In the Time of the Americans
Page 74
6 Frankfurter … reported: Walworth 1977, 75 n5.
7 Wilson … read it “with … interest”: Ibid.
8 “the aims and desires”: Grew 1952, 1:330.
9 “my share”: Ibid.
10 “the first American”: Council on Foreign Relations 1972, 403.
11 “the work outlined”: Steel 1980, 127.
12 “The job goes well”: Ibid., 129.
13 “I hate this war!”: Walworth 1986, 2.
14 A War of Our Own
1 “Don’t let the British”: Coffman 1977, 73.
2 “he questioned the desirability”: Notes of W. H. Taft regarding interview with Wilson, December 12, 1917. Taft papers, container 19.
3 He made that clear to Arthur Balfour: Heckscher 1991, 448; Fowler 1969, 28.
4 “Good Lord!… You’re not going to send soldiers”: Kennedy 1980, 144.
5 “I will give you only two orders”: Smith 1985, 582.
6 “a separate and distinct component”: Dos Passos 1962, 245.
7 “there is no intention”: Kennedy 1980, 159.
8 “even the naval part isn’t organized”: Pogue 1963–87, 1:144.
9 “here and there”: Kennedy 1980, 173.
10 “our position will be stronger”: Ibid.
11 Felix Frankfurter … reported: Heckscher 1991, 447.
12 “Our troops are the best”: Cray 1990, 63.
15 The AEF Is Too Late
1 $81.75 a head: Ferrell 1985, 119.
2 only 500 were made in the USA: Kennedy 1980, 194 n5.
3 entire expense … $24 billion: Ferrell 1985, 84.
4 perhaps $22 billion: War Department (U.S.) n.d., 147.
5 1970 dollars … $112 billion: Kennedy 1980, 139.
6 “I don’t trust the Americans”: Riddell 1986, 210.
7 “The chief danger … is … American trade”: Kennedy 1980, 173.
8 friendship of Edward House … Wiseman: Fowler 1969.
16 The Battle of Ideas
1 TR argued … that the United States “did not go to war”: Mayer 1959, 344–5.
2 “because of the Bolshevik peace proposals”: House 1926–28, 3:279.
3 House agreed with … Briand: Ibid., 280.
4 “Our people and Congress will not fight”: Ibid., 282.
5 House … cabled Wilson: Ibid., 286.
6 “impossible to omit foreign affairs”: Wilson 1966–91, 45:187.
7 “an important decision the President and I made”: House diary, December 18, 1917. House papers.
8 House “intimated”: House 1926–28, 3:320.
9 “I could see … signs of weariness”: Ibid., December 30, 1917.
10 Sisson … wired … “Re-state anti-imperialistic war aims”: Kennan 1956–58, 1:251.
11 Wilson told Spring-Rice: Wilson 1966–91, 45:454–8.
12 Spring-Rice cabled the foreign secretary: Ibid.
13 “the selfishness which seems to lurk”: House diary. House papers, vol. XIII (January 3, 1918).
14 “put words into the mouth of the President”: Blum 1985, 86n.
15 n. taped interviews: OH.
16 “shook the morale”: OH, 11.
17 “You’re going to have to disentangle”: Ibid., 107.
18 n. “We spent three weeks”: Ibid., 12.
19 “Isaiah Bowman”: Ibid., 109.
20 he and Admiral Grayson: Ibid., 120.
21 “it was we … in points”: Ibid., 108.
22 “It was all keyed”: Ibid., 109.
23 “I’ve never seen an adequate discussion”: Ibid., 12.
24 Lippmann papers at Yale … memo … misidentified: Blum 1985, 84–5.
17 Wilson Versus Lenin
1 “the common people of the world desire”: Wilson 1966–91, 46:167.
2 “They trust him”: Ibid., 183.
3 “the air of Berlin and Vienna”: Ibid., 184.
4 “Germany to-day is more unified”: Ibid., 567–9.
5 “we had better fight”: Ibid.
6 “Wilson was profoundly … disappointed”: Heckscher 1991, 473.
7 “From this time on”: Ibid.
8 “What the hell difference does it make?”: Reed 1919, xxxii.
9 “I wouldn’t ask Walter L for anything”: Steel 1980, 138.
10 Reed … had “served for a time”: Wilson 1966–91, 48:144–5.
11 “the world’s greatest adventure”: Heckscher 1991, 466.
