The Pioneers
Page 37
character/personality of, 68–69, 70
Cincinnati move of, 86
and Continental Congress-Ohio Company deal, 18, 25, 26, 27
Cutler (Mannaseh) letter to, 13
Denny praise for, 109
education of, 69
as emigrant to first settlement, 53
family of, 70
financial affairs of, 69
marriage of, 69–70
Nye relationship with, 68, 69, 70
and Ohio Company-Board of Treasury contract, 28
as Ohio Company secretary/shareholder, 12, 28, 69
personal/professional background of, 69
and return of emigrants, 111
scientific/botanical interests of, 69, 86, 100
as secretary of Northwest Territory, 69, 86
and St. Clair’s army, 98–99, 100, 101, 102, 103–4, 106–7, 108, 109, 114–15
and Tupper family, 68, 69–70
welcoming of migrants/visitors by, 58
scarlet fever, 110
schools, 64, 169, 183, 206, 212–13, 228, 253. See also education
Schuylkill River, 22, 23, 115
scientific interests, 219, 234. See also specific person
Scioto Company, 28, 83–85, 86
Scioto River, 26, 51
Seneca Indians, 41, 59, 230
settlers/settlements, first
accomplishments of, 54
arrival of new, 52–54, 70–75
building the, 44–48
characteristics of, 125
as City upon the Hill, 17
clearing land for, 45–46, 47–48, 53, 55
communications from, 50–52, 75
descriptions of, 45–46, 50–51, 54
discouragement of, 55
food/provisions for, 54, 65, 67–68, 70
and health conditions, 51, 54–55
and historic preservation, 51
Indian relations with, 46–47, 55, 58, 63–64, 86–88, 91–94, 95–99
morale of, 51, 126
naming of, 55–56
as “new New England,” 44
population of, 53
reactions of new, 70–75
return East of early, 55
selection of site/plans for, 17, 18, 37, 43–45
socializing of, 53
surveying for, 43–44
systems of, 7
and veterans, 54
Washington’s views about, 52
and weather, 44, 55, 65
and wharf on Muskingum River, 47
women as, 53, 54, 71–73
See also Campus Martius; earthworks; Marietta; stockade; specific person or settlement
Shawnee Indians, 17, 48, 51, 59, 63, 76–77, 87, 102, 230
Shays (Daniel) rebellion, 9
ships/boats
and Burr, 151–52, 155–56, 160
and Devol, 39, 40, 47
and economy, 170–72
and Embargo Act, 171–72
and first expedition to Ohio Country, 39, 40
in Marietta, 135–36, 137, 170–72
along Muskingum River, 170–72
along Ohio River, 137, 170–72, 183–84, 196–97
at Wiseman’s Bottom, 137
See also flatboats; keelboats; steamboats; specific ship or boat
Shreve, Henry M., 196
Silliman, Benjamin, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 253, 258
slavery
Adams (John Quincy) views about, 247, 249
and Blennerhassett Island, 133
Cutler (Ephraim) views about, 197, 206, 213, 247, 248–49, 255–56
and Cutler (Manasseh), 30, 146, 201
Cutler (William) views about, 256
and escape route along Ohio River, 247–49
foreign traveler comments about, 223, 225
and Gag Rule, 247
and Jefferson, 223
and Newburgh Resolution, 13
Northwest Ordinance and, 11, 13, 29–30, 144–45, 146, 201
and Northwest Territory, 11, 13, 29–30
and Ohio Company-Board of Treasury contract, 29–30
and Ohio constitution, 144–47, 247, 255–56
and Putnam, 206
and runaway slaves, 247–49
Stowe book about, 254–55
smallpox, 40, 81, 110, 129
soldiers, 46–47. See also army, frontier; army, St. Clair’s; Marietta militia; militia, Ohio; veterans, Revolutionary War
Splendid (steamboat), 233, 235
