11 “Kennedy phones … to resign”: Ibid., 356.
12 “The trouble with Bullitt”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 235.
13 “bring back Douglas MacArthur”: Bullitt 1972, 334.
14 “Roosevelt’s right-hand man”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 234.
15 Time … called him: Ibid., 235.
16 “England is on its way”: Whalen 1964, 257.
17 “No, the Ambassador should not”: Gilbert 1977, 1074.
18 “that quality of naivete”: Langer/Gleason 1952, 1:189.
19 “This puts the bee”: Ibid., 190.
20 “Mere pleas”: Ibid.
21 “it was useless for the British”: Hamilton 1992, 276.
22 Kennedy gave … Forrestal his version: Whalen 1964, 258.
23 “storm warnings”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 237.
24 “I told your mother”: Ibid.
25 “This is Bill Bullitt”: Davis 1993, 461.
45 Replay
1 “An unknown … destiny”: Bullitt 1972, 366.
2 “General,” he told MacArthur: Manchester 1978, 201.
3 “neutral in thought”: Langer/Gleason 1952, 1:204.
4 “America sending its armies”: Ibid.
5 Gallup Poll: Ibid., 288.
6 “Americans 3,000 miles from the war”: Steel 1980, 379.
7 “could not, would not, and should not”: Ibid., 380.
8 “one effective way of preventing our being drawn into”: Ibid., 379.
9 “The story of 1917–18”: Ketchum 1989, 226.
10 “far toward totalitarian government”: Patterson 1972, 200.
11 “defend our own shores”: Ibid., 198.
12 “not … an isolationist”: Ibid., 215.
13 Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner: Byrnes 1958, 111.
14 “conciliatory and persuasive”: Ibid.
15 “a pretty snappy move!”: Marshall 1981–86, 2:21.
16 “Time … more than anything”: Cray 1990, 147.
17 “prepared … to fight immediately”: Ibid., 151.
18 “flung the door open”: Gilbert 1977, 1113.
19 “octagonal table”: Gilbert 1983, 4.
20 “He also told me … chart box”: Ibid.
21 “you and I occupied similar positions”: Gilbert 1993, 76.
22 “have always disliked him”: Beschloss 1980, 200.
23 “Your letter … takes me back”: Gilbert 1993, 211.
24 2,000 German aircraft: Parker 1990, 22.
25 “continued expansion of the German people”: Craig 1978, 716.
26 German army was not really ready: Ibid., 619, 717.
27 “whichever army attacks first”: Bullitt 1972, 383.
28 “phony war”: Horne 1969, 92.
29 “Across the river”: Ibid., 94.
30 “peace next spring”: Langer/Gleason 1952, 1:344.
31 “I do not entertain the thought”: Ibid., 346.
32 “the Prime Minister says”: Bullitt 1972, 404.
46 FDR’s New World Strategy
1 “rattlebrained”: Beschloss 1980, 203.
2 “Joe … would say what he god-damned pleased”: Ibid.
3 “Army … real story”: Cray 1990, 152.
4 “I feel culpable”: Ibid.
5 “You get every … damn thing”: Ibid.
6 “I am … a pacifist”: Ibid.
7 “all … feel that way”: Ibid., 153.
8 “I don’t scare”: Ibid., 154.
9 “makes me dizzy”: Ibid.
10 “I know … what he will say”: Ibid., 155.
11 “Vandenberg for the presidency”: Tompkins 1970, 167.
12 Gallup Poll: Ibid., 170–1.
13 “favorite Republican”: Ibid., 179.
14 “anybody under … 40”: Ibid., 182.
15 “the limitations of … Chamberlain”: Patterson 1972, 224.
16 “Republican … walking in its sleep”: Sherwood 1948, 174.
17 “involved a great moral issue”: Pruessen 1982, 188.
18 “French … downhearted”: Gilbert 1983, 399.
19 “war could not be won”: Ibid., 402–3.
20 “London people cried”: Mitford 1945, chapter 19.
21 “Chamberlain would not learn”: Freedman 1967, 536–7.
22 “duped by … history”: Steel 1980, 382.
23 “young … de Gaulle”: Kimball 1984, 1:44.
24 “Hitler could not win”: Ibid.
25 “no American Ambassador … had ever left”: Bullitt 1972, 456–7.
26 “You said you would see to it”: Ibid., 466.
27 “everything in my power”: Donaldson 1992, 333.
28 “six million … who will die”: Bullitt 1972, 463.