12 “we have fallen down”: Allen Dulles to John Foster Dulles, letter of April 29, 1918. J. F. Dulles papers, box 2.
13 “I am very jealous”: Steel 1980, 147.
14 “I am very much puzzled”: Ibid., 146.
15 “I have found his judgment most unsound”: Ibid.
18 How to Fight the War
1 Wilson’s idea: Coffman 1968, 97.
2 Roosevelt championed: Ibid., 99.
3 Lovett … way to go after the U-boats: Isaacson/Thomas 1986, 91–2.
4 “The only interest and romance”: Coffman 1968, 187.
5 Biographers have blamed it: Blumenson 1985, 16–17.
6 “a fire-eater”: Ibid., 95.
7 “darned sick of my job”: Ibid., 96.
8 “I believe that … I have again fallen on my feet”: Blumenson 1972, 432.
9 “What do you think of me”: Ibid., 434.
10 “the Tanks … a great opportunity”: Ibid., 463.
11 “feeling very low”: Ibid., 476.
12 “unless I get some Tanks soon”: Ibid., 477.
13 “stretch … like a rainbow”: James 1970, 135.
14 “our methods are to be … our own”: Ibid., 151–2.
15 “savage and merciless”: Ibid., 157.
16 “MacArthur is one of the ablest”: Ibid.
17 “Raids became … popular”: Ibid., 165.
18 Duffy … said that “some older heads”: Ibid.
19 “in earlier wars”: Taylor 1963, 115.
20 “a blamed good thing for the army”: James 1970, 165.
21 “greatest fighting” … officer: Manchester 1978, 103.
22 “the show-off”: Ibid., 104.
23 “the most brilliant young officer in the army”: Ibid., 172.
24 “the bloodiest fighting man”: Ibid., 181.
25 “The bravest of the brave”: Ibid., 187–8.
26 “Have personally assumed command”: Ibid., 190.
19 The AEF Makes Its Move
1 Donovan … worried … 65 percent … 75 percent: Coffman 1968, 279.
2 “Sir, I am teaching them”: Manchester 1978, 114.
3 according to the War Department: War Department n.d., 130.
4 “Get forward, then!”: Coffman 1968, 279.
5 “I think each one wanted to leave”: Blumenson 1972, 585.
6 “Don’t worry, Major”: Manchester 1978, 115.
7 “Let’s go!” cried Patton: Blumenson 1985, 113.
8 “officers fell”: James 1970, 222–3.
20 An Army of Tourists
1 “afraid of a gun”: Miller 1986, 103.
2 “I went to war”: Ibid., 108.
3 had been “ready to get married”: Ibid., 112.
4 New York … “a vast disappointment”: Ibid., 113.
5 “Wall Street is an alley”: Ibid., 114.
6 “a real Chateau”: Ibid., 115.
7 “You boys stick with me”: Ibid., 119.
8 “His knees were knocking together”: Ibid.
9 later army investigations would show: Ibid., 132.
10 “right tonight I’m where I want to be”: Ibid., 133.
11 Folies-Bergères “disgusting”: Ibid., 146.
12 “gave all of us common people”: Ibid.
13 “thousands of men who had never before recorded”: Kennedy 1980, 205.
14 “a tired people”: Ibid., 207.
15 “anxious that Woodie cease his gallivantin’ ”: Miller 1986, 147.
16 “what effect the war”: Turnbull 1962, 79.
; 17 “probably going inside of two months”: Fitzgerald 1963, 373.
18 “his throat straining”: Fitzgerald 1933, book 1, xiii.
19 “ ‘This land here cost’ ”: Ibid.
20 “interesting … to list the authors”: Cowley 1951, 38.
21 “ambulance service had a lesson of its own”: Ibid.
22 The war became “a spectacle”: Ibid., 39.
23 “this spectatorial attitude”: Ibid., 43.
24 “This ain’t a war”: Ibid., 44.
25 “Archie … looking horribly badly”: Ward 1989, 397.
26 “We boys … thought it was up to us”: Ibid., 346.
27 “how am I going to break it to her?”: Ibid., 389.
28 “if I had not myself gone to war”: Ibid.
29 “having joy ride”: Ibid., 404.
30 “drank like undergraduates”: Ibid., 407.
31 “The bottom dropped out”: Ibid., 412.
32 “I can forgive”: Ibid., 415.
