Living Dolls: The Return of Sexism
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9 G T W Patrick, ‘The Psychology of Women’, Popular Science Monthly 47 (1895) 209–225, cited in Stephanie A Shields, ‘Functionalism, Darwinism and the psychology of women: a study in social myth’, American Psychologist, 30 (1975), 739–54
10 Anne Fausto-Sterling, Myths of Gender (New York: Basic Books, 1985) pp38–9
11 Edward O Wilson, On Human Nature ((1978), London: Penguin, 1995), p129. See also Edward O Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Harvard University Press, 1975)
12 Victoria Brescoll, Marianne LaFrance, ‘The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences’, Psychological Science, 15, 8 (August 2004), 515–20
13 See Rosie Boycott, ‘Why women don’t want top jobs, by a feminist’, Daily Mail, 22 April 2008
14 Helena Cronin, ‘Scientists reveal what changed their minds’, Daily Telegraph, 31 December 2007
15 S J Spencer, C M Steele and D M Quinn, ‘Stereotype threat and women’s math performance’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 1 (1999), 4–28
16 Zoe Brennan and Emma Smith, ‘Driving tests: collision of the sexes: is the chief tester right about women drivers?’, The Times, 13 February 2005
17 N C Jonathan Yeung and C von Hippel, ‘Stereotype threat increases the likelihood that female drivers in a simulator run over jaywalkers’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 2 (March 2008), 667–74
18 Shelley J Correll, ‘Constraints into preferences: gender, status and emerging career aspirations’, American Sociological Review, 69, 1 (February 2004), 93–113
19 ‘Conservatives may begin with a preference for biological explanations for sex differences and also read conservative newspapers containing more biological explanations for sex differences. Such reading may further justify and reinforce pre-existing opinions about the causes of sex differences.’ Victoria Brescoll and Marianne LaFrance, ‘The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences’, op cit, p520
20 See also: Shelley J Correll, ‘Gender and the career choice process: the role of biased self-assessments’, American Journal of Sociology, 106, 6 (May 2001), 1691–730. Studies carried out by Correll suggested here that ‘Boys do not pursue mathematical activities at a higher rate than girls do because they are better at mathematics. They do so, at least partially, because they think they are better.’ p1724
21 Statistics from the Judiciary of England and Wales, 1 April 2008, retrieved 10 October 2008 from http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/keyfacts/statistics/women.htm
22 Sex and Power 2008 (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2008), retrieved 2 November 2008 from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/Documents/EHRC/SexandPower/Sex_and_Power_2008.pdf
23 Brendan Burchell, Colette Fagan, Catherine O’Brien and Mark Smith, Working Conditions in the European Union: The Gender Perspective (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007), retrieved 24 January 2009 from http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2007/108/en/1/ef07108en.pdf; statistics for the UK discussed in Sarah Womack, ‘Career women work longer hours than men’, Daily Telegraph, 2 December 2007
24 Not Having It All: How Motherhood Reduces Women’s Pay and Employment Prospects (Fawcett Society, 2009), retrieved 25 July 2009 from http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/documents/NotHavingItAll.pdf
25 Andrew Sullivan, ‘The he hormone’, New York Times, 2 April 2000
26 Mary Carmichael, ‘The cheating man’s brain’, Newsweek, 12 March 2008; quoting Marvin Zuckerman, psychologist and author of a 2006 book called Sensation Seeking and Risky Behavior.
