The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945
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80. RAFM, Harris papers, H55, speech to the 21st Army Group HQ, 14 May 1945; TNA, AIR 20/283, Bomber Command Operations; CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, ‘Comparison of Bombing Effort during the Year 1943’, 10 Feb 1944.
81. Greenhous et al., Crucible of War, 657–67, for a lucid account of the Ruhr operations.
82. Ralf Blank, ‘The Battle of the Ruhr, 1943: Aerial Warfare against an Industrial Region’, Labour History Review, 77 (2012), 35–48.
83. Nikolaus von Below, At Hitler’s Side: The Memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe Adjutant 1937–1945 (London: 2001), 169–70.
84. Willi Boelcke (ed), The Secret Conferences of Dr Goebbels, 1939–1943 (London: 1967), 388–9.
85. Heinz Boberach (ed), Meldungen aus dem Reich: Die geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938–1945, 17 vols (Herrsching: 1984), vol xiii, 4,983, 5,021, reports for 22 Mar, 29 Mar 1943.
86. Edward Westermann, Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945 (Lawrence, KS: 2001), 200–202.
87. Ibid., 201–2; Greenhous et al., Crucible of War, 662–3.
88. John A. MacBean, Arthur S. Hogben, Bombs Gone: The Development and Use of British Air-Dropped Weapons from 1912 to the Present Day (Wellingborough: 1990), 158–61.
89. TNA, AIR 14/840, minute for the C-in-C by Saundby, 14 Feb 1943.
90. Ibid., Harris minute, 15 Apr 1943.
91. MacBean, Hogben, Bombs Gone, 164–9; Martin Middlebrook, Chris Everitt The Bomber Command War Diaries (Leicester: 2000), 386–8; Olaf Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland (Berlin: 1990), 154–6.
92. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/AEAF/14, Bomber Command, ORS, ‘The Operational Use of Oboe Mark 1A, December 1942–June 1943’, 3–4.
93. TNA, AIR 20/283, HQ Bomber Command, ORS Report, 27 May 1943; original evasion instructions in AIR 14/206, Tactical Committee paper 31, revised Feb 1943.
94. TNA, AIR 48/29, USSBS Civilian Defense Division: Final Report, 26 Oct 1945, 3; Hitler’s comment in von Below, At Hitler’s Side, 172.
95. TNA, AIR 8/1109, JIC, ‘Effects of Bombing Offensive on German War Effort’, 22 July 1943.
96. TNA, AIR 20/476, Air Ministry DoI, ‘Effects of Air Raids on Labour and Production’, 16 Aug 1943, 1–2; O. Lawrence (MEW) to Morley (BOps 1), 6 Sept 1943; note from Lawrence to Bufton, 24 Oct 1943.
97. CCAC, BUFT 3/42, Gen. Frank Andrews (US Supreme Commander in United Kingdom) to Gen. Marshall and Gen. Arnold, 3 Apr 1943.
98. Roger A. Freeman, The Mighty Eighth War Diary (London: 1981), 42–73.
99. TNA, AIR 8/1109, JIC, ‘Effects of Bombing Offensive’, 1; AIR 9/423, Director of Plans minute, 15 Mar 1943.
100. CCAC, BUFT 3/24, BOps 1 to Group Captain Barnett, 1 Nov 1941; Draft App B [n.d. but late Oct 1941].
101. TNA, AIR 20/4768, BOps memorandum, 25 Feb 1942.
102. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/OEMU/50/7, ‘Note for Advisers’ Meeting’, 12 Aug 1942.
103. Ibid., 9th Meeting of RE8 Advisory Group, 16 Sept 1942; 10th Meeting of RE8 Advisory Group, 24 Sept 1942; 15th Meeting of RE8 Advisory Group, 29 Oct 1942.
104. Ibid., OEMU/50/8, RE8 Report, ‘German Domestic Architecture’, 7 Apr 1943, 1–2.
105. CCAC, BUFT 3/26, Minutes of meeting at the Ministry of Works, 9 Oct 1941; R. Ewell (Petroleum Warfare Section) to D. A. C. Dewdney, 22 Dec 1942.
106. CCAC, BUFT 3/24, BOps 1, draft report, ‘Incendiary Attack’, 8 Nov 1941; BOps 1 to Peirse [n.d. but Nov 1941]; Report for DDBOps, ‘Types and Weights of German Incendiary Bombs’, 11 Oct 1941.