47 FDR’s New Team and New Term
1 The two of them would publish a small newspaper … Sherwood: Davis 1993, 584.
2 What bothered Byrnes … identical conversation: Byrnes 1958, 117–18.
3 “Suppose at some point we want to know”: Sherwood 1948, 176.
4 “He sometimes broadcast … from roof tops”: Gregory 1989, 3.
5 “America could not spare any”: Gilbert 1983, 463.
6 “nothing … so important”: Ibid., 493.
7 “the President is not convinced”: Ibid.
8 “50 … destroyers … fate of the war”: Kimball 1984, 1:57.
9 “I got firm commitments”: Alsop/Platt 1992, 146–7.
10 “thinks … we shall be defeated”: Bullitt 1972, 436–7.
11 “Kennedy is not a bashful man”: Byrnes 1958, 126.
12 FDR … “understood entirely”: Ibid.
13 “that Boston boy”: Beschloss 1980, 221.
14 “son of a bitch!”: Ibid.
15 “I look forward … Things are afoot”: Kimball 1984, 1:81.
48 Making Churchill a Partner
1 “not be in the moral or economic”: Kimball 1984, 1:108.
2 Bullitt … “lease”: Kimball 1969, 68.
3 Ickes … “lend”: Ibid., 77.
4 “two prima donnas”: Sherwood 1948, 236.
5 “hopeless Tory”: Ibid., 237.
6 “Churchill, did not like America”: Ibid., 238.
7 “The people here are amazing”: Ibid., 243.
8 “America’s world duty”: Ibid., 249.
9 “it’s me—Winston”: Kimball 1984, 1:128.
10 “I don’t give a damn”: Abramson 1992, 277.
11 “peace with the Nazis”: Sherwood 1948, 226.
12 “arsenal of democracy”: Ibid.
13 “Give us the tools”: Gilbert 1983, 1010.
14 “the United States sent two million”: Sherwood 1948, 262.
15 “he would look up at … Wilson”: Ibid., 227.
16 “this war will never see great forces”: Ibid., 239.
17 “vulgar beyond belief”: Hoopes/Brinkley 1992, 133.
18 “Wives would … flee”: Ibid.
19 “plumb crazy”: Ibid.
20 “the Reds”: Ibid., 132.
21 “head in his hands”: Ibid., 134.
22 “Billy was all wet”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 267.
23 “I know, Bill.… Just let it go”: Bullitt 1972, 505.
24 All quotes re April Bullitt-FDR meeting on pages 543 and 544: Ibid., 512–14.
25 Americans “living in a different world”: Gilbert 1983, 1161.
26 “suspicions and opposition”: Divine 1967, 44.
27 “time … to be realistic”: Ibid.
28 “nothing could be more futile”: Welles 1946, 5.
29 Knox proposed: Divine 1967, 45.
30 “turn again for light … to … Wilson”: Ibid.
31 “force an ‘incident’ ”: Thorne 1978, 73.
32 “something really big”: Heinrichs 1988, 151.
33 “Dear Winston”: Kimball 1984, 1:249.
34 “see you again!”: Ibid., 250.
49 A Second Summons to Greatness
1 “There is a lot
of talk”: Grew 1952, 2:1233.
2 “moment may be decisive”: Gilbert 1983, 1183.
3 “Japs … drag-down and knock-out fight”: Cray 1990, 227.
4 “avoided at all cost”: Blum 1985, 392.
5 “economic paralysis”: Steel 1980, 391.
6 “Morgenthau, Ickes”: Dallek 1979, 236–7.
7 “a primary objective”: Marshall 1981–86, 2:658.
8 Stark and Marshall … memorandum: Ibid., 660.
9 “on the brink of war”: Ibid., 680.
10 “The danger period”: Ibid.
11 “if we … start sanctions”: Grew 1952, 2:1211.
12 “do-or-die”: Ibid., 1287.
13 navy … “thoroughly scared”: Heinrichs 1988, 205.
14 “awful” … Moscow was “falling”: Ibid., 213.
15 “Stimson and Marshall feel”: Sherwood 1948, 397.
16 “America must be … dominant”: Hamilton 1992, 415.
17 “FIRST OVERT ACT”: Manchester 1978, 223.
18 “Japanese are notorious”: Cray 1990, 241.
19 “This means war”: Sherwood 1948, 426.
20 “No, we can’t do that”: Ibid., 427.
21 “planning some deviltry”: Ketchum 1989, 735.
22 “No!”: Manchester 1973, 257.