27 BBC, Secrets of the Sexes, broadcast 17 July 2005
28 Liz Jones, ‘Sarkozy’s Sirens: why are French politicians so much more glamorous than ours?’, Daily Mail, 12 March 2008
29 Kristina Cooke, ‘Analysis: Germans focus on TV debate’, 2 August 2005, CNN, retrieved 2 November 2008 from http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/08/02/germany.cooke2/index.html
30 Liz Jones, ‘Sarkozy’s Sirens’, op cit
31 Hendrik Hertzberg, ‘Brouhaha’, New Yorker, 15 October 2007
32 Zoe Williams, ‘It wouldn’t happen to a man’, Guardian, 16 January 2009
33 Christine Wenneras and Agnes Wold, ‘Nepotism and sexism in peer-review’, Nature, 387, (22 May 1997), 341–3
34 For more evidence of continuing underrating of female academics, see this study which showed that a gender disparity remained for male and female scientists who had obtained prestigious fellowships: G Sonnert, G Holton, ‘Career patterns of women and men in the sciences: women encounter social obstacles and may pay penalties for a careful research style’, American Scientist, 84, 1 (1996), 63–71; another study showed that in economics women were ‘underplaced’ and women published more than men at the same academic level: Van W Kolpin and Larry D Singell, ‘The gender composition and scholarly performance of economics departments: a test for employment discrimination’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49, 3 (April 1996), 408–23
35 Figures from the Office of National Statistics, quoted in ‘Women are “put off” hi-tech jobs’, BBC News, 8 September 2005
36 Emma de Vita, ‘Where have all the IT girls gone?’, Management Today, 1 February 2008, retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/781020/where-girls-gone/
37 Heilman, Block, Martell and Simon, ‘Has anything changed? Current characterisations of men, women and managers’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (1989), 935–42, cited in Virginia Valian, Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women (Cambridge USA: MIT Press, 1998), p126
38 Butler, Doré, Geis, ‘Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: implications for leadership evaluations’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1 (1990), 48–59 cited in Virgina Valian, Why So Slow? op cit, pp130–1
39 Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever, Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton University Press, 2003), pp1–2
40 Quoted in Shankar Vedantam, ‘The truth about why women are paid less – even if they ask for more’, Guardian, 21 August 2007; citing Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock and Lei Lai: ‘Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: sometimes it does hurt to ask’, Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 103, 1 (May 2007), 84–103
41 Susan Pinker, The Sexual Paradox, op cit, p35
42 Martin Newland, ‘Why women prefer talking to sex’, Daily Mail, 13 September 2006
43 BBC, Secrets of the Sexes, broadcast 17 July 2005
44 M E Lamb, The Role of the Father in Child Development (NY: Wiley, 1981), cited in Adrienne Burgess, Fatherhood Reclaimed (London: Random House, 1997), p94
45 Mumsnet conversations, ‘Do you ever feel frustrated at being left to hold baby?’ (edited for ease of reading), retrieved 2 November 2008 from http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk?topicid=relationships&threadid=612947-do-you-ever-feel-frustrated-at- being-left-to-hold#12489852
46 Naomi Wolf, Misconceptions (London: Chatto and Windus, 2001), p204
47 Viv Groskop, ‘Do good feminists bake cupcakes?’, Guardian, 22 August 2008
48 Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope ((2006), Edinburgh: Canongate, 2007), p340
49 Nigella Lawson, How to be a Domestic Goddess (London: Chatto & Windus, 2000), pvii
50 Rafael Behr, ‘Is being a good Dad ruining your career?’, Observer, 11 June 2006