Sproat, Ebenezer, 38, 40, 43, 52, 83, 95, 125, 154, 172, 219
squatters, 45
St. Clair, Arthur
Braddock’s Field visit by, 98
Cincinnati move of, 86
as commander of army, 96–101, 102–15, 118
and Cutler (Ephraim) commissions, 126
Cutler views about, 116
death of, 149
financial affairs of, 149
at Fort Harmar, 56–57
Fort Ticonderoga abandoned by, 96–97, 102, 114
as governor of Northwest Territory, 57, 86, 96, 114
as governor of Ohio (state), 149
and Indians as threat to settlers, 92, 96–99
personal/professional background of, 96–97
personality of, 97
physical disabilities of, 97, 101, 103, 104, 107, 108, 112, 149
resignation of commission by, 113
and return of emigrants, 111
stockade home of, 81
Washington’s relationship with, 98, 112, 113
See also army, St. Clair’s
St. Clair, Phoebe Bayard, 96
St. Clair (ship), 136, 170
St. Clair’s Defeat, 106–15
“Starving Year,” 79–81
steamboats, 183–84, 196–97, 226, 227–28, 232. See also specific boat
Stiles, Ezra, 6, 14, 49
stockade, 46–47, 70, 81, 83. See also Campus Martius
Story, Daniel, 74, 131
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 254–55
Strong, Caleb, 92, 186
Sumerill’s Ferry, 39–40, 42, 67
Supreme Court, U.S., 163
surveyors: Indian hostility toward, 75–76
Systema Vegetabilium (Linnaeus), 21–22
taxation, 198, 216, 217
Taylor, Peter, 133, 162
teachers, 212–13
Tecumseh (Shawnee Indian), 102, 186, 189
temperance movement, 228–29
Temple, Sir John, 16, 27, 28
Thomas, Eliud, 202–3
Thomas, Isaiah, 50–51
Tiffin, Edward, 144, 159
Treaty of Greenville (1795), 118
trees. See forests/trees
Trinity College, 131
Trollope, Frances, 223, 224, 226, 230
Troop, Zebulon, 89–90
True, Jabez, 52, 125, 167, 168–69, 204
True, John, 167
Trumbull, John, 235–36
Tupper, Benjamin
and Bunch of Grapes meeting, 11
drinking by, 70
and enthusiasm for emigration, 52
and Indian attack on Mathews surveying party, 75
and Indians as threat, 8
and management of Marietta, 68
Marietta home for, 68
and Marietta militia, 83
as migrant to Marietta, 57, 58
regrets about emigration of, 67
Sargent relationship with, 69–70
and Shays rebellion, 9
Tupper, Minerva (wife), 57, 67
Tupper, Rowena. See Sargent, Rowena Tupper
Turk (Wyandot Indian), 64
Tyler, Dean, 68, 74, 126
typhoid fever, 204
“Uncle Sam” (musician), 117–18
university, plans for, 29, 32. See also Ohio University
Upper Sandusky, 8, 230
Varnum, James, 52, 53, 58, 64, 78, 84
Vesuvius (steamboat), 184
veterans, Revolutionar
y War
and Bunch of Grapes meeting, 6
and Burr, 154
and Cutler (Ephraim) hospitality, 183
as early Marietta settlers, 54, 57–58
elections of 1800 and, 144
and financial panic, 8
and Lafayette visit to Marietta, 209
Newburgh Petition and, 10–11
and Northwest Territory as land of opportunity, 9
and Ohio Company, 6, 219
and Trumbull paintings, 236
and Washington’s death, 135
vocabulary/local expressions, 225–26
Wabash Indians, 116
Wabash River: St. Clair–Indian battle near, 103–4
wages, 33, 47, 115
Walker, Amasa, 239–40
War of 1812, 185–87, 188–90, 195
Warren (town), 182, 189–90, 257
Washington County
Cutler (Ephraim) as territorial delegate from, 138–39
and escape routes for fugitive slaves, 248
founding of, 56
Hildreth as representative of, 177
medical doctors in, 253
Washington County Agricultural Fair, 218–20
Washington, D.C.
