Caught in the Revolution
Page 39
10. Houghteling, 115.
11. Locker Lampson, ‘Report on the Russian Revolution’, 240; Poutiatine, War and Revolution, 52.
12. Locker Lampson, ‘Report on the Russian Revolution, 241, 214.
13. Heald, Witness to Revolution, 57–8.
14. Locker Lampson, ‘Report on the Revolution’, 242.
15. Thompson, 89–90.
16. Locker Lampson, ‘Report on the Revolution’, 243.
17. Bury, ‘Report’, XV–XVI.
18. Grey, ‘Sidelights on the Russian Revolution’, 365.
19. Harper, 50.
20. Stinton Jones, 165.
21. Harper, 51.
22. Wilton, Russia’s Agony, 124; Grey, ‘Sidelights on the Russian Revolution’, 365; Walpole, ‘Official Report’, in Hart-Davis, Hugh Walpole, 464–5.
23. Stinton Jones, 165; Poutiatine, War and Revolution, 53.
24. Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 6; Rogers, ‘Account of the March Revolution’, 16.
25. Lampson, ‘Report on the Russian Revolution,’ 244.
26. Vecchi, Tavern is My Drum, 130–1.
27. Walpole, ‘Official Report’, in Hart-Davis, Hugh Walpole, 465.
28. Locker Lampson, 244.
29. Ibid.; Harper, 52.
30. Vecchi, Tavern is My Drum, 131.
31. Grey, ‘Sidelights on the Russian Revolution’, 366.
32. Harper, 56; Stinton Jones, 166.
33. Houghteling, 149. In an article for the World’s Work on 21 April (NS) entitled ‘How Tsardom Fell’, Arno Dosch-Fleurot also commented on the mercy of the alcohol ban: ‘None but a sober people could have carried out the Revolution. Had the populace of Petrograd and other cities been besotted by drink, the Revolution would never have been so remarkably free from sanguinary excesses on a large scale.’
34. Vecchi, Tavern is My Drum, 130–1; Harper, 53; Ysabel Birkbeck, quoted in Cahill, Between the Lines, 227.
35. Houghteling, 115.
36. Harper, 56, 59.
37. Harper, 54, 53; Wilton, Russia’s Agony, 126.
38. Harper, 52, 54.
39. Walpole, ‘Denis Garstin and the Russian Revolution’, 591.
40. Louisette Andrews, BBC2 interview with Joan Bakewell in 1977.
41. Hegan, ‘Russian Revolution from a Hospital Window’, 559, 560.
42. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 289–90.
43. Seymour, MS diary for 13 March [28 February].
44. Rogers, ‘Account of the March Revolution’, 14; Rogers, 3:7, 52.
45. Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 8–9; see also Leighton Rogers’s account, in Rogers, 3:7, 59; and Stopford, 118.
46. Rogers, 3:7, 57; Chambrun, Lettres à Marie, 63.
47. Nostitz, Romance and Revolutions, 187. In Dissolution, 172, and Petrograd, 105, Meriel Buchanan refutes this; see also Stopford, 110. For Bousfield Swan Lombard’s account, see ‘Things I Can’t Forget,’ 97.
48. Nostitz, Romance and Revolutions, 185.
49. Cordasco (Woodhouse), online memoir.
50. Houghteling, 77.
51. Margaret Bennet, MS letter 2/15 March.
52. Bury, ‘Report’, XII–XIV; Ransome, Despatch 54; Houghteling, 76.
53. Stinton Jones, 167, 267–8; Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 42.
54. Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 64.
55. Stinton Jones, 264; Seymour, MS diary for 2 March; Rogers, ‘Account of the March Revolution’, 15.
6 ‘Good to be Alive These Marvelous Days’
1. Walpole, ‘Official Account’, 464–5.
2. See Paléologue, 824.
3. Wilton, Russia’s Agony, 127.
4. Houghteling, 80, 82; Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 62.
5. Anet, 28.
6. Rogers, ‘Account of the March Revolution’, 21.
7. Houghteling, 80, 81.
8. Bury, ‘Report’, XXIII–IV; Hunter, ‘Sir George Bury and the Russian Revolution’, 67.
9. Bury, ‘Report’, XXIV; Hart-Davis, Hugh Walpole, 257–8.
10. Walpole, Secret City, 257–8; see also Anet, 29.
11. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 291.
12. Knox, With the Russian Army, 561, 562.
13. Gordon, Russian Year, 124; Bury, ‘Report’, XXV.
14. Anet, 23, 30; Rivet, Last of the Romanofs, 176; Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 88.
15. Anet, 31.
16. Rivet, Last of the Romanofs, 216.
17. Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1075.