51 Lyn Craig and Pooja Sawrikar, ‘Work and family: how does the (gender) balance change as children grow?’, Gender, Work and Organisation 16, 6 (2009), 684–709
52 L Barclay and D Lupton, ‘The experiences of new fatherhood: a sociocultural analysis’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 4 (1999), cited in Rosalind Barnett and Caryl Rivers, Same Difference: How Gender Myths are Hurting Our Relationships, Our Children, and Our Jobs (New York: Basic Books, 2004), p43
53 M Thompson, L Vinter and V Young, Dads and their Babies: Leave Arrangements in the First Year (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2005); M O’Bri
en, Shared Caring: Bringing Fathers into the Frame (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2005), cited in Twenty-first Century Dad (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2006), retrieved 14 November 2008 from www.equalityhumanrights.com/Documents/Gender/Employment/21st_century_dad.pdf
54 More Time for Families (Trades Union Congress, March 2006), p7, retrieved 1 November 2008 from www.workingfamilies.org.uk/asp/main_downloads/Families%20Need%20Time%20Report.doc
55 D Smeaton, Dads and their Babies, a Household Analysis (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2006), cited in 21st Century Dad (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2006), op cit
56 Harry Phibbs, ‘As the father of a five-week-old daughter I say thanks but no thanks’, Daily Mail, 31 March 2009
57 James Delingpole, ‘At last I’m allowed to be a man’, Sunday Times,3 September 2006
58 Quentin Letts, ‘Modern men are not interested in paternity leave’, Daily Mail, 30 August 2006
59 Jill Parkin, ‘Sorry Ms Harman, but your “family friendly” policies are no such thing’, Daily Mail, 27 August 2006
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Index
Adams-Short, Grace 30
Adamson, Lauren 164
Agent Provocateur 36
aggression 184, 187–8, 211
‘Ali’ 111–12, 114, 116
‘Angela’ 51–3, 61–2
Angier, Natalie 197; Woman: An Intimate Geography 197
‘Anna’ 88–9, 92
Anti-Bullying Alliance 235
Astrid, Princess 146
Babcock, Linda 216–17
babies, and sex differences 155, 158–65
Baldwin, Michelle 43
Barbie 2–3, 4
Baron-Cohen, Simon 13, 147–8, 149, 158, 159, 161, 163, 170, 177, 181, 185, 201; Essential Difference, The 13, 147–8, 159, 170, 201
Battle of the Sexes (TV) 150, 181, 182
Baxter, Maggie 235
Beauty Myth, The (Wolf) 3
de Beauvoir, Simone 3, 129, 132, 138, 140, 144; Second Sex, The 3
Beckham, Victoria 3, 68
Behr, Rafael 225
‘Bella’ 88–90, 92
Bennett, Catherine 47
Beyoncé 71
Biddulph, Steve 143
Big Brother (TV) 30–1, 123
biological determinism 11–14, 143–230; history of 202–3; in education 143, 167–8, 202–3, 209
Birds Eye View Film Festival 235
Bishop, Katherine 191–2
Blaize, Immodesty 43
Blank Slate, The (Pinker) 148, 174, 177, 185
Blears, Hazel 213
Blue Peter (TV) 70
‘Bobbijo’ 64
Bodies (Orbach) 66
Booth, Cherie 223
Boycott, Rosie 150, 205
Brain Gender (Hines) 156–7, 175–6, 181–2, 185
brains: and sex differences 12, 143, 149, 155, 156, 159, 175, 188–95, 203; asymmetry 189–90; corpus callosum 190–2; hippocampus 194
Brand, Russell 53–4, 122
Bratz: dolls 2, 4, 63–4, 70; Bratz: The Movie 64
Break Up, The (film) 219
Brett, Cara 23, 27–8, 34–5
Brizendine, Louann 148, 163–5, 166, 169, 219; Female Brain, The 148, 163, 166
Brown, Sarah 224
Brumberg, Joan Jacobs 65–6
Bruni, Carla 212–13
Buchanan, Keisha 42
Burgess, Adrienne 220; Fatherhood Reclaimed 220
burlesque 43–5
Bushnell, Candace 92
Caldwell, Christopher 153
Californication (TV) 51
Cameron, Deborah 156, 173; Myth of Mars and Venus, The 156, 173
Celebrity Big Brother (TV) 31
Chadha, Gurinder 235
Child Exploitation and Protection Centre 78
choice 13, 14, 28–38, 48–9, 56, 57, 68, 73, 75, 119–25, 142, 178, 179, 207, 228–30, 237