107. Ibid., BUFT 3/26, DBOps, note on an article in Die Sirene, 2 Oct 1942 (the article in the German civil defence journal explained how to fight fires even with the threat of anti-personnel bombs).
108. Ibid., BUFT 3/26, DBOps to Director of Research, Air Ministry [n.d. but late Oct 1942]. Some 40 per cent of explosive incendiaries had 3-minute delay, 5 per cent from 6–10 minutes.
109. Ibid, BUFT, 3/27, BOPs 1, ‘Present and Future Incendiary Technique as Applied to Area Attack’, 13 Oct 1942, 1, 2–4.
110. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 80, Bufton memorandum, ‘Incendiary Attack of German Cities’, Jan 1943, 3.
111. Armaments Design Establishment, Ministry of Supply, ‘The Development of British Incendiary Bombs during the Period of the 1939–1945 World War’, Dec 1946, 34–7.
112. CCAC, BUFT 3/28, NFPA, ‘Conflagrations in America since 1914’, Boston, 1942; NFPA, ‘National Defense Fires’, Mar 1942.
113. CCAC, BUFT 3/26, R. Ewell to Wing Commander A. Morley (BOPs 1), 3 Dec 1942, encl. Laiming to R. Russell (Standard Oil Development Co.), 29 Oct 1942, 3.
114. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/OEMU/50/8, RE8 Report, ‘German Domestic Architecture’, 1; LC, Arnold papers, Reel 199, Maj. Gen. O. Echols to Arnold, 28 Apr 1943.
115. James McElroy, ‘The Work of the Fire Protection Engineers in Planning Fire Attacks’, in Fire and the Air War: A Symposium of Expert Observations (Boston, MA: 1946), 122–30.
116. LC, Arnold papers, Reel 199, Arnold to Maj. Gen. Echols, 26 Apr 1943.
117. NARA, RG 107, Lovett papers, Box 9, Joint Magnesium Committee Report, 1 June 1942, 2, 12.
118. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 76, HQ Eighth Air Force, A-5 Division memorandum, ‘Theory and Tactics of Incendiary Bombing’, including Table II, ‘Incendiary Bombing Data for German Cities’.
119. AFHRA, 520.805, Eighth Air Force Chemical Section History, 1–4; Report for May 1945, 2.
120. TNA, AIR 40/1271, Target Committee, Report of 87th Meeting, 9 Apr 1943.
121. TNA, AIR 48/33, USSBS, Hamburg Field Report no. 1, 2. There were 78 in 1940, 38 in 1941, 10 in 1942. On 1943 see BA-B, R3102/10046, ‘Zerstörung von Wohnraum in deutschen Städten, 1942–43’.
122. TNA, FO 837/1315, ‘Bomber’s Baedeker’, Jan 1943, 131–7.
123. TNA, AIR 14/1779, Report for Dickens and Tizard from RE8, ‘Apparent Relative Effectiveness of I.B. and H.E. Attack against German Towns’, 7 Jan 1943.
124. RAFM, Saundby papers, AC 72/12, Box 7, ‘War in the Ether: Europe 1939–1945’, Oct 1945, 33–6.
125. Details in Alfred Price, Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939–1945 (London: 2005), 124–33, 153–4.
126. TNA, PREM 3/11/8, Tizard memorandum for Churchill, 22 July 1943; Churchill to Ismay, 23 July 1943; Portal to Sinclair, 24 July 1943; Churchill, note for Ismay, 30 July 1943.
127. For an excellent account of the operations see Keith Lowe, Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg 1943 (London: 2007), Pt 2.
128. Westermann, Flak, 213–14.
129. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 112.
130. Ibid., 112–13; Westermann, Flak, 214–15; Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 78–9.
131. Horatio Bond, ‘The Fire Attacks on German Cities’, in Fire and the Air War, 95–7; Hans Brunswig, Feuersturm über Hamburg: Die Luftangriffe auf Hamburg im 2. Weltkrieg und ihre Folgen (Stuttgart: 1985), 269–71.
132. TNA, AIR 20/7287, Home Office, Jan 1946, ‘Secret Report by the Police President of Hamburg on the Heavy Raids on Hamburg, 1 Dec 1943’, 21–2; Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 113–14. Even escape into Hamburg’s waterways proved fatal as people plunged into near-boiling water.