18. Houghteling, 100. Re Protopopov’s plans, see Grey, ‘Sidelights on the Russian Revolution’, 368.
19. Walpole, ‘Official Account’, 463; Walpole, Secret City, 228, 258–9.
20. Walpole, Secret City, 258–9.
21. Paléologue, 820.
22. Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1076.
23. See Pipes, Russian Revolution, 304–7.
24. Pitcher, When Miss Emmie Was in Russia, 13; Dawe, Looking Back, 19.
25. Harper, 59–60.
26. Rogers, 3:7, 54–5.
27. Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 7.
28. Harper, 66.
29. Hall, One Man’s War, 272.
30. Stinton Jones, 185; Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 76.
31. Barnes, 226; Francis, 72.
32. Letter to Edith Chibnall, 14 March 1917, at: http://spartacus-educational.com/Wbowerman.htm; Anon., ‘Nine Days’, 216.
33. Heald, 61, 64.
34. Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1074.
35. Locker Lampson, quoted in Kettle, The Allies and the Russian Collapse, 45.
36. Springfield, ‘Recollections of Russia’.
37. Anon., ‘The Nine Days, 216.
38. Markovitch, La Révolution russe, 60; Patouillet, 1:72–3; Paléologue, 823.
39. Swinnerton, ‘Letter from Petrograd’, 6.
7 ‘People Still Blinking in the Light of the Sudden Deliverance’
1. Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March,’ 28.
2. Ibid.
3. Anet, 39–40.
4. Dissolution, 175.
5. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 310–13.
6. Ransome, Despatch 67, 18 [5] March.
7. Paléologue, 830; Hegan, ‘Russian Revolution through a Hospital Window’, 559; Anet, 63; Anon., ‘The Nine Days’, 217.
8. Thompson, 114; 123, 124.
9. Anet, 53.
10. Chambers, Last Englishman, 136. Pipes, Russian Revolution, 300. Figes, People’s Tragedy, 336.
11. Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 54; Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways in Diplomacy, 218.
12. Walpole, ‘Official Account’, 468.
13. Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March’, 30; Anet, 55.
14. Anet, 96.
15. Houghteling, 130; Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 53.
16. Paléologue, 835, 837, 838.
17. Fleurot, 139.
18. Anet, 106, 107; Hall, One Man’s War, 273.
19. Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 121; Buchanan, FO report no. 374, 9/22 March, 121, TNA; Hall, One Man’s War, 273.
20. See Petrograd, 107; Harmer, Forgotten Hospital, 123; Blunt, Lady Muriel, 105.
21. Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 108–9; Hegan, ‘Revolution from a Hospital Window’, 561; Jefferson, So That Was Life, 101; Poutiatine, War and Revolution, 58.
22. Houghteling, 139; Stinton Jones, 223; Wharton, ‘Russian Ides of March’, 28.
23. Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 123; also in Heald, 64.
24. Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 108–9.
25. See Petrograd, 107.
26. Robien, 22; Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 39; Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 123.
27. Heald, 66.
28. Dissolution, 201; Crosley, 16.
29. Dissolution, 201–2.
30. Heald, 67; Cockfield, Dollars and Diplomacy, 100.
31. Ransome, Despatch 67, 18 [5] March; Marcosson, Rebirt
h of Russia, 114, 119.
32. Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways in Diplomacy, 213–14, 216.
33. Paléologue, 847–8.
34. Stinton Jones, 275–6, 278.
35. Ibid., 246; Houghteling, 162.
36. Houghteling, 142; Anet, 48.
37. 21 March NS, quoted in Pitcher, Witnesses of the Russian Revolution, 51, 52.
38. Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 5.
39. Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, v.
40. Ibid., Adventures in Interviewing, 164.
41. Ibid., Rebirth of Russia, 125–6.
42. Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 276.
43. Stebbing, From Czar to Bolshevik, 89–90.
44. Thompson, 125; Oudendyk, Ways and By-ways of Diplomacy, 216.
45. Metcalf, On Britain’s Business, 48.
46. Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 129.
