The Book of Chuang Tzu (Penguin)

by Chuang Tzu

  kings, 60–64, 98, 107–9, 138 and n;.; August Rulers, 117, 264n. See also emperors; government

  Knowing Harmony, 270–71

  knowledge; of able-bodied and mutilated, 40; from argument, 26–7; can forget yes and no, 163; distress at pursuit of, 80; of existence, 14; futility of, 80; great, 138–9; and inwardness and outwardness, 195; knowing the unknowable, 203–5; lack of boundary to, 22; of people, 222; people’s longing for, 74; perfect, 77, 205; power of, 39; rejoicing at, 83; ridding of petty, 240; of right and wrong, 17–18; ruining virtue, 26–7; and shores of the Dark Waters, 187; that goes out to all things, 293; of those in authority, 79–80; of what is now known, 17–18; and Yellow Emperor’s pearl, 95. See also understanding; wisdom

  Kou Chien (King of Yueh), 222

  Ku Chu (state), 258

  Ku Huo, 299

  Ku She (mountain), 4–5

  Kuai Chi, Mount, 222

  Kuai (ruler), 17

  Kuan Chung, 160 and n., 216, 268

  Kuan Lung Feng, 27

  Kuan Yin, 303 and n. See also Yin (gatekeeper)

  Kuang, Blind (musician), 78, 79

  Kuang Chen, Master, 85–7

  Kuang (state), 143

  Kuei, Crown Prince, 275–6

  Kun Hun, 212

  Kun Lun mountains, 151, 196

  Kun (son of Tzu Chi), 218–20

  Kung family, 280

  Kung Fu Tzu, see Confucius (Kung Fu Tzu)

  Kung Po, 257 and n.

  Kung Sun Lung, 144–6 and n., 306

  Kung the True, 270

  Kung Wen Hsien, 23

  Kuo Hsiang, xviii–xix

  Lai (Master), 52, 53–4

  language, see words

  Lao Lai Tzu, 238–9 and n.

  Lao Tzu; on benevolence and righteousness, 112–14; and Confucius, 41, 122–7; death, 24; on embracing the One, 201–2; founder teacher, xiii; and Keng Sang Chu, 199; lack of historical details, xiv; on people’s hearts, 84, 97–8; on perfect man, 179–81, 202–8, 303; on pride and arrogance, 247; on Tao’s profundity, 191–3; and Tzu Kung, 124–6; on wandering, 229–30; on wisdom, 61– 2; writings, xiii, xv, xxvi

  laws, 90, 109, 296

  Li (Master), 52, 53–4

  Li Chi, 19

  Li Chu, 66, 69, 78–9, 95

  Li Hsu, 79 and n.

  Li Lu, 79 and n.

  Liang (capital of Wei), 147, 228

  Liao, river, 61

  Liao of the Southern Market, see I Liao

  Lieh Tzu (Lieh Yu Kou), Master, xiii, xxiv–xxv, 3, 62–4, 153, 157, 183–4, 208–9, 252–3, 288–94

  Lien Shu, 4

  life; from actionless action, 150; all forms held in Tao, 301; boundary of, 22; comprehending, 293; force, 142; grasping purpose of, 156–65; Middle Course (or Way), 22, 32; mystery of, 29; nurturing of, 22–4; and profit, 256; study of, 159; through breath, 241; through scrounging, 151; transmutation of species, 153–4. See also existence

  Ling, Duke of Wei, 32, 170, 231

  Literati, 84–5, 197, 214, 218, 238, 289

  Little Knowledge, 231–3

  Liu Hsia Chi, 261

  love, 19, 30, 112–13, 212

  loyalty, 50, 118, 236, 266, 284, 292

  Lu, Marquess of, 162, 168–9

  Lu (state), 38, 41, 56, 77, 153, 159, 168, 178, 251–2, 262, 297; learned men in, 181–2

  Lu Chu, 215

  Lu Hsia Chi, 267

  Lu Liang (state), 161–2

  Lung Feng, 77 and n., 236

  machines, 99

  Madman of Chu, 4 n.