33 “we’ll spend the rest of our lives”: Ambrose 1983–84, 1:65.
21 Disillusion Before Versailles
1 Dulles … formally requested: Letter of July 23, 1918, J. F. Dulles to War
2 Trade Board. J. F. Dulles papers, box 2.
3 Taft wrote to Herbert Hoover: Letter of October 18, 1918, Taft to Hoover.
4 Taft papers, container 19.
5 “the British and French … may demand”: Croly 1924, 525–6.
6 “what do I take to you?”: Ibid., 534.
7 “I was closer to Willard”: Ibid., 544.
8 “to guard the military stores”: Kennan 1956–58, 2:484.
9 “to make it safe for Russian forces”: Ibid.
10 “on sentimental grounds”: Ibid., 396.
11 “inability of the United States to furnish”: Ibid.
12 “Why are you shaking your head”: Ibid., 397.
13 “the Russian people in their endeavor”: Ibid., 484.
14 “the hope and purpose of the Government”: Ibid., 484–5.
15 “sick at heart”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 69.
16 “One year ago today”: Ibid.
17 Wilson “should be judged by what he was”: Kennan 1956–58, 2:405.
22 A Stab in the Back
1 “The country … was afraid”: Grew 1952, 1:333.
2 “A great piece of good fortune”: Ibid., 331.
3 “army of officials”: Ibid., 331–2.
4 “actual standard of power”: Stevenson 1988, 227.
5 and Mrs. Wilson was sure of it: Walworth 1977, 44.
6 “too much success … of the Allies”: Link 1957, 107–8.
7 “it was … agreed … not the case”: Lowe/Dockrill 1972, 2:274.
8 “I must write you”: Steel 1980, 150.
9 “the most colossal news fake”: Kennedy 1980, 232.
10 “to fire on the German people”: Watt 1968, 110.
11 “on the stroke of the eleventh hour”: House/Seymour 1921, 14.
12 “the greatest day I have seen”: Grew 1952, 1:357.
13 “the best and … the only practical one”: Ibid., 356.
14 “government … by the German people”: Mayer 1967, 63.
23 The George Washington Goes to Europe
1 “I told Howard”: House diary, September 29, 1917. House papers.
2 “desired to be a peace commissioner”: Ibid., October 13, 1917.
3 a statute enacted in 1913: Walworth 1977, 114.
4 “I assume … I shall … preside”: Ibid., 116.
5 cabled [Wilson] November 14: Ibid., 118.
6 No point of dignity … “must prevent”: Ibid., 119.
7 “it is universally expected”: Ibid.
8 “I think he … wants to come”: Ibid., 118 n33.
9 intended to “run it all”: Ibid., 121.
10 “you carry overseas with you”: Smith 1964, 35.
11 “greatest success … supremest tragedy”: Walworth 1977, 136.
12 “everybody … skeptical and cynical”: Wilson 1966–91, 53:350.
13 “at Château Thierry”: Ibid., 352.
14 “Tell me what’s right”: Walworth 1977, 133.
15 “Bohemia will be a part”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 77.
16 “Why should war be the only cause”: Gilbert 1975, 171–2.
17 Churchill reminded … that the world remained dangerous: Ibid.; Gilbert 1978, 427 n1.
18 “planning to take what they can get”: Walworth 1977, 134.
19 “We’ve lived in suspense”: Ward 1989, 417–18.
20 “What do you think of your old husband”: Gentile 1992, 69.
21 “watching us closely”: Ibid., 71.
22 “royal battle”: Ibid.
23 “terrible danger”: Ibid.
24 “it looks as though it would be rotten”: Ibid.
25 Paris in the Plague Year
1 “not a Conference … a very serious illness”: Nicolson 1933, 84.
2 the virus was born … from the intermixture of … armies: McNeill 1976, 255.
3 “When President Wilson left Washington”: Keynes 1920, 38.
4 “there waited the largest throng”: Smith 1964, 37.
5 “I do not think there has been anything like it”: Ibid., 39.
6 “no one ever had such cheers”: Ibid.
7 Hughes … demanded to know: Heckscher 1991, 509.
8 Lord Curzon … suggested: Ibid., 510.
9 “old system” … good enough: Ibid.