47. Anet, 71.
48. Keeling, Bolshevism, 90–1.
49. See Houghteling, Diary of the Russian Revolution, 144–7.
50. Pitcher, Witnesses of the Russian Revolution, 63.
51. Foglesong, ‘A Missouri Democrat’, 28; Barnes, 229.
52. Houghteling, Diary of the Russian Revolution, 165.
53. Quoted in Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 38.
54. Houghteling, 166.
55. Wright, 48, 49.
56. Knox, With the Russian Army, 584.
57. Stopford, 133; Knox, With the Russian Army, 585; Paléologue, 858–9.
58. Paléologue, 859, 860.
8 The Field of Mars
1. Harper, 67–8.
2. Ibid., 68–9.
3. Petrograd, 112; Walpole, Secret City, 331.
4. Harper, 70.
5. Rogers, 3:8, 66.
6. Heald, 77; Dawe, ‘Looking Back’, 20.
7. Anet, 113; Rogers, 3:8, 66; Paléologue, 875.
8. Wright, 62.
9. Walpole, Secret City, 331; Anet, 112; Heald, 76; Stopford, 146.
10. Harper, 71; Recouly, ‘Russia in Revolution’, 38.
11. Metcalf, On Britain’s Business, 48.
12. Walpole, Secret City, 331; Heald, 77.
13. Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 53.
14. Dissolution, 200; Heald, 77.
15. Rogers, 3:8, 67; see also Heald, 76–7.
16. Rogers, 3:8, 67–8; see also Anet, 114–15.
17. Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 116.
18. Stinton Jones, 268; Stopford, 147–8; Anet, 114; Chambrun, Lettres à Marie, 83. Lyndall Pocock, a Red Cross orderly at the ARH, counted the coffins in the six different processions as they passed and noted: four from the Vasilievsky Side; eight from the Petrograd Side; fifty-one from the populous Vyborg Side, suggesting a majority of casualties among the workers; twenty-nine and forty in two processions from the Nevsky Side; and forty-five from the Moskovsky – making 177 in all. See Pocock, diary entry for 25 March 1917.
19. For a full discussion of the figures, see Chapter 2, ‘Beskrovnaya revolyutsiya?’, p.8, of a thesis by Ilya Orlov: ‘Traur i prazdnik v revolyutsionnoi politike’, http://net.abimperio.net/files/february.pdf
20. Anet, 100.
21. Patouillet, 1:108, 109.
22. Walpole, ‘Official Report’, 467; Reinke, ‘My Experiences in the Russian Revolution’, 9; Marcosson, Rebirth of Russia, 115; Harper, 198; Houghteling, 156; Thompson, 124.
23. Pollock, ‘The Russian Revolution’, 1074; Pollock, War and Revolution in Russia, 163.
24. Paléologue, 875, 876.
25. Ibid., 876.
26. Ibid., 880–1.
9 Bolsheviki! It Sounds ‘Like All that the World Fears’
1. Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 205; Jefferson, letters from Petrograd, 6.
2. Wright, 60.
3. Marcosson, Before I Forget, 247.
4. For an account of Lenin’s life in exile 1900–17, see Rappaport, Conspirator.
5. Mission, 115; Lady Georgina Buchanan, ‘From The Petrograd Embassy’, 20.
6. Francis, 105–6.
7. Heald, 88, 89.
8. For an account of Lenin’s journey from Zurich to Petrograd, see Rappaport, Conspirator, Chapter 18.
9. Fleurot, 145, 146.
10. Gordon, Russian Year, 145.
11. In exile in France, Kschessinska (1872–1971) married Nicholas II’s cousin, Grand Duke Andrey Vladimirovich, and set up a ballet school where she taught, among others, the British ballerinas Margot Fonteyn and Alicia Markova. In 1955 the mansion became the location for the Museum of the October Revolution, now known as the State Museum of Political History.
12. Buchanan, Ambassador’s Daughter, 165; Wright, 68.
13. Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 204.
14. Mission, 119.
15. Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 57; Anet, 135; Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 203–4.
16. Quoted in Brogan, Life of Arthur Ransome, 126; Heald, 89.
17. Robien, 39–40.
18. Shepherd, quoted in Steffens, Autobiography, 761.
19. Gibson, Wild Career, 150; Fleurot, 146
20. Anet, 164.
21. Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 126.
22. Paléologue, 892–3; Thompson, 160.
23. Robien, 33.
24. Heald, 81.
25. Paléologue, 887.
26. Wright, 63, 68.
27. Salzman, Russia in War and Revolution, 89–90; see also Crosley, 45, where she talks of many Russian officers coming to her naval attaché husband Walter – some even in disguise – asking to be sent to the US to join the American navy or army.