  Maker of All, 61

  man, 3, 56, 139–40, 296; spiritual, 3, 221, 296; true, 131. See also perfect man

  Man Kou Te, 267–9

  Man with a Jug-sized Goitre, 43

  Man without a Name, 61

  Men Wu Kuei, 102

  Mencius, 297n.

  Meng Sun Tsai, 56

  Meng Tzu Fan (master), 54

  Miao tribes, 84

  Middle Course (or Way), 22, 32

  Middle Kingdom, 178

  Mih Tzu, xv

  Ming Tzu, 43 and n.

  misfortune, knowing how to escape, 35

  Mo Ti (Tzu), 67 and n., 79, 104, 268, 298, 299–300

  ‘Moderation in Economics’ (Mo Tzu), 298

  Mohists, 12, 84–5, 197, 214, 218, 289, 299–300

  Mou of Wei, Duke, 144–5 and n., 255–6

  mourning, 24, 55–6, 109, 150–51, 284, 298–9

  Mu, Duke of Chin, 208

  mud on the nose, xvi, 215–16

  Mulberry Grove Dance, 22

  mushrooms, 2

  Music, 126, 297

  music; ‘Against Music’ (Mo Tzu), 298; classical, and peasants, 103; Confucius singing and lute-playing, 144, 257, 280; discussing, 211; five notes, 66, 73, 104; following appropriately, 133; forgetting, 58; hearing, 78; Hsien Chih, 118–20, 298; Kung and Chueh notes, 215; lute harmony, 215; Nine Shao, 153, 164; pleasure in, 83; singing, 58; six tones, 66, 78; types used by emperors, 298

  Nan Jung Chu, xxvii, 200–203

  Nan Po Tzu Chi, 34, 51–2

  Nan Yueh, 169

  nature, 61, 68, 73, 83, 266–7, 288; innate, xxii–xxv, 83, 104, 135, 266–7

  Needham, Joseph, xiv and n.

  Nest-Building People, 264

  Nieh Chueh, 190, 220

  Nine Lo, 117

  Nine Provinces, 138

  No Beginning, 195

  No Existence, 196

  no-men, 60

  noblemen; ten things to be believed by, 93

  non-action, see actionless action

  non-existing non-existence, 196

  Northern Ocean, 137–8, 143, 147

  Not Enough, 270–71

  Nu Chu, 51–2

  Nu Shang, 210–11

  Odes of Sacrifice of Shang, 255 and n.

  Old Lung Chi, 194

  Old Man of Tsang, 183

  one-legged creature, 143

  Oneness, 134, 170, 197, 290; embracing the One, 202–3; great One and smallest One, 304; life coming together in, 180; seeing by the One, 52; of Tao, 218

  Origin, 10, 97, 107

  Outline, 246; and Shadow, 20

  Pao Shu Ya, 216

  parents and children, 102–3, 118, 171; filial piety, 30, 118, 236

  Pei (state), 122, 247

  Pei Kung She, 170

  Peng Meng, 301

  Peng Tsu (mythological figure of great age), 2, 15, 51, 130

  Peng Yang, 225

  People Who Know how to Keep Alive, 264

  perfect man, 3, 18, 157, 164–5, 181, 184, 199; Confucius on, 42–3; has no self, 33; heart like a mirror, 64; Lao Tzu on, 202–8; leaving no trace of his actions, 241; not cut off from truth, 296; as pure spirit, 18; understanding Heaven and ways of humanity, 47

  pettiness, 135

  philosophy, schools of, 143 and n., 145, 213–14, 218, 299–300

  Pi I, 95, 190

  Pi Kan, 173 and n., 270

  Pi Kan, Prince, 27, 77 and n., 236, 266

  Pien (wheelwright), 115

  Pien Ching Tzu, Master, 163–4

  Pien Sui, 258

  Pin (state), 250

  Pingists, 214–15 and n.

  pity, 217

  plumb lines, 72, 78, 85, 163

  Po, Duke, 141 and n.

  Po, Sea of, 277

  Po Chang Chien (historian), 231

  Po Cheng Tzu Kao, 96–7

  Po Chu, 229

  Po Huang, 79 and n.