133. Civil Defense Liaison Office, Fire Effects of Bombing Attacks, prepared for the National Security Resources Board, Nov 1950, 8–9; Horatio Bond, ‘Fire Casualties of the German Attacks’, in Fire and the Air War, 113–18.
134. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 119; TNA, AIR 20/7287, ‘Secret Report of the Police President of Hamburg’, 17; Brunswig, Feuersturm über Hamburg, 278–9; Ursula Büttner, ‘ “Gomorrha” und die Folgen’, in Hamburg Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte, Hamburg im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Göttingen: 2005), 618, 764.
135. TNA, AIR 40/425, Immediate Interpretation Report, 27 July 1943.
136. IWM, MD, vol 63, ‘Besprechung beim Reichsmarschall, 13 July 1943.
137. BA-MA, RL3/213, Flugzeug-Programme, Studie 1013, 16 Dec 1943.
138. IWM, MD, vol 63, ‘Niederschrift der Besprechung des Reichsm
arschall mit Industrierat’, 14 Oct 1943.
139. Ibid., vol 52, minute on radar, 7 May 1943; Göring decree, ‘Verantwortlichkeit und Durchführung des Funkmess- und Funknavigationsprogramms’, 2 May 1943; Price, Instruments of Darkness, 136–9, 150.
140. BA-MA, R22 IV/101, Vorstudien zur Luftkriegsgeschichte, Heft 8: Reichsluftverteidigung: Teil B, Flakabwehr, 28–30; Westermann, Flak, 216–19. See Ludger Tewes, Jugend im Krieg: von Luftwaffenhelfern und Soldaten 1939–1945 (Essen: 1989), 37–50.
141. TNA, AIR 20/4761, DoI to Bufton, 21 Aug 1943.
142. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.19, Lovett to Eaker, 28 July 1943; Eaker to Lovett, 9 Aug 1943.
143. TNA, AIR 8/1109, Harris to Portal, 12 Aug 1943.
144. TNA, AIR 14/1779, Bomber Command, ORS, Survey of Damage to Cities, 29 Nov 1943.
145. TNA, AIR 14/739A, HQ Bomber Command, Intelligence Staff, ‘Progress of RAF Bomber Offensive Against Germany’, 30 Nov 1943, 1–2.
146. TNA, AIR 20/4761, O. Lawrence (MEW) to Morley, 6 Sept 1943; Lawrence to Bufton, 24 Oct 1943.
147. TNA, FO 837/26, ‘Note from Economic Intelligence’, 17 Sept 1943; ‘Notes on Economic Intelligence’, MEW meeting, 1 Oct 1943.
148. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 203, J. K. Galbraith, ‘Preliminary Appraisal of Achievement of Strategic Bombing of Germany’ [n.d.], 6.
149. FHA, Foley papers, MSS 448 3/2, Daily Telegraph article, 6 Aug 1943.
150. Ibid., Thomas Foley to Kingsley Martin (editor New Statesman), 3 Nov 1943; ‘What Happened in Hamburg’, leaflet reprint of article in Baseler Nachrichten; 2/2, Corder Catchpool (Bombing Restriction Committee) to Foley, 8 Jan 1943; Bombing Restriction Committee leaflet, ‘Bomb, Burn and Ruthlessly Destroy’ [n.d. but late 1943], 2.
151. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.19, Lovett to Eaker, 1 July 1943.
152. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 67, ‘Status of Combined Bomber Offensive from U.K.’, 8 Aug 1943, 4.
153. TNA, AIR 8/1109, Telegram Harris to Portal, 12 Aug 1943.
154. TNA, AIR 8/435, Telegram Portal to VCAS, 19 Aug 1943; VCAS to Portal, 21 Aug 1943.
155. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 67, USSTAF DoI, ‘An Evaluation of the Effects of the Bomber Offensive on “Overlord” and “Dragoon” ’, 5 Sept 1944, 1.
156. TNA, AIR 14/783, Portal to Harris, 7 Oct 1943, encl. ‘Effort (Planned and Effected) USAF 8th Bomber Command’.
157. TNA, AIR 14/739A, ‘Conduct of the Strategic Bomber Offensive before Preparatory Stage of “Overlord” ’, 17 Jan 1944; LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Arnold to Spaatz, 24 Apr 1944.