23 “Oh, no … bombing Hawaii”: Hodgson 1990, 242–3.
24 “I’ll fly right back”: Morgenthau 1991, 297.
25 “Mr. President … all in the same boat”: Kimball 1984, 1:281.
26 “We still have to eat”: Weintraub 1991, 328.
27 “amazement and anger”: Ibid., 461.
28 “at the earliest opportunity”: Manchester 1978, 237.
29 the owner of the Redskins … explained: Weintraub 1991, 306.
30 “WAR’S OUTBREAK IS DEEP SECRET”: Ibid.
31 “I hope Mr. Capone”: Brinkley 1988, 89.
50 The Magnificent Country
1 The Industrial Expressway: “The Old Country,” A Survey of America, Economist, October 26, 1991.
2 “By 1943 … greatest centre of high-technology”: Michael Elliott, Ibid., 3.
3 “the magnificent man”: Nicomachean Ethics, book 4, chapter 2.
4 “something paltry”: Ibid.
5 MacArthur … Rabaul: Manchester 1978, 5, 6.
6 Curtiss-Wright … Glenn Martin: McCullough 1992, 271–2.
7 Socrates taught: Greater Hippias 294:b.
51 America Against the Allies
1 “Don’t let Churchill”: Bullitt 1972, 531.
2 a “temporary expedient”: Eisenhower 1986, 6.
3 “associates of the aggressors”: Edmonds 1991, 343.
4 Unsent drafts … distrustful: Kimball 1984, 1:284.
5 “The Americans are magnificent”: Gilbert 1986, 23.
6 British researchers … atomic energy: Ibid., 514.
7 spying on the Americans: Kimball 1984, 1:371.
8 intended … British postwar interests: Ibid., 577.
9 “global sucker”: Ibid., 2:527.
10 June 1942 poll, 56 percent: Thorne 1978, 209.
11 only … 1 percent of her income: Ibid., 100n.
12 “any race … fit to serve as masters”: Ibid., 103.
13 “British imperialism … is spreading democracy”: Shawcross 1988, 61.
14 “official opinion … Empires ought to be liquidated”: Thorne 1978, 220.
15 Hull … “monarchial institutions”: Kimball 1984, 2:587.
16 “Winston and I”: Blum 1970, 491.
17 “We are going to pay”: Thorne 1978, 138.
18 FDR told his Joint Chiefs … political motives: Ibid., 274.
19 Roosevelt told … Molotov … new world order: Kimball 1984, 2:502.
20 “I know you will not mind … I can … handle Stalin”: Gardner 1993, 130.
21 A report from army intelligence … that Russians “do not understand”: Ibid.
52 The Origins of the Cold War
1 “You have your power now”: Bullitt 1972, 588.
2 “amoeba … pseudopodia”: Ibid., 579.
3 “Salonika and Constantinople”: Ibid., 588.
4 “if military considerations are equal”: Ibid.
5 Offie … Mrs. Welles: Hersh 1992, 150–1.
6 Bullitt “very anti-Russian”: Bullitt 1972, 595.
7 “German invaders had destroyed over 1,700 cities”: Leffler 1992, 5.
8 “the Roosevelt-Stalin axis”: Thorne 1978, 276.
9 “because of the British … contribution”: Ibid., 361.
10 “the Russians … could take over”: Bullitt 1972, 601.
11 fell … under Bullitt’s influence: Hoopes/Brinkley 1992, 261.
12 John Maynard Keynes: Keynes 1932, 297.
53 Wilson’s Way
1 “In regard to the Soviet government”: Messer 1982, 42.
2 “Roosevelt believed in dollars”: Gardner 1993, 181.
3 “Whoever occupies a territory”: Ibid., 10.
54 Handing Over Command
1 “There are some consolations”: Bullitt 1972, 604.
2 Japanese plans … 3 million: Cray 1990, 498.
3 MacArthur spokesman … “we must not invade”: Manchester 1978, 499.
4 “giving without taking”: Cray 1990, 498.
5 Churchill … “dismembering Germany”: Gilbert 1986, 1265.
6 “the Russians had the power”: Messer 1982, 42.
7 “France is your baby”: Memorandum for Admiral Brown, “Zones of Occupation in Europe,” August 31, 1944, 9–10. Elsey papers, box 3.
8 Kennan … United States should be honest: Abramson 1992, 391.
9 “Why the President insisted”: Byrnes 1958, 253.
10 “looked ghastly”: Bullitt 1972, 611.
11 “ship of death”: Ibid.