  Po Hun Wu Jen, 39, 183–4, 288

  Po Li Hsi, 182 and n., 208

  Po Lo, 72 and n., 74

  Po Yi (scholar), 69–70, 137, 138, 258–9, 266

  Poems, 126

  Pointless, 95

  Pool of Heaven, 1

  poverty, 172, 211, 225, 237, 252–5, 268

  Primal Mystery, 102

  Provoke (kingdom), 228

  Pu, river, 146

  Pu Liang Yi, Master, 52

  Pu Yi, 60

  punishments, see rewards and puni
shments

  Queen Mother of the West, 51

  Records, 93

  Red Water, 94

  reincarnation, 52, 55, 156–7; transmutation of species, 153–4

  relationships, 16, 171–2

  religious background of Chuang Tzu, xxviii–xxix

  rewards and punishments, 82–3, 96–7, 109, 111, 291–2

  right and wrong, 17–18, 19–20, 140, 146, 150, 245

  righteousness, 67–70, 79, 90, 111–12, 118, 123–4, 144, 202, 267, 270, 293

  Rites, 126, 297

  ritual, 58, 73, 83, 109, 111, 119, 120–22, 133, 178, 211; Odes of Ritual, 238

  Roc (bird), 1, 2–3

  sacrifice, xv, 69, 293–4

  sages; activities of, 90; behaviour of, 18; definition of, 296; destruction of, 85; as example to others, 50; Heaven as guide, 226; and human relationships, 192; life and death, 130–31; poverty forgotten, 225–6; quiescent, 106–7; reality not known, 218; rest where there is true rest, 290; risking very self, 68; rule of, 101; Sage Master, 93–4; securing things for the great thief, 76–8; seven, 212–13; skilful and foolish, 208; succeeding under Tao, 35; Tao of, 208; understanding life, 18–19; on the Universe, 16; as wanderers, 44; writings of, 115. See what is necessary as unnecessary, 290

  San Wei, 84

  Sang Hu, Master, 54–5, 58, 171–2

  scholars, 129–30, 134, 137, 181–2, 230, 266, 267–8, 299–300

  seasons, 82, 110, 119, 134, 137–8, 199, 214, 232, 241

  Secret Heights, mount of, 187

  self; development, 129; non-existence in, 303; value of, 180

  Shadow, 20, 246

  shamanism, xxix

  Shan Chuan, 249

  Shan Po, 159

  Shang (Dynasty), 67 and n., 257n.

  Shang (state), 118

  Shao Kuang Mountain, 51

  She (state), 30

  Sheep’s Groom, 154

  Shen Nung, 79 and n., 134, 152 and n., 168, 194, 259

  Shen Tao, 301–2 and n., 302

  Shen Tu Chia, 39–40

  Shen Tu Ti, 242, 266

  Shih (model of benevolence), 66 and n., 69, 79, 82, 84–5

  Shih (craftsman), xvi–xvii, 33–4, 215–16

  Shih Cheng Chi, 113–14

  Shih Chiu, 231

  Shih Hu, 250

  Shih Kuang, 14

  Shou Ling, 146

  Shou Yang, Mount, 69, 259, 266

  Shu (cripple), 35

  Shu Chi (scholar) 48, 258–9, 266

  Shu Shan the Toeless, 41

  Shu Tan, 258–9

  Shun, Emperor, 5 and n., 102n., 17, 29, 39, 51, 60, 68, 76, 84, 96, 111, 112, 125, 141, 144, 190, 221, 249–50, 257, 264

  Shun (Master from the Eastern Wall), 177

  sight, 78–9, 83, 84, 104, 201, 221–2, 294

  Six Bow Cases, 211

  six breaths, 87

  six repositories, 293

  six tones, 66, 78

  snails, 228

  snakes, 21, 143–4, 154

  Sou, Prince, 250–51

  Southern Market, 168, 218, 229

  Southern Ocean, 143, 147

  Southern Suburb, 217

  Spirit Tower, 204 and n.

