Era (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1899).

  Woods, Rufus, The Weirdest Story in American History: The Escape of John Wilkes Booth (Wenachee, WA: privately printed, 1944).

  Woodward, C. Vann, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968, rev. ed.).

  Woodworth, Steven E., Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990).

  NOTES

  1: “FLITTING SHADOWS”

  5 “A perfect Sunday” Constance Cary Harrison, Recollections Grave and Gay (New York: Scribner’s, 1911), 207.

  5 “On Sunday, the 2d of April” Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1881), 2:668. Hereafter cited as Rise and Fall.

  6 “I see no prospect of doing more than holding our position” Robert E. Lee, The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, ed. Clifford Dowdey (New York: Da Capo Press), 924.

  7 “I happened to sit in the rear” Harrison, Recollections Grave and Gay, 207.

  7 “the people of Richmond had been too long” Davis, Rise and Fall, 2:667. 7 “Before dismissing the congregation” Harrison, Recollections Grave and Gay, 207.

  7 “On the sidewalk outside the church” Harrison, Recollections Grave and Gay, 207-8.

  8 “About 11:30 a.m. on Sunday, April 2d, a strange agitation” Clement Sulivane, “The Fall of Richmond: The Evacuation,” in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, eds. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Buel (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956), 4:725.

  8 “I went to my office and assembled the heads” Davis, Rise and Fall, 2:667.

  9 “My own papers” Davis, Rise and Fall, 2:667.

  9 “By this time the report that Richmond was to be evacuated” Davis, Rise and Fall, 2:667.

  10 “He said for the future his headquarters must be in the field” Varina Howell Davis, Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir by His Wife (New York: Belford, 1890), 2:575.

  Hereafter cited as A Memoir. 10 “Very averse to flight” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:575. 10 “I have confidence in your capacity” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:575. 10 “If I live” Varina Davia, A Memoir, 2:575.

  10 “I do not expect to survive the destruction of constitutional liberty” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:575.

  11 “All women like bric-a-brac” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  11 “They may be exposed to inconvenience or outrage” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  11 “He showed me how to load, aim, and fire” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  11 “Col. Brown will please order these cartridges” Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed., The Papers of Jefferson Davis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971-2008), 11:481. Hereafter cited as Papers.

  12 “You can at least, if reduced to the last extremity” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  12 “Leaving the house as it was, and taking only our clothing” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  12 “You cannot remove anything in the shape of food” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:576.

  12 “Mr. Davis almost gave way” Varina Davis, A Memoir, 2:577.

  13 “The movement of Gen. Grant to Dinwiddie” Robert E. Lee, Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862-1865, ed. Douglas Southall Freeman (1915; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1957), 358-60.

  14 “The question is often asked of me” Crist, Papers, 11:493.

  14 “My best hope was that Sherman while his army was worn” Crist, Papers, 11:489.

  15 “Arrived here safely very kindly treated” Crist, Papers, 11:491.

  16 “The progress of our arms” Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1952), 8:332-33. Hereafter cited as Collected Works.

  17 “During this interview I inquired of the President” William Tecumseh Sherman, Memo
irs of General William T. Sherman (New York: Appleton, 1887), 2:326.

  18 “I hope you will stay to see it out” Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:378.

  20 “Dispatches frequently coming in” Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:382.

  20 “All that Sabbath day the trains came and went” Sulivane, “The Fall of Richmond,” 725.

  22 “To move to-night will involve the loss of many valuables” Crist, Papers, 11:499.

  22 “Your telegram recd. I think it will be necessary” Lee, Lee’s Dispatches, 375.

  22 “Mrs. Lincoln: At 4:30 p.m. to-day General Grant telegraphs” Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:383

  23 “I think it absolutely necessary that we should abandon our position” Lee, Wartime Papers, 925.

  23 “It is absolutely necessary that we should abandon our position” Lee, Wartime Papers, 926.

  24 “Allow me to tender you, and all with you” Lincoln, Collected Works, 8:383.

  24 “The furniture in the executive mansion it would be well to pack” Crist, Papers, 11:500.

  25 “This was the saddest trip I had ever made” Francis Richard Lubbock, Six Decades in Texas; or, Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock, Governor of Texas in War Time, 1861-1863, ed. Cadwell Walton Raines (Austin: B. C. Jones, 1900), 563.

  25 “Richmond would be isolated, and it could not have been defended” Davis, Rise and Fall, 2:668.

  26 “the rabble who stood ready to plunder” Stephen R. Mallory, “Last Days of the Confederate Government,” McClure’s Magazine 26, no. 2 (Dec. 1900), 102.

  27 “While waiting at the depot” William Harwar Parker, Recollections of a Naval Officer, 1841-1865, rev. ed., ed. Craig L. Symonds (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883; Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985), 375. Citations are to the Naval Institute Press edition.

  27 “Not only inside, but on top” Parker, Recollections, 374-75.

  28 “submit to the invading army” John H. Reagan, Memoirs, with Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War, ed. Walter Flavius McCaleb (New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1906), 197.

  28 “left but small opportunity” Reagan, Memoirs, 198.

  28 “Silence reigned over the fugitives” Mallory, “Last Days,” 104.

  28 “The terrible reverses” Mallory, “Last Days,” 104.