158. TNA, AIR 8/1167, ‘Report by Chief of Air Staff and Commanding General US Eighth Air Force’, 7 Nov 1943, 3–4.
159. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.20, HQ Bomber Command, ‘Outline of Future Intentions for the Continuation and Intensification of the Bomber Offensive’, 4 Nov 1943.
160. TNA, AIR 8/425, Harris to Portal and Sinclair, 7 Dec 1943.
161. Details in Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 131–3; Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 89–91.
162. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 133–4; Friedhelm Golücke, Schweinfurt und der strategische Luftkrieg 1943 (Paderborn: 1980), 356–7.
163. Ibid., 134; Richard G. Davis, Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 1939–1945 (Maxwell AFB, AL: 2006), 158–61; Parton, ‘Air Force Spoken Here’, 300–02.
164. Parton, ‘Air Force Spoken Here’, 316.
165. Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 119; Davis, Bombing the European Axis Powers, 176, 182–4.
166. AFHRA, 520.056-188, Statistical Summary, Eighth Air Force Operations, ‘Aircraft Loss Rate on Combat Missions’.
167. TNA, AIR 20/283, Bomber Command operational statistics, Feb–Nov 1943, 1 Jan 1944; AIR 20/2025, Strength of Air Force Personnel, Operational Squadrons, 1940–1945.
168. Details from Middlebrook, Everitt, Bomber Command War Diaries, 422–8.
169. TNA, AIR 40/345, Air Intelligence 3c, Raid Assessment Summary, 31 Oct 1943.
170. Groehler, Bombenkrieg, 144–7.
171. TNA, AIR 20/4761, RE8 report, ‘The Economic Effects of Attacks in Force on German Targets, March–December 1943’, Table 2.
172. TNA, AIR 22/203, Bomber Command War Room, Total Wastage 1939–1945.
173. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.19, Lovett to Eaker, 19 Sept 1943.
174. TNA, AIR 8/1103, paper prepared for the Chief of Air Staff, 11 Oct 1943, 4.
175. TNA, AIR 14/783, Portal to Harris, 7 Oct 1943, encl. Air Staff memorandum, ‘Extent to which the Eighth U.S.A.A.F. and Bomber Command have been able to implement the G.A.F. Plan’, 1.
176. RAFM, Harris papers, H47, Bottomley to Harris, ‘Special Brief for Schweinfurt Operation’, 25 July 1943; Harris to Bottomley, 20 Dec 1943, 3.
177. TNA, AIR 14/739A, Harris to Bottomley, 28 Dec 1943.
178. TNA, AIR 8/425, Bottomley to Harris, 23 Dec 1943; AIR 20/4761, ‘Bomber Command’s Comments on R.E.8’s Paper’, 13 Mar 1944.
179. TNA, AIR 48/65, USSBS, Military Analysis Division, Report no. 2, ‘Weather Factors in Combat Bombardment Operations in the European Theater’, 3 Nov 1945, 1–3, 15, 23.
180. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Col. D. Zimmerman (Director of Weather) to Hansell, 7 Sept 1942, 2.
181. Ibid., Box 173, Report by AAF Scientific Advisory Group, ‘War and Weather’, May 1946, 4–6.
182. LC, LeMay papers, Box 8, 305th Bomb Group: Summary of Events, 1 Nov 1942 to 31 Dec 1943.
183. CCAC, BUFT 3/50, ‘Area Attack Employing “Gee” ’ [n.d. but early 1942], 1.
184. Ibid., 3/51, Harris to Portal, 12 Dec 1944.
185. Transcript of interview with Maurice Chick, Nov 1995, 49–50.
186. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 76, Col. William Garland to Anderson, 28 Feb 1943; Anderson to all Wing Commanders, 11 Sept 1943, encl. ORS Report, ‘Effect of Spacing between Combat Wings on Bombing Accuracy’, 11 Sept 1943, 2.
187. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 76, Anderson to LeMay, 8 Sept 1943.
188. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.20, Eaker to Portal, 15 Mar 1943; Eaker to Gen. Larry Kuter, 20 Sept 1943.
189. Davis, Bombing the European Axis Powers, 176–8; Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 118–19; W. Hays Park, ‘ “Precision” and “Area” Bombing: Who Did Which, and When?’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 18 (1995), 149–57.
190. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 80, Hugh Odishaw (MIT), ‘Radar Bombing in the Eighth Air Force’, July 1946, 88–9.