  Spring and Autumn Annals, 16, 126

  Ssu Ma Chien; Historical Records, xiv–xv, xix, xxviii

  Ssu (Master), 52–3

  Starlight, 196

  states, 26, 27, 30–31. See also government

  Su Shu Ao, 184

  Sui, Marquis of, 252

  Sui Jen, 134, 152 and n.

  suitcases, broken, 76

  Sun Hsiu, Master, 163–5

  Sun Shu Ao, 217–18

  Sung (state), 5, 34, 87, 121, 144, 290–91

  Sung (state), King of, 293

  Sung Chien (Sung Jung Tzu), 3 and n., 300

  swords; lover of, 275–8; swordsmith, 196

  ta lu pipes, 66

  Ta Tao (historian), 231

  Ta Ting, 79 and n.

  Tai, Noble Ruler, Emperor, 60

  Tai, Mount, 2 and n., 15, 51

  Tai Chen Jen, 228

  Talk of the Villages, 231–2

  Tan Fu, King, 250 and n.

  Tang, Emperor, 2, 125, 141 and n., 145, 197, 208, 227, 242, 257–8 and n., 265, 269, 298

  Tang, Prime Minister of Shang, 118

  Tao; abandoned, 134; all forms of life held in, 301; for all professions, 77; in all things, 205; ancient understanding of, 300–303; of benevolence, 257, see also benevolence; chaos if blocked, 241; comprehending all existence, 232–4; Confucius and, 122–4; discussion of, 137; of Earth, 130; failing, 70; flaunting, 62; flowing with, 256–7; followers of, 50; fulfilment from, 55–6; gaining, 251; of governing, 111; grasping through argument, 97–8; Great, 193; of Heaven, 90, 106–15, 130; of humanity, 90; immensity of, 93, 114; knowledge without, 79–80; location of, 193; Mo Tzu’s, 182, 299; neither beginning nor end, 142; never alters, 118; nobility and meanness of, 140–42; not to speak about, 290; oneness of, 218; pattern of, 110; perfect, 86, 193; pivot of, 12; reality but no form, 50–51; of righteousness, 257; Ruler of the World, 92; of the sage, 77, 208; of the scholar, 129–30; slaying the dragons, 290; as source of life, 286; for swimming, 162; teaching, 51–2; that is clear is not the Tao, 16; true path, 67–8; true purpose of, 252; of true simplicity, 131; true Tao not to be talked about, xiii, xxi; understanding, 142, 180–81, 187–97; value in books, 114–15; and Virtue, 110, 167–8, 218; Way, 66; written teachings, 297; Yen Kang Tiao on, 194–5

  Tao Te Ching, xiii, xv, xvii–xviii, xxi, xxvi

  Taoism; xiii, xx, xxviii, 3, 12, 13–15, 23, 30, 35

  Te (Virtue), xxvii, 66, 68, 70, see also Virtue

  templates, 72, 78

  ten things to be believed by noblemen, 93

  Teng Hang, 227

  Teng Ling, 299

  that and this, 12–13, 15–16

  thieves, 76–8

  Three Dynasties, 67 and n., 68, 80, 88, 141

  Three Kings, 138 and n.

  Ti people, 250

  Tiao Ling, 174–5

  Tien Cheng, Lord, 76–7

  Tien Ho, 217 and n.

  Tien Kai Chih, 159

  Tien Ken, 61

  Tien Mou, Marquis, 227

  Tien Pien, 301–2

  Tien Tzu Fang, 177–85

  Ting (cook), 22

  transformation of things, 20, 153–4, 166, 180

  transmutation of species, 153–4 and n.

  travelling, 168–9, 173, 222, 240

  trees; Apricot Tree Altar, 280; bamboo, 154; cause of own destruction, 36; Chun, 2; cinnamon, 36; cutting down, 34–5, 121; huge, 167–75; hundred-year-old, 104; oak tree of Chu Yuan, 33; old, 167; within own boundaries, 113; pines and cypresses, 257; straight, 170; useless, 6, 33–5, 167; varnish, 36

  Truth, 143, 177, 284

  true man, 47–9,

  Tsang (state), 182

  Tsang Wu, 238

  Tsao Shang, 290–91

  Tseng, 66 and n., 69, 79, 82, 84–5

  Tseng Shen (Tzu), 236 and n., 246, 254–5

  Tsui Chu, 84

  Tsun Lu, 79 and n.