26 A Who’s Who of Americans in Paris
1 Lansing asked: Walworth 1977, 256.
2 White wondered: Ibid., 255.
3 Bullitt seems to have pressured House: Ibid., 261 n53.
4 At least one … suspected: Ibid.
5 Inquiry scholars … complained: Walworth 1986, 10 n15.
6 “You have made yourself indispensable”: Walworth 1977, 250.
7 Baruch later implied: Baruch 1960, 96.
8 putting doubts into the President’s mind: Walworth 1977, 262 n57.
9 “I never saw anything like Paris”: Ward 1989, 423.
10 “women barely tore themselves away”: Vansittart 1958, 202.
11 “The cheer”: Cook 1992, 234.
12 “the scandals”: Ibid.
13 “you wonder if there are any ladies”: Ward 1989, 428.
14 “very little real beauty”: Ibid., 429.
27 A Clash by Night
1 more than 1,000 Americans: Walworth 1986, 22.
2 perhaps … 1,300: Walworth 1977, 257 n35.
3 [everyone] … “keeping diaries”: Mee 1980, 93.
4 “the best book”: Frankfurter 1960, 161.
5 “a study of fog”: Nicolson 1933, 6.
6 “Let it have our brand”: Walworth 1977, 213.
7 “This government … will not agree”: Ibid., 216.
8 “Do nothing else”: Ibid., 217.
9 British ambassador … the hand that fed Europe: Ibid., 221.
10 Taft … sublet a furnished apartment: Documents from Europe 1917–19.
11 Sublease from Lt. F. R. Wulsin. Taft papers, container 19.
12 Lewis Strauss … reported: Mayer 1967, 368.
13 whichever had “a progressive program”: Walworth 1977, 227.
14 “the President of the bourgeois U.S.”: Mayer 1967, 396.
15 “an almost pathetic confidence”: Walworth 1977, 34.
16 “On this day, forty-eight years ago”: Mee 1980, 48.
17 “the fortunes of all peoples”: Ibid.
18 “The greater the … catastrophes”: Ibid., 49.
19 “the whole of it, and forever”: Fromkin 1989, 439.
20 “What you have said today”: Walworth 1986, 44.
21 the secretaries omitted to report: Ibid.
22 “a practical scheme to carry out His aims”: Mee 1980, 63.
23 “the nucleus of world organization”: Lippmann 1919, 51.
24 “Europe is being liquidated”: I
bid., 33.
25 “The United States must go in”: Ward 1989, 431.
26 Roosevelt … spoke … to … Sheffield Cowles: Ibid., 432.
28 War or Peace with Communism?
1 the United States lacked … data: Walworth 1986, 137.
2 Bullitt … suggested … missions … “to examine conditions”: Ibid., 139.
3 to “cure him of Bolshevism”: Ibid., 138.
4 “for the benefit of the American commissioners”: Ibid.
5 Philip Kerr … supported the project: Ibid.
6 Cachin said the French Left: Ibid., 139.
7 Bolshevism as a “poison”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 76.
8 “to prevent a contagious epidemic”: Bullitt 1919, 26.
9 “Lenin was sent into Russia”: Gilbert 1975, 355.
10 “prostitutes have disappeared”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 86.
11 “we have seen the future”: Ibid.
12 Lenin informed Bullitt … the West asked his government: Walworth 1986, 235.
13 “The Allies … well out of it”: Kennan 1960, 132.
14 “existence … with the imperialist states … unthinkable”: Walworth 1986, 234.
15 “how can you expect me to be sensible”: Kennan 1960, 133.
16 “proposed recognition … caused consternation”: Walworth 1986, 238.
17 “this murderous tyranny”: Mayer 1967, 477.
18 Churchill urged … Wilson “not be allowed to weaken”: Gilbert 1975, 276.
19 “of course … men of all nationalities”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 93.
20 “There was some suggestion”: Kennan 1960, 133.
21 “peoples of Europe … seeking”: Mayer 1967, 570.
22 “constructive and kind … peaceful and constructive”: Ibid.
23 “in self defense, to terror and massacres”: Ibid.
29 Wilson Collapses
1 “You Americans are broken reeds”: Harrod 1951, 253.
2 “The honeymoon … is over”: Grew 1952, 1:372.
3 “the French press is complaining”: Ibid., 373.
4 “The Americans … have angered the French”: Ibid., 374.
5 “He and his conscience”: Nicolson 1933, 198.
6 “the suspicion that America was asking”: Ibid., 195.