28. Wright, 68.
29. Lindley, untitled memoirs, 32.
30. Paléologue, 895–6; Robien, 40.
31. Robien, 40–1; Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, 185.
32. Cantacuzène, Revolutionary Days, 275.
33. Paléologue, 897; Chambrun, Lettres à Marie, 98.
34. See Paléologue, 898; Robien, 50.
35. Francis, 101, 102; ‘D. R. Francis Valet’, St Louis Post-Dispatch.
36. Fleurot, 151.
37. See Foglesong, ‘A Missouri Democrat’, 34.
38. Paléologue, 910; Robien, 48; Anet, 161; Brown, Doomsday, 102.
39. Rogers, 3:8, 73.
40. Philips Price, My Reminiscences of the Russian Revolution, 21.
41. Ibid.; Heald, 86.
42. Heald, 87, 88.
43. Anet, 163–4.
44. Ibid., 163.
45. Paléologue, 912.
46. Rogers, 3:8, 73, 81.
47. Fleurot, 153.
48. Anet, 166, 167.
49. Thompson, 167–8.
50. Ibid., 169, 170.
51. Dosch, 153; Cordasco (Woodhouse), online memoir.
52. Golder, War, Revolution and Peace in Russia, 65; Paléologue 917.
53. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, 175.
54. Steffens, ‘What Free Russia Asks of Her Allies’, 137; Heald, 89.
55. Farson, Way of a Transgressor, 199.
56. Ibid., 201.
57. Fleurot, 155–6.
58. Paléologue, 925, 930; Robien, 54.
59. Chambrun, Lettres à Marie, 142.
60. Hughes, Inside the Enigma, 97.
61. Ibid., 98. Henderson’s visit was also described in detail by Meriel Buchanan in Dissolution, 209–15, and in her Diplomacy and Foreign Courts, London: Hutchinson, 1928, 222–4.
62. See Dissolution, 211–12.
63. Hughes, Inside the Enigma, 99; see also Buchanan, Ambassador’s Daughter, 169, 172, and Mission, 144–7.
64. Pares, My Russian Memoirs, 471.
65. Gordon, Russian Year, 154–5.
66. Robien, 58–60; Heald, 92.
67. Robien, 62, 65; Hall, One Man’s War, 281.
68. Crosley, 60, 58.
69. Stinton Jones, ‘Czar Looked Over My Shoulder’, 102.
70. Marcosson, Before I Forget, 244.
71. Vandervelde, Three Aspects of the Russian Revoluti
on, 31.
72. Ransome, letter 27 May 1917.
73. Dorr, Woman of Fifty, 332.
10 ‘The Greatest Thing in Hstory since Joan of Arc’
1. Mackenzie, Shoulder to Shoulder, 313.
2. Mitchell, Women on the Warpath, 65–6; Harper, 163.
3. Purvis, Emmeline Pankhurst, 292. See ibid., n.2, Chapter 20, 293.
4. Harper, 162.
5. Ibid., 163.
6. Kenney, ‘The Price of Liberty’, 12–13.
7. Ibid., 13.
8. Ibid., 19.
9. Ibid.
10. Rappaport, Women Social Reformers, vol. 2, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 2001, 635.
11. Kerby, ‘Bubbling Brook’, 22.
12. Rogers, 3:8, 84.
13. Harper, 252; Armour, ‘Recollections’, 7.
14. Rogers, 3:8, 85.
15. Beatty, 38.
16. Rogers, 3:8, 86; Beatty, 35.
17. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, 22, 21.
18. Harper, 164, 162.
19. Kenney, ‘Price of Liberty’, 27.
20. Ibid.
21. Mackenzie, Shoulder to Shoulder, 313; see also Mitchell, Women on the Warpath, 67, 69.
22. Kenney, ‘Price of Liberty’, 42, 43.
23. See Botchkareva, Yashka, Chapter 6, ‘I Enlist by the Grace of the Tsar’.
24. Beatty, 93.
25. Dorr, ‘Maria Botchkareva Leader of Soldiers’, La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press, 9 June 1918.
26. Botchkareva, Yashka, 162.
27. Vecchi, Tavern is My Drum, 79; see also Bochkareva’s ‘Deposition about the Women’s Battalion’, which describes how it was formed; in Rovin Bisha et al., Russian Women, 1698–1917, Experience & Expression, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002, 222–31.
28. Vecchi, Tavern is My Drum, 79.
29. See Botchkareva, Yashka, 165–8.
30. Russell, Unchained Russia, 210–11.
31. See also ‘Russia’s Women Soldiers’, Literary Digest, 29 September 1917, written by an Associated Press Correspondent; Long, Russian Revolution Aspects, 98.
32. Beatty, 100–1.
33. Thompson, 271; see also Dorr, Inside the Russian Revolution, 54–5.
34. Thompson, 272–3; Stites, Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia, 296; Beatty, 107.
35. Botchkareva, Yashka, 168.
36. Thompson’s coverage of the Women’s Death Battalion attracted considerable press notice in the USA. See Mould, ‘Russian Revolution’, n. 16, p. 9.
37. Mackenzie, Shoulder to Shoulder, 315; Kenney, ‘Price of Liberty’, 35.