Cutler (Manasseh) as congressman in, 139–43
War of 1812 and, 189
Washington, George
and conditions in Marietta, 110–11
and Continental Congress-Ohio Company deal, 27
death of, 135
and French and Indian War, 98
and French emigrants, 85
and Indians as threat, 87, 91, 93–94, 96, 97, 98
Jefferson’s relationship with, 141
letter to Congress from, 10–11
and military expansion, 115
and Newburgh Petition, 10
as Ohio Country land owner, 10, 42, 132
and “Ohio Fever,” 52
portrait of, 16
Putnam and, 10–11, 36, 37, 82, 86–88, 93–94, 110–11, 149
and Revolutionary War battles, 36–37, 96–97
and St. Clair Defeat, 109–10, 111–12, 113, 114
streets named after, 44
sworn in as president, 75
and Wayne as commander of frontier army, 116
Washington, Martha, 141
Washington (steamboat), 196
Waterford (town), 125–26, 127
Wayne, Anthony “Mad Anthony,” 116, 117, 118, 123
weather
and Cutler (Manasseh) visit, 59
and first expedition/settlement in Ohio Country, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 55, 65
and food/provisions, 77
and Indians as threat, 94
in Marietta, 59, 77, 203
and St. Clair’s army, 100–101, 103
and travelers’ descriptions of Ohio Country, 222
Western Spectator (Federalist newspaper), 186, 189
Wheeling (Virginia territory), 41–42, 196
Whigs, 241, 251
Whipple, Abraham, 136, 170
whiskey/alcohol, 39, 41, 58, 64, 99, 101, 168, 226–29
White, Haffield, 33, 39
Wilkinson, James, 158–59
Williams, H. Z., 207–8
Wiseman’s Bottom, 129–30, 137–38, 244
Wolf Creek, 93, 162
wolves-fiddling story, 65
women
as army camp followers, 99, 105, 106, 108
attire of, 73, 175
and Cutler (Manasseh) visit to Marietta, 59
as emigrants, 71–73
first-person accounts of, 72
and first settlement in Ohio Country, 54
Indian, 59
and Indian attacks, 90, 105, 106, 108
respect for, 229
role of, 71–72
and “Starving Year,” 80–81
Trollope comments about, 224
See also specific person
Woodbridge, Dudley Jr., 137, 155–56, 161, 163, 166
Woodbridge, Dudley Sr., 64, 72, 137
Woodbridge, Lucy Backus, 72–73, 132, 137, 166
Wyandot Indians, 43, 51, 59, 63, 88, 89, 102, 230
Yale College/University
congressmen as graduates of, 140
and Cutler (Ephraim), 122
Cutler (Manasseh) and, 4, 14, 201
Hildreth visit to, 234–37, 239
and Marietta College, 220
Medical Institution at, 234, 236
Putnam (David) at, 212
and Silliman, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239
and Trumbull, 235–36
yellow fever, 165
Youghiogheny River, 39–40
Zanesville, as Ohio state capital, 185
IMAGE CREDITS
Insert 1
1, 3, 5, 7–10, 15, 17, 19–21: Courtesy of Marietta College Library Special Collections 2: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, the New York Public Library 4: Courtesy of Ohio University Archives 6: “Landing of the Pioneers,” courtesy of the Benjamin H. Putnam Family Planning Trust 11: Courtesy of the Rare Books & Manuscripts Library of the Ohio State University Libraries 12: Courtesy of the Ohio History Connection 14: University of Michigan Digital Collections 16: Originally published in black and white in The Century Magazine (volume 92, May to October, 1916). Wood engraving by Alfred Waud/Granger, New York 18: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institute / John Trumbull, Dec. 3, 1790, pencil on paper
Insert 2
1–4, 6, 8–10, 11, 13–15, 18–20, 22–25: Courtesy of Marietta College Library Special Collections 5: Courtesy of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Accession #1948-059-0001 7: Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 1877, courtesy of Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park 12: “The Ohio at Marietta,” courtesy of the Ohio History Connection 16: Ohio History Connection / Campus Martius Museum, Marietta, Ohio / Photograph by Bruce Wunderlich 17: Courtesy of the Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia / Oil, Sala Bosworth (American, 1805–1890) ca. 1826–1827, Bequest of Janet Seaton Humphrey, 1.1.1999 21: “Home of Ephraim Cutler,” courtesy of The Dawes Arboretum, Newark, Ohio
Endpaper
“Marietta from Harmar Hill,” courtesy of the Ohio History Connection / Oil, Charles Sullivan / Painting Hanging in Campus Martius Museum, Marietta, Ohio
Maps
Maps by David Atkinson, handmademaps.com
“Southeastern Ohio Around Marietta” and “Town of Marietta” maps: Research and layout by Matthew Young
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: McCullough, David G., author.
Title: The pioneers: the heroic story of the settlers who brought the American ideal west / by David McCullough.
Description: First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition. | New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019. | “Simon & Schuster nonfiction original hardcover.” | includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018057066 | ISBN 9781501168680 | ISBN 1501168
681 | ISBN 9781501168697 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Ohio River Valley—History—To 1795. | Pioneers—Ohio River Valley—Biography.
Classification: LCC F483.M48 2019 | DDC 977—dc23 LC record available at https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A_lccn.loc.gov_2018057066&d=DwlFAg&c=jGUuvAdBXp_VqQ6t0yah2g&r=zKAnnLSQltsYNuYGOgjF6SYJylpwsS1CuoJqVbpsc2Q&m=Rm0RCSMcBQxc-xg3LzrGHXN0EiUAAW40bHj0llo_yx0&s=h7kYaXnGsU-_hy2bdSilili8AS0L2WDOZU4ZjlsaMEl&e=
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ISBN 978-1-5011-6869-7 (ebook)