Class, Samantha 59
Clinton, Hillary 211–12, 213, 223
Clubb, Natalie 59
Cohen, Nick 159
Cole, Cheryl 71
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome 180
Confessions of a Working Girl (‘Miss S’) 49–50, 59–60
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [CAH] 184–5
Connellan, Jennifer 158–9, 160–1, 163
Corner, Jennie 30
Correll, Shelley 207
‘Courtney’ 64
Crisis in Rape Crisis campaign 235–6
Cronin, Helena 159, 185, 205
Davies, Sheilagh 79
Deayton, Angus 54
‘Demi’ 64
Dershowitz, Alan 154
Diary of a Manhattan Call Girl (Quan) 49, 89
diethylstilbestrol [DES] 181–2
dieting 2, 33, 65, 66, 67, 124
Disney 1, 69, 130; Princess brand 2, 12, 132
Dixon, Alesha 36, 122
Duff, Hilary 3
Dworkin, Andrea 29, 104; Pornography: Men Possessing Women 29
Edgar-Jones, Phil 30–1, 123
education 10, 12, 15, 142; non-sexist 138–9; biological determinism in 143, 167–8, 202–3, 209
Elle (magazine) 67
‘Ellie’ 6–7, 39–40, 45–6, 48–9
Elliott, Michele 77–8
Embarrassing Teenage Bodies (TV) 108–9
empathy 147, 170–4, 191, 210, 211, 218–28
equality 7–10, 14, 33, 96, 119, 218, 227, 237
Essential Difference, The (Baron-Cohen) 13, 147–8, 159, 170, 201
‘Esther’ 98–9
evolution 11, 145–6, 148, 171, 175, 181, 195–8, 208
F-Word (website) 234
Fat is a Feminist Issue (Orbach) 66
fashion 66, 67, 124
fatherhood 218–30
Fatherhood Reclaimed (Burgess) 220
Fausto-Sterling, Anne 203; Myths of Gender 203
Fawcett Society 233
Female Brain, The (Brizendine) 148, 163, 166, 166
Female Chauvinist Pigs (Levy) 32
Female Eunuch, The (Greer) 3, 84–5
feminism, passim: and activism 28, 233–6; and Enlightenment 96; and Romanticism 96; second wave 5, 84–6, 97–9, 104–5, 129, 135, 134–41, 233
‘Fenella’ 135–7
FHM (magazine) 21, 22
Figes, Kate 70
file-drawer problem 193
Finegan, Jo-Anne 186
Finnigan, Judy 165–6
First Weekenders Club 235
Fox, Emilia 42
French, Marilyn 85; Women’s Room, The 85
Frick,
Janet 164
Gardner, Rachel 76–7, 80, 82, 101
Girl with a One-track Mind (‘Abby Lee’) 93–4, 95, 105
Girls Aloud 2, 71
Girls Book of Glamour, The 66
Girls’ Schools Association 12, 168 glamour modelling 4, 5, 19–38, 48, 76, 90, 123
Godwin, William 97
Goldacre, Ben 145–6
Golden Notebook, The (Lessing) 85
Goldman, Emma 97
Grabrucker, Anne-Marie 140–3
Grabrucker, Marianne 139–43, 144; There’s a Good Girl 139
‘Grace’ 80–1
Grahame, Nikki 31
Gray, John 149, 166, 173, 182–3, 191; Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus 166, 173; Why Mars and Venus Collide 149, 191
Greer, Germaine 3, 44, 84–5; Female Eunuch, The 3, 84–5; Whole Woman, The 44
Gyllenhaal, Maggie 36
Hamleys 131–2
Harman, Harriet 121, 231
Have I Got News For You (TV) 120
High, Luke 107
Hilton, Paris 3
Hilton, Phil 29–30, 31, 35–6, 124
Hines, Melissa 156–8, 175–7, 181–2, 185, 187, 195, 201; Brain Gender 156–7, 175–6, 181–2, 185
von Hippel, Courtney 207
Hiya Kids 131
Holly, Jazz D 223
Hopkins, Nancy 154–5, 155–6
Horgan-Wallace, Aisleyne 30
hormones 12, 14, 143, 148, 149, 150, 180–7, 198, 206; diethylstilbestrol [DES] 181–2; oestrogen 181–2; oxytocin 148, 149, 182–4, 226; testosterone 147, 148, 149, 180, 184–7, 206, 210, 211
Hurlbert, Anya 145
Hyde, Janet Shibley 168–9, 175
hypersexual culture 5, 8, 10, 37, 49, 61, 74, 75, 76, 82, 102, 120, 122, 123, 125, 228
Indigo Worldwide 131
inequality 11, 14, 33, 120, 142, 143, 152, 202, 208–9, 215, 217, 227–8
internet: and lads’ magazines 22, 36; and pornography 4, 102, 104, 105, 106–7, 111–16; and prostitution 55–6, 61; and social networking 26, 27, 52, 72
Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl, The (‘Belle de Jour’) 49, 51, 89, 94
‘Jade’ 64
Jackie (magazine) 67
‘Jim’ 110–16
‘Joanne’ 64
Jordan (Katie Price) 21, 22, 25, 68
de Jour, Belle (Brooke Magnanti) 49, 51, 56, 94; Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl, The 49, 51, 89, 94
Juska, Jane 95
‘Katie’ 20–5