  Tsung Chih (state), 27

  Tsung (ruler), 17

  Tung, Kuo, Master, 193

  Tung Ting, Lake, 119

  Tung Wu, 217

  Tung Yeh Chi, 163

  turtles, 145, 239–40

  Tzu Chang, 267

  Tzu Chi (hermit), 127, 218–19, 246

  Tzu Chi (War Minister), 253

  Tzu Chou Chih Fu, 249

  Tzu Chou Chih Po, 249

  Tzu Hsu, 150 and n., 270

  Tzu Kao, Duke, 30

  Tzu Kung, 54–5, 99–100, 124, 152, 254, 256, 280

  Tzu Lao, 229

  Tzu Lu, 112, 144, 229, 256–7, 265 and n., 280, 285

  Tzu Yang (Prime Minister of Cheng), 252

  Uncle Cripple, 151

  Uncle Legless, 151

  understanding; application of, 47; complete, 14; with heart, not ears, 29; heaven, 47; how people feel, 2
7; Lao Tzu on, 201–2; learning, 52; limitations of, 144–6; by men of old, 14; people’s hearts, 178; of petty person, 290; sages, 16; of the small and great, 2; true depth of, 9; of true man, 47; use of words in, 15, 18; ways of humanity, 47; without virtue, 225. See also knowledge; wisdom

  unity from difference, 13–14, 38–9

  universe; what is beyond boundaries of, 16

  uselessness, 33–6; Chuang Tzu on, 240; usefulness of the useless, 36; useless trees, 6, 33–5; of words, xxv–xxvi

  Vast (fish), 1, 2–3

  Virtue; in actionless action, 118; central, 293; deformed in terms of, 35; despoiling world’s, 82; deterioration of, 134; distress avoided by virtuous man, 30; eight Virtues, 16–17; of Emperors and kings, 98, 107–9; enough to please one leader, 3; era of, 264; five evil Virtues, 293; five Virtues, 119; harmony in, 39; of Heaven, 112, 131, 143; highest, 263; and humility, 39–40; illuminating life, 17; man of Regal, 94; misuse of power of, 66; nobleman of complete, 177; and Origin, 97, 107; perfect, 73, 79, 142; preservation of, 42; ruined by fame and knowledge, 26–7; sadness and happiness corruptions of, 131; sage’s lack of need for, 44; signs of real, 38–45; struggle against, 82; and Tao, 110, 167–8, 218; Te, 66, 68, 70; teaching, 35; Virtuous Ones, 101; without shape, 43

  Virtuously Founded, 169

  wandering, 1–6, 44, 180, 184, 229, 241, 289

  Wang Kuo, 225

  Wang Ni, 17–18, 60, 95

  Wang Tai (teacher of Lu), 38–9

  water, 106, 131; excess of, 237; none greater than the Great Ocean, 137; shores of the Dark Waters, 187; staying close to earth, 222; still, 43; swimming, 158–9, 162; White Waters of the south, 187

  wealth, 123, 149, 173, 182, 225, 237, 252, 269–73

  webbed toes, 66–8

  Wei, Duke, 159

  Wei, Prince of Chu, xiv

  Wei (state), 26, 32, 41, 120, 178, 228, 251; King of, 5–6, 172

  Wei Lei, mountain of, 199

  Wei Lu, 138

  Wei Mou, 256

  Wen, King, 182–3 and n., 275–8

  Wen, Marquis of Wei, 177 and n.

  Wen Hui, 22–3

  Wen Po Hsueh Tzu, 178

  wisdom; description of, 69–70; lack of, 4–5; limits of, 240; and virtue, 241; words of, 9. See also knowledge; understanding

  woodcarving, 162–3

  words; Argument Without Words, 218; change of meaning of, 15–16; of Chuang Tzu, 304; of Confucius, 28; conveying joy and pleasure, 31; flowing, 244–5; forgetting, 242; of guidance, 180–81; meaning of, 12; need for, 15; quotes, 244; speech without, 217–18; supposed, 244–7, 304; of Tao, 18; teaching without, 38; uselessness of, xxv–xxvi; Words–of-Actionless-Action, 187–9, 195

  world; leaving open, 82; out and about in, 26–36. See also Earth

  Wu, King, 102 and n., 141 and n., 216, 265, 269

  Wu, Marquis of Wei, 210–11

  Wu (state), 253