191. Ibid., Eighth Air Force ORS to Doolittle, 13 June 1944, encl. ‘Bombing Accuracy’; Hays Park, ‘ “Precision” and “Area” Bombing’, 154–6.
192. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 80, Odishaw, ‘Radar Bombing in the Eighth Air Force’, 106.
193. TNA, AIR 20/283, Bomber Command Operations, Feb 1943 to Nov 1943.
194. UEA, Zuckerman Archive, SZ/AEAF/14, Bomber Command ORS, ‘The Operational Use of Oboe Mark IA: December 1942–June 1943’; ‘The H2S Blind-Bombing Attack on Ludwigshafen, 17/18 November 1943’, 18 Dec 1943; ORS, ‘Accuracy of H2S as a Blind-Bombing Device’, 16 Dec 1943. See too Wakelam, The Science of Bombing, 119–21, 158.
195. TNA, AIR 48/67, USSBS Military Analysis Division Report no. 4, 3 Nov 1945, 3–4 and Exhibit B, ‘Sample Field Order from Bomber Command’.
196. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.21, ‘Target Selection Principles Developed by the Eighth Air Force’ [n.d. but late 1943?], 1–5.
197. Mark Guglielmo, ‘The Contribution of Economists to Military Intelligence During World War II’, Journal of Economic History, 68 (2008), 132–4; Barry Katz, Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge, MA: 1989), 114–18; Walter W. Rostow, Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower’s Decision of March 25, 1944 (Aldershot: 1981), 16–21.
198. LC, Spaatz papers, Box 143, Col. R. Garrison (Adjutant General’s office), ‘Procedure Followed in Planning an Operation’, 9 July 1943, 1–8, and Annex I, ‘Procedure in Planning an Operation: Duties and Responsibilities’, 1–5.
199. LC, LeMay papers, Box 4, HQ
1st Bombardment Wing, ‘Operational Procedure’, 12 Oct 1942; HQ 1st Bombardment Wing, ‘Tactics and Techniques of Bombardment’ [n.d.].
200. Freeman, The Mighty Eighth, 93–4, report by Lt. Col. Beirne Lay; other quotations from interviews with Harold Nash, 3 Nov 1995, 20; Peter Hinchcliffe, 24 Oct 1995, 15; Barney D’Ath-Weston, 22.
201. AFHRA, Disc A5385, ‘Growth, Development and Operations’: Motion Picture Attendance, 1 Dec 1942–30 Nov 1943; Stage Show Attendance.
202. Ibid., Eighth Air Force: Combat Crew Casualties; Mark Wells, Courage and Air Warfare: The Allied Aircrew Experience in the Second World War (London: 1995), 31–2.
203. NARA, RG 107, Lovett papers, Box 9, Office of the Air Surgeon, Psychological Branch, ‘Report on Survey of Aircrew Personnel in the Eighth, Ninth, and Fifteenth Air Forces’, Apr 1944, 35.
204. FDRL, President’s Secretary’s Files, Box 82, memorandum from Roosevelt to Gen. Watson, encl. report from Lt. Col. John Murray on psychiatry in the Army Air Force, 4 Jan 1944, 3–4. See too Miller, Eighth Air Force, 128–34.
205. Wells, Courage and Air Warfare, 51.
206. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.16, Col. C. Cabell (HQ AAF) to Eaker, 27 May 1943.
207. NARA, RG 107, Box 9, ‘Report on Survey of Aircrew Personnel’, 82–5, 88; Wells, Courage and Air Warfare, 174.
208. Edgar Jones, ‘ “LMF”: The Use of Psychiatric Stigma in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War’, The Journal of Military History, 70 (2006), 440–41, 443–4.
209. TNA, AIR 49/357, E. C. Jewesbury, ‘Work and Problems of an RAF Neuropsychiatric Centre’, July 1943, 10–11.
210. Ibid., 16–17.
211. Wells, Courage and Air Warfare, 204–5; Jones, ‘ “LMF” ’, 452.
212. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.19, Eaker to Col. George Brownwell (War Dept., Washington, DC), 28 Nov 1943.
213. NARA, RG 107, Box 9, ‘Report on Survey of Aircrew Personnel’, 58, 86.
214. CCO, Portal papers, Folder 5, ‘Comparison of Bombing Effort During the Year 1943’, 10 Feb 1944.
215. TNA, AIR/739, A. F. Inglis (AI) to Harris, 13 Dec 1943; Harris to Bottomley, 28 Dec 1943.