12 Yalta … “ought to spell the end”: Halle 1967, 27.
13 “This will raise hell”: Vandenberg 1952, 159.
14 “stop this Stalin”: Ibid., 141.
15 “successful meeting at Yalta”: Forrestal 1951, 35.
16 “serious deterioration”: Ibid., 38.
17 “almost daily affronts”: Ibid., 40.
18 “Averell is right”: Harriman 1971, 38 n3.
19 “minimize the … Soviet problem”: Kimball 1984, 3:630.
20 “a terrible headache”: Manchester 1973, 349.
21 “the smiling face of a beautiful woman”: Ibid.
22 “as directed by the President”: Ferrell 1980, 16.
23 Yank … “Commander in Chief”: Sherwood 1948, 882.
24 “he was going to turn in his resignation”: Ibid.
55 One World—Or Two?
1 Scott Fitzgerald: The Crack-Up, second paragraph.
2 “Discussed the whole history of the Roosevelt administration”: Ferrell 1980, 18–19.
3 “difficulties with Churchill”: Ibid., 21–2.
4 “Russians distribute lies”: Ibid., 45.
5 Harriman warned … “ideological warfare”: Forrestal 1951, 47.
6 Leahy … “left Yalta with the impression”: Ibid., 51.
7 Stimson … Russians had kept their word: Ibid., 49.
8 Marshall cautioned … her help was greatly needed: Ibid., 51.
9 “The President said … Russians … could go to hell”: Ibid., 50.
10 Davies reported: Cook 1989, 17.
11 Leahy, endorsing: Ibid.
12 Hopkins “skeptical about Churchill”: Forrestal 1951, 58.
13 “make it clear.… Any smart political boss”: Messer 1982, 82.
14 “a reasonably lasting peace”: Ferrell 1980, 35.
15 “I’m not afraid of Russia”: Ibid., 44.
16 “I can deal with Stalin”: Ibid., 53.
17 “I like Old Joe”: Clifford 1991, 200–1.
18 60 percent of Americans: Ibid., 20.
19 “duplicity and hypocrisy”: Messer 1982, 29.
20 “We have pushed these babies as far”: Ibid., 132.
21 “When … start trading?”: Ibid., 133.
22 “You’re smarter than I thought”: Ibid., 179–80.
23 For all Litvinov quotes on pages 630 and 631: FRUS 1946, 6:763 et seq.
24 “no … order is possible”: Cook 1989, 49.
25 “As Department is aware”: Kennan cable to Secretary of State, February 19, 1946. Elsey papers, box 63.
26 fifty square miles a day: Fromkin 1989, 475.
27 “Powerful stuff”: Clifford 1991, 123.
56 TR’s Way
1 “The human problem the war will leave”: Ellwood 1992, 29.
2 4,000 kilometers … railroad tracks: Ibid., 37.
3 In Vienna … no nails: Ibid., 31.
4 100 million … were starving: Ibid., 34.
5 The fifteen weeks: Jones 1955.
6 just a “starter”: Ibid., 227.
7 “Never was it so necessary”: Ibid.
8 “economic measures on a scale”: Ibid., 229.
9 “if we allocate … on the dole”: Ibid., 231.
10 Kennan … told Marshall … recovery of Germany: Cook 1989, 81.
11 Dulles … same conclusion: Jones 1955, 220.
12 “not against any country or doctrine”: Cook 1989, 84.
13 “what help Norway might expect”: Ibid., 123.
14 “We are going to stay”: Ibid., 153.
15 “Why should Truman”: Ibid., 161.
16 “Americans want an integrated Europe”: Hogan 1987, 427.
17 80 to 90 percent: Ibid., 431.
57 Breaking with the Past—And Paying the Price for It
1 “never fight another war”: Clifford 1991, 146.
2 “not to build a hybrid ticket”: Vandenberg 1952, 440.
3 “U.S. force should be used”: Harry S Truman Library. Student Research File, box 31: The Korean War.
4 “The United States should not become … involved”: Ridgway 1967, 7.
5 n. Georgi Arbatov: Stephen E. Ambrose, “Secrets of the Cold War,” New York Times, December 27, 1990, A19.
6 “But what he was worried about … ‘Korea … the Greece’ ”: Harry S Truman Library. Student Research File, box 31: The Korean War. Elsey memorandum of June 26, 1950.
7 n. “the Secretary had overlooked”: Harry S Truman Library. Student Research File, box 31: The Korean War. Memorandum of presidential briefing June 27